Table 2.

Soil parameters for Boston Blue Clay

layer A B1 B2 C1 C2 D E1 E2 E3 F1 F2 F3




 19 17.7
 

2 1.5


  15.8 10.4 6.3 7.1 7.8 5.9

 0.522 0.652 0.870 1.304 1.957 1.522

8.34 4.6 3.07 2.25 1.77 1.44 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.11

1.35 1.08 0.85 0.80 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55

The inclination  of the critical state line is signif- ing parameters are for all 9 sub-layers the same.
icantly steeper than the MC-failure line to prevent the
overprediction of horizontal deformation. One gets  



 
this inclination by choosing a  -value, which yields   
   
to !  
  . The overprediction of horizontal
displacements is well known in the framework of the  
classical critical state mechanics. Moreover the value
The other parameters used for the calculations are
for    is chosen to uncouple the elastic strain.
given in Tab. 3. All parameters were taken from the
This is done to reduce the magnitude of the horizon-
literature (Larsson 1997). The ratio between the mod-
tal displacements as well.
ified soil parameters is 

  and 


.
The high -values (Tab. 2) indicate that creep The inclination of the critical state line  is here cho-
will not be so important because about half of the sen to match the !  -value correctly, as well.
BBC layer has an -value of at least two, decreas-
ing at the bottom of the layer to a value near one. For
that type of soil the amount of creep will be small in
DATA
comparison to the rest of the settlements. 10 SSC
Figs. 4 to 6 show the calculation results and the 620 Days SS
measurements. The solid lines indicate the measure- 0
Sand
ments, the dashed lines are the results from the SSC- A
model and the dotted lines are the analysis with the -10 B
SS-model. In Fig. 4 one can recognize that consolida-
Elevation [m]

C
tion is not over after the measurement period of 
-20 D
days, because the settlement curves still have an incli-
nation. That fact is supported by Fig. 5, one can see E
that in the center of the BBC there is still a pore-water- -30
pressure of around

  after  days. The F
SSC-model slightly overestimates in the most cases -40
the vertical displacements. Moreover the calculated
Till 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1
pore-water-pressures are slightly higher then those
measured. The horizontal displacements are overes- Horizontal Displacements (m)

timated as well. In most cases the SS-model matches DATA

10 SSC
the measurements better, especially for the deep set- 2000 Days SS
tlements. So it seems that if there are high  val-
0
ues in the soft soils the SSC-model is not so useful. Sand
A
-10 B
3.2 Ska Edeby test embankment
Elevation [m]

C
The test embankment was built on the test site of Ska -20 D
Edeby about 
 west of Stockholm in the year
1961. The embankment has a height of
  with a E

crest width of   and slopes

. The fill was in- -30

strumented with piezometers and settlement markers F

at different locations under and outside the fill. The -40
soil under the embankment consists of soft clay with 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1
Till
a thickness of
  on top of till or rock. The soft
Horizontal Displacements (m)
clay layer is divided into  sub-layers with different
compressibility parameters and s. The follow- Figure 6. Horizontal displacements in different sections

5
 Table 3. Soil parameters for Ska Edeby Den Haan, E. J. (1994). Vertical Compression of Soils. Ph. D.
layer



 

thesis, Delft University.
Garlanger, J. E. (1972). The consolidation of soils
A
B
14.2

 

 0.106
0.091
14.1
2
exhibiting creep under constant effective stress.
Geotechnique 22(1), 7178.
C
14.4

 

 0.083 1.2 Janbu, N. (1985). 25th rankine lecture: Soil models in off-
D 


shore engineering. G e otechnique 35(3), 239281.
E


 Ladd, C. C., A. J. Whittle, and D. E. Legaspi (1994). Stress-
F 16.1


 0.076
1.0 deformation behaviour of an embankement on boston
blue clay. In Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of
G
H

 



0.069
Foundations and Embankments Proceedings of Settle-
ment 94, College Station Texas, pp. 17301759.
Larsson, R. (1997). Consolidation of soft soils. Report 29,
Swedish Geotechnical Institute.
As shown in Tab. 3 the soft clay is almost nor- Sekiguchi, H. (1977). Rheological characteristics of clays. In
mally consolidated ( 
). Only the upper 
Proceedings 9th International Conference on Soil Me-
have a high  value caused by a crust. Hence, a
chanics and Foundation Engineering, Volume 1, Tokyo,
pp. 289292.
large amount of creep is to be expected. Furthermore Stolle, D. F. E., P. A. Vermeer, and P. G. Bonnier (1997).
it demonstrates that the settlements as well as the A soft soil model and experiences with two integration
pore-pressures and the horizontal displacements were schemes. Numerical Models in Geomechanics, 123128.
strongly underestimated by the SS-model whereas the Vermeer, P. A. and H. P. Neher (1999). A soft soil model that
results from the SSC-model and the measured data accounts for creep. In R. B. J. Brinkgreve (Ed.), Proceed-
ings of the International Symposium Beyond 2000 in
agree fairly well. Computational Geotechnics, Amsterdam, pp. 249261.
Balkema.
4 CONCLUSIONS Vermeer, P. A., D. F. E. Stolle, and P. G. Bonnier (1997). From
After a brief introduction of the SS-model and the classical theory of secondary compression to modern
creep. In J.-X.Yuan (Ed.), Computer Methods and Ad-
SSC-model two test embankments were used for vances in Geomechanics, Volume 4, Wuhan, pp. 2469
back-analysis. The results show that for overconsol- 2478. Balkema.
idated soils the SSC-model has no advantages com-
pared to the SS-model, because in such case creep DATA
doesnt play an important role. However in normally SSC
Time [years] SS
consolidated soft clays like in Ska Edeby creep be- 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0
comes significant and the SSC-model exceeds the SS- -0,1
model. This should be kept in mind when simulating -0,3
the construction of any building on soft soils. Settlements [m]
-0,5

-0,7
REFERENCES
-0,9
Adachi, T. and F. Oka (1982). Constitutive equation for nor-
mally consolidated clays based on elasto-viscoplasticity.
Soils and Foundations 22, 5770.
-25,0 -20,0 -15,0 -10,0 -5,0 0,0 -0,02 0,02 0,06 0,10
Bjerrum, L. (1967). 7th rankine lecture: Engineering geol- 0
A
ogy of norwegian normally-consolidated marine clays as
B
related to settlements of buildings. G e otechnique 17(1),
-2 C
81118.
Borja, R. I. and E. Kavaznjian (1985). A constitutive
model for the stress-strain-time behaviour of wet clays. -4 D
Geotechnique 35(3), 283298.
Elevation [m]

Brinkgreve, R. B. J. and P. A. Vermeer (Eds.) (1998). PLAXIS -6 E

Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analyses. Rotter-
dam: A.A.Balkema.
-8 E
Buismann, K. (1936). Results of long duration settlement
tests. In Proceedings 1st International Conference on
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Volume 1, -10 F
Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 103107.
Burland, J. B. (1965). The yielding and dilation of clay (cor- -12 G
respondence). Geotechnique 15(2), 211214.
Burland, J. B. (1967). Deformation of Soft Clay. Ph. D. thesis, -14 H
Cambridge University.
Excess Pore Pressure [kPa] Horizontal Displacement [m]
Butterfield, R. (1979). A natural compression law for
soils (an advance on e-log p)(technical note). Figure 7. Time-Settlement-Curve; Pore-pressure distribution af-
Geotechnique 29(4), 469480. ter 10 years and horizontal displacements after 20 years