CONSTRUCTION WASTES MINIMIZATION IN

MALAYSIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

BY
DENNIS HO MING YING

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
KUALA LUMPUR

2016/2017
Construction Wastes Minimization in Malaysia
Construction Industry

By:
Dennis Ho Ming Ying

Supervisor: Mrs Idaura Fadhya Bt. Che Ibrahim

Project dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Construction
Management and Economics (Honours)

Department of Architecture and Building

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College
Kuala Lumpur

2016/2017
Copyright 2016 by Tunku Abdul Rahman University College.

All right reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of
Tunku Abdul Rahman College.

i
 DECLARATION

The project submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations. All information

that has been obtained from other sources had been fully acknowledged. I understand

the plagiarism constitutes a breach of college rules and regulations and would be

subjected to disciplinary action.

Signature

DENNIS HO MING YING

Date:

ii
Acknowledgement

At first, I would like to thank to my wholehearted appreciation to my

supervisor, Mrs Idaura Fadhya Bt. Che Ibrahim, in guided me for my dissertation.

Because of her advice and guidance, I would able to complete my dissertation.

Besides that, I also want to thanks my classmate for giving me assist and advice in

helping me to complete my dissertation by giving me some useful information and

format required in my dissertation.

Furthermore, I also want to thank to our college by giving me this opportunity

to do this kind of dissertation.

Lastly, I also want to thank my parents for giving I all the financial support

and encouraging me during the process for complete my dissertation. Without them, I

really cannot get opportunity for m study.

iii
Abstract

From this research, we will understand the construction wastes minimization

in Malaysia Construction Industry. In the literature review, before enter the objectives

of the research, first we shall understand the type of construction wastes, which are

physical construction waste and non-physical construction waste, and the problems of

construction wastes to our construction industry in our country, Malaysia. Besides

that, to enter this topic, wastes minimization is very importance and we shall

understand. For the objective of this research are the factors that contribute to the

construction wastes at construction site, to study the advantages of construction

wastes minimization and to identify the methods used to minimize construction

wastes.

By collecting the data of objectives from the research, the questionnaires will be

provide and separate 50 copies and to 5 construction site and may conduct a short

interview to the respondents to guide and assist the respondents to understand the

procedure of the questionnaire. In the interview, we also can have some extra

knowledge and opinion which can assist in this research base on the respondents

experience.

For data analysis, we will use the 50 questionnaires which be collected to do the

analysis and comparison the result. By the result of the research, the bar char, pie chat

and table will be used in analysing the data collected.

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Table of Contents
Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................. 4
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Problem statement / Research Question .......................................................... 6
1.2 Research Aim .................................................................................................. 6
1.3 Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 7
1.4 Research Methodology.................................................................................... 7
1.5 Time Management......................................................................................... 10
Chapter II: Literature Review ...................................................................................... 11
2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Construction Wastes...................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Physical Waste ....................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Non-physical wastes .............................................................................. 14
2.2 Impact of construction materials ................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Environment ........................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Productivity ............................................................................................ 15
2.3 Construction wastes issue in Malaysia .......................................................... 16
2.4 Waste minimization....................................................................................... 17
2.5 Factors that Contribute Construction Wastes ................................................ 19
2.6 Advantages of construction wastes minimization ......................................... 22
2.7 Methods to minimize the construction wastes .............................................. 24
2.7.1 Three (3) R Methods .............................................................................. 24
2.7.2 Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP) ................................................. 25
2.8 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 27
Chapter III: Research Methodology ............................................................................ 28
3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 28
3.1 Questionnaire ................................................................................................ 28
3.2 Design of questionnaires ............................................................................... 29
3.3 Development of questionnaires ..................................................................... 30
3.4 Procedure of data collection .......................................................................... 31
3.5 Instruments .................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Subjects/ Sample ........................................................................................... 32

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 3.7 Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 32
Chapter IV: Data Analysis and Result ......................................................................... 34
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 34
4.2 Respondents Background............................................................................. 35
4.3 General Knowledge of Construction Wastes ................................................ 37
4.3.1 Importance of Waste Minimization ....................................................... 37
4.3.2 Situation of Construction Waste to Construction Industry .................... 39
4.3.3 Governments Action in the Issue of Construction Wastes ................... 41
4.3.4 Most Effective Step Due to Minimize Construction Wastes ................. 43
4.3.5 Responsibility through construction waste ............................................ 45
4.4 Factors Cause Construction Wastes .............................................................. 48
4.5 Methods to Minimize Construction Wastes .................................................. 51
4.6 Advantages of Construction Wastes Minimization ....................................... 53
Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................. 56
5.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 56
References .................................................................................................................... 58
Appendices ................................................................................................................... 60

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List of Figure
Figure 1 : Construction Wastes Hierarchy (Designing Building, 2015) ................................... 5
Figure 2 : Methodology Stages.................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3 : Types of construction wastes (S.Nagapan, etal, 2011) ........................................... 12
Figure 4: Paint waste (Heidi Sanborn, 2011) .......................................................................... 13
Figure 5: Brick and brock wastes (Larry Marques) ................................................................. 13
Figure 6: Steel wastes (LSS Waste management Limited, 2013) .......................................... 14
Figure 7: Waste Hierarchy (Hierarchy.png, 2008) .................................................................. 17
Figure 8: Waste minimisation practices. (Lorton et al., 1988; EH and S, 1994; Sherman, 1996;
Maclaren, 2002)....................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 9: Causative factors of construction waste (Issue on construction waste, the need of
sustainable waste management 2012) ..................................................................................... 21
Figure 10: Summary of Respondents ...................................................................................... 36
Figure 11: Bar chat of importance of Waste Minimization ..................................................... 37
Figure 12: Pie chat of importance of waste minimization ....................................................... 37
Figure 13: Bar chat of situation of Construction waste to construction industry .................... 39
Figure 14: Pie chat of situation of Construction wastes to construction industry ................... 39
Figure 15: Bar chat of governments action in construction wastes........................................ 41
Figure 16 : Pie chat of governments action in construction waste ......................................... 41
Figure 17: Bar chat of most effective step due to minimize construction wastes ................... 43
Figure 18: Pie chat of most effective step due to minimize the construction wastes .............. 43
Figure 19: Bar chat of responsibility through construction wastes ......................................... 45
Figure 20: Pie chat of responsibility through construction wastes .......................................... 46

List of table

Table 1: Types and Common Sources of Solid Waste Generation (Hurley et al. 2001) ......... 13
Table 2: Proposed Outline of SWMP ...................................................................................... 26
Table 3: Rating scale ............................................................................................................... 30
Table 4: Development of Questionnaires ................................................................................ 31
Table 5: The number of the respondents ................................................................................ 35
Table 6: Factor cause construction wastes .............................................................................. 48
Table 7: Methods to minimize construction wastes ................................................................ 51
Table 8: Advantages of construction wastes minimization ..................................................... 53

3
 Chapter I: Introduction
1.0 Introduction

Construction wastes have become the serious problems in Malaysia environment.

A large amount of construction wastes is being produced, because of many develop and

construction project. The construction industry shall responsible for producing a whole

variety of waste, the amounts and types of construction waste which depends on factors,

such as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site. Thus,

waste minimisation is important way to implementation of construction waste

management in the construction industry in Malaysia.

Extra construction materials are usually planned because of lack of

consideration given to waste reduction during the planning and design stage to minimise

the generation of waste. The excessive wastage of raw materials, improper waste

management or storage of materials and low awareness of the need for waste reduction

are common in the local construction sites. Existing works have proposed various waste

management approaches. The proactive community involvement in implementing waste

management and suggested consensus building among the public in order to control

waste generation and mitigate the waste impacts on the environment (Petts 1995). The

construction solid waste management is generally seen as a low priority when financial

constraints are present and suggested that considerable waste reduction can be achieved

if waste management is implemented as part of project management functions (Coffey

1999). The choice of the optimum waste handling methods should be determined by

considering the cost implications, any practices, which will induce waste reduction,

must be encouraged (Coffey 1999). The among various existing waste management

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methodologies, the typical methodology is to adopt a construction wastes hierarchy,

which classifies and prioritises in descending order the waste management options:

reduce, reuse, recycle and disposing waste, where the first three options are not possible

(Faniran and Caban 1998). An increasingly popular approach in controlling construction

waste is using environmentally friendly construction methods with the aim of reduce

and minimize the generation of construction wastes during construction stage, such as

using large panel system, applying prefabrication components and reducing the

application of wet trade (Ho, 2001). Reduction of construction waste is one of the best

solutions; reduction is the best and most efficient method for minimising the generation

of waste and eliminating many of the waste disposal problems (Peng and Scorpio 1997).

Figure 1 : Construction Wastes Hierarchy (Designing Building, 2015)

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1.1 Problem statement / Research Question

Because Malaysia is a developing country, the increasing in development and

construction activities will generate a large amount of construction wastes, and it will

become a serious issue which impact our environment. These issue must be successfully

reducing and minimize by the government continue with the parties in construction

industry.

Weaknesses of Malaysian contractors in minimizing construction wastes is the

problem cause this issue. Most of the Malaysia contractors unsuccessfully apply the

waste minimization and do not consider the sustainable environment and recycling the

construction material because of the limited support financial, time consuming and

location of project, so the faster and cheaper way for them is illegal dumping.

Furthermore, Malaysia contractor also lack of practices in Wastes Minimization and just

have limited information for wastes management. Lack of awareness of waste

minimization program and contractors do not successfully to remove and reduce the

construction wastes that generated at construction site, due to illegal disposal. Provide a

train to the contractor due to more opportunity to participate in Waste Minimization and

Management (WMM).

1.2 Research Aim

The aim of this research study is to find out the importance of wastes

minimization strategies in Malaysia construction industry due to increase the work

performances or quality. This research study will identify the information such as the

causes or factors of construction wastes occur at construction site continue provide the

advantages of waste minimization that to our construction industry. Finally, this

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research also searching the methods to minimize or reduce the waste which included 3R

(recycle, reuse and reduce) and proper wastes management plan.

1.3 Research Objectives

To across the research aim, the research objective will be as following:

1) Factors that contribute to the construction wastes at construction site.

2) To study the advantages of construction wastes minimization.

3) To identify the methods used to minimize construction wastes.

1.4 Research Methodology

In this research, there are six (6) stages to meet the objectives. It included,

identify the issues, objective and the aim of the study, literature review about the

understanding of the issues, questionnaire, documentation and data management,

analyses of information, findings and conclusion and recommendation.

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Stage 1: Literature Review

Literature on construction wastes minimization in Malaysia construction industry will

be obtain in articles, books, journal, electronic journal, magazines and e-book. The data

collection will be analyse and properly interpret as content literature.

Stage 2: Questionnaire

Provide site visits to construction site and using questionnaires method to employees at

the construction sites. There will be minimum 15 respondents for each site.The location

of site will be at west (Kuala Lumpur/ Johor) and east (Sarawak) Malaysia.

Stage 3: Documentation and Data Management

1. Selected site will be captured and categorized for each case study.

2. Interview and Responses with engineer, contractor/ site supervisor and site workers

will be conducted and recorded.

3. Questionnaires will have conducted to the engineer, contractor/ site supervisor and

site workers in each case studies base on their experience in construction industry.

Stage 4: Analyses of Information

1. The opinions and the suggestion of the employees will be analysed.

2. Results of the interviews with will be analysed for possible finding.

3. Results of the questionnaires on employees perception on contribution of

construction waste will be analysed for possible finding.

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Stage 5: Culmination of Finding

Culmination of research findings establishes the contribution and the solution of

construction wastes of each selected site in to meet the issue of wastes minimization.

Stage 6: Recommendation & Conclusion

Provide recommendation and conclusion of the research objectives and the problem

statements.

Figure 2 : Methodology Stages

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1.5 Time Management

The below tables are showing the programme of work for the study.

SEMESTER 1

Planned progress:

Duration (week)
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
First meeting to supervisor
Establish project title
Introduction of the project
Literature Review
Research Methodolog

Actual progress:

Duration (week)
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
First meeting to supervisor
Establish project title
Introduction of the project
Literature Review
Research Methodolog

Description on activities

Activities Duration Description

First meeting to
supervisor
Establish a project title
Introduction of the project
Literature Review
Research Methodology
1 Meet to the supervisor that assigned by the
faculty
2 Find out the topic of study that in interest
2 Conduct introduction for the project which
included aim, objective, problem statement
and research background
4 Collect information from the journal articles
from internet, magazine and reference book
which review to the proposed project.
2 Propose data collection method

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 Chapter II: Literature Review

2.0 Introduction

Construction waste is become a problem in our industry and wastes

minimization become a serious issue in our country, Malaysia. For the research, it will

look through reviews, articles and some related topics from the internet.

Throughout this study, it will provide better understanding about the issue which

related to the minimization of construction waste in Malaysia construction industry,

which included identifying the factors of construction wastes, advantages of wastes

minimization and also methods to reduce or minimize construction wastes.

2.1 Construction Wastes

Wastes encountered constitute all the materials and products incorporated into the built

environment over a period of decades or in some areas over centuries. Include in that

list earth, pavement, and organic plant materials. Assessment of wastes to be

encountered on projects is an important first step in developing a construction and

demolition waste management plan at the project level. (Tom Napeir, 2012)

Construction wastes can be define into types which are Physical and Non-physical

wastes. (Sasitharan Nagapan, 2012). Following the type of the construction wastes.

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Figure 3 : Types of construction wastes (S.Nagapan, etal, 2011)

2.1.1 Physical Waste

The Physical Construction Waste normally arises from construction, renovation

and demolition activities, which included excavation, roadwork and

renovation.(D.F.Kofoworola and S.lt Gheewal, 2009) However, this can of waste can be

defined as solid wastes. Solid wastes normally are the material that completely lost,

because of the fact that the materials are irreparably damage and simply lost. Those

kinds of material which included sand, cement, steels, bricks, blocks, glass, rebar, tiles,

plastics, timber, and other materials that can find in the construction site. (A.Kafz and

t.Baum, 2011)

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Table 1 : Types and Common Sources of Solid Waste Generation (Hurley et al.
2001)

Figure 4: Paint waste (Heidi Figure 5: Brick and brock wastes (Larry
Sanborn, 2011) Marques)

13
Figure 6: Steel wastes (LSS Waste management Limited, 2013)

2.1.2 Non-physical wastes

The non-physical wastes normally generated during the construction process and

it is time and cost overrun for a construction project. These wastes can be define as any

inefficiency that results in use of materials, equipment, and labour during the

construction process. (EM.Nazah, 2008) Furthermore, non-physical wastes no only

focus on quantities of materials. For example, overproduction, waiting time, material

handling, storage/ inventories and unnecessary work by workers also will generate this

kind of construction wastes. (C.T Formoso, 1999)

2.2 Impact of construction materials

The generation of construction wastes normally provide the impact or negative effect to

use. Follow are the impact of construction wastes.

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2.2.1 Environment

The pollution caused during the manufacture of materials and products;

pollution and hazards from the handling and use of materials or from the site itself; and

other demolish, construction and operationally related activities which contribute wastes.

Each of these activities poses a risk of introducing pollutants into the environment

which can affect the workers on site, the neighbourhood, or the local ground, water and

air quality. Similar impacts can occur during the operational phase of the development.

Such disturbances can also upset the equilibrium between the ground, water and air and

introduce the risk of pollution. (Willmot Dixon, 2010)

2.2.2 Productivity

Construction waste normally will slow down the productivity of the project.

Once the wastes are overdose in a site, it may waste the place to locate the new

materials which are delivering on site. To clean up those construction wastes, it may

also use extra time and cost to remove it and worse part is it may cause the project delay.

(Andrew Ngu, 2015)

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2.3 Construction wastes issue in Malaysia

Illegal dumping, which is one of the problem now facing by our county. (N.

Yahaya and I.Larsen, 2008) Days by days, this issue turn more serious in Malaysia,

especially dumping on roadsides and tropical mangrove swamp which it was said that

will affected the ecology activities in mangrove swamp.(S.Nagapan A.R Ismailand A.

Ade, 2012 & A.H.A Faridah, A.H.Hasmanie and M.I.Hassnain, 2004) All of these

happened due to the lack of practices on the task of waste minimization in Malaysia

construction industry. Although there are some policies in Malaysia which is set to

regulate on the wastes handling management. There are Perbadanan Pengurusan Sisa

Pepejal Dan Pembersihan Awam (PPSPPA), Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994 (PMA),

Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), Environment Quality Act

1974(EQA) and Standard Specifications for Building Works (SBW). (S.Nagapan A.R

Ismailand A. Ade, 2012) However, those policies not perfect yet to take full regulation

on the wastes minimization. For example, PPSPPA is majorly on domestic waste, SBW

which is mainly to rule on contractor when work in JKR contracting. In additional,

under SBW, contractors have to clear the construction waste one time in two week and

the waste had to dispose to selected landfill area or sites. Under PMA part, it mainly to

enhance environment which by reduce and controlling the pollution. PMA provides

power to an officer to make investigation in any site to confirm the contractors are

implied with the rule which interpreted the waste as normal waste or schedule waste.

Even so, most of the private companies take less attention in construction waste; they

most focus on domestic waste. This show that Malaysia government does not stake

serious in handling the construction waste and the problem still overcome.

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2.4 Waste minimization

Waste minimization means that it is a policy and process to reduce the

production of wastes. The aim of waste minimization also is to redesign products and/or

changing societal patterns, concerning consumption and production (Environment

Protection Agency, 2012), which remarked as waste reduction, is often as waste

hierarchy. (Waste Management Resources, 2009)

Figure 7: Waste Hierarchy (Hierarchy.png, 2008)

The basic concept behind waste management is the waste hierarchy, where the

most effective approaches to managing waste are at the top. Waste management is in

contrast to waste minimisation. Waste management focuses on processing waste after it

is created, concentrating on Reuse, Recycling, and waste-to-energy conversion rather

than eliminating the creation of waste in the initial phases of production.(Davison, G.,

2011).

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 Waste minimization includes endeavors to minimize the asset and vitality use amid

working advancement or produced period. For the same business yield, as a rule the less

materials are utilized, the less waste is created. Waste minimisation as a rule requires

learning of the generation procedure, support to-grave examination and definite

information of the structure of the waste.

Figure 8: Waste minimisation practices. (Lorton et al., 1988; EH and S, 1994;

Sherman, 1996; Maclaren, 2002).

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2.5 Factors that Contribute Construction Wastes

To minimize or reduce the construction wastes, first we must know the factors

that contribute this kind of waste. Best on the research; following are the factors of

generation of construction wastes:

A. Frequent Design Changes

Most the time, the issue rises from lack of communication between contractors, design

teams and the clients during design work. Moreover, it could be caused by clients

changing construction plan unexpectedly. Changes occasionally caused demolition of

previous work and rebuild according to new drawing. It increases more waste produced

during rebuild and demolishing state.

B. Wrong material storage

It is always caused by human error. Improper way of handling materials can cause

materials to be wasted. For instance, wrong handling or storing of bricks may cause

bricks to crack and made unusable. Other than that, cement should store in shade place

and far away from source of water, improper way of storing will spoil the cement.

Materials ended up wasted if did not store properly.

C. Effect of weather

Weather is one of the major factors of construction waste. During concreting or

excavation process, it the construction field hits by heavy rain or storm, it may damage

the concrete which partially completed and causing contractor to demolish and re-

19
concrete again. Site has to be rescheduled again and causing more wastage of materials.

Weather changing is one of the more disastrous factors cannot be control by human.

D. Poor planning

Planning skill on site is important that it has direct impact on more construction wasted

generate if the wrong planning method applied. Project manager are to come out with

good planning stages of conduction and to assign a dedication supervisor at the site.

Furthermore, pay more attention on workers during material handling. Some critical

error at different stages caused by poor workmanships and improper material handling

done by workers can be prevented by good planning on site and supervision of

supervisor.

E. Workers' mistakes

Unskilled or poor attitude worker increase the wastage of materials on site. Mistakes

occur too often which generally on bricks, light weight concrete, plaster, ceilings and

tiles, which normally physical materials.

F. Leftover materials on site

Poor attitude of project management caused the residual at side. Leftover materials for

example, steel bar, framework and broken bricks are often the leftover scrap at the end

of construction project. All above are knows as physical waste on site.

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Figure 9: Causative factors of construction waste (Issue on construction waste, the
need of sustainable waste management 2012)

21
2.6 Advantages of construction wastes minimization

When the contribution of construction waste been reducing and getting less, it

may reduction of impact of the construction wastes to our environment, economic and

health. Following are the advantages of when the construction waste had been

minimizing:

A. Cost saving and reduce of disposal costs

When minimize the construction wastes by reduce, reuse and recycle, it will provide

the benefits in cost saving. Less materials will be re-purchased upon less waste generate.

Besides that, because of less generation of construction wastes, the disposal cost and

landfill charges will also reduce and it can maximize the profit because of reduced in

unwanted cost, the construction work will be more efficacies.

B. Reduce of landfill space

When the amount of the construction waste had been reduced or minimized, the

demand for landfill space will reduce. Reduce of landfill space will reduce the negative

impact of construction waste to the environment as decease land pollution of our

country.

C. Lower CO2 emissions

CO2 emission will be reduced when practicing plasterboard recovery compared

with standard practice which saves 4.2 tonnes of CO2 for each tonne of additionally

recovered plasterboard.

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D. Improve of productivity and quality of works

Productivity of project can be improved by avoiding mistakes and delays cause by

repurchasing of materials. The materials must be selected as good quality and durability,

it will avoid of replacement of materials because of selection of poor materials.

E. Meeting planning requirements

Planning authorities are increasingly setting conditions for environmental

performance as part of the development process, which mean that the project can finish

the work with less extra expended cost and reach the goal with specific period.

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2.7 Methods to minimize the construction wastes

Adoption of sustainable construction principles as sustainable construction does

not focus on only environmental issues but also on economic and social aspects is an

effective method and way to control construction waste. Hence, it is important to adopt

sustainable waste management and method of minimization to encounter the effects of

construction on overall sustainable criteria rather than cost alone. Follow are the

methods can use in minimize the construction wastes.

2.7.1 Three (3) R Methods

To minimize the construction wastes and with the consideration of benefit of the

environment, economic and social aspects, 3R methods (reduce, reuse and recycle) is a

good practise can be carry out by all parties involved in construction site.

A. Reduce

Reduce mean that is to reducing use of construction materials for reduce the

contribution of construction waste. So in reduce the construction waste, all parties can

try to involve early during design stage by specially designed to reduce waste

production. The methods included for instance, reduce cut off of materials, avoid over-

ordering, and avoid materials being stored on site for over a long period of time before

using them. Lastly, minimize of rework and error caused by poor workmanship.

B. Reuse

Reuse is the process that continues use of material had been used and avoids the use

of disposable goods only used in one time. For example, the leftover and cut off

24
materials (Timer or Rebar) can be collected and reused on other section. For example,

cut off rebar can be welded back at some section to be reused again and dismantled

hoarding board can be reused for many times. Some materials which cannot be used at

the same project can be shifted to other project or sell. Pallets can be used or return to

supplier to reduce the use of wood.

C. Recycle

Recycle stage is the process to turning the waste into a new substance or product,

includes composting if it meets quality protocols. For example, rebar plastic, wood,

brick and etc. can be recycled again and again into functionally equivalent products. But

the condition of materials for recycling should be cleaned, dried and separated from

other materials. Sort different materials into containers with clear signs, so materials can

be recycled effectively.

2.7.2 Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP)

SWMP is a framework that helps contractors or project managers to record and

predict the type and amount of the construction that generated in a project. SWMP also

setting-up an appropriate management system to minimize the construction wastes that

to be landfill. The purpose of this plan is to minimize issue such as illegal dumping and

improve the materials resources efficiency by 3R method. SWMP require cooperation

of all parties involved in construction activities, which included client, consultant,

contractor, sub-contractor, labours and suppliers. SWMP normally initiated during pre-

planning stage until post-construction stage that in propose to measure the management

25
plan is efficiency and effectiveness. Figure 3 shows that the actions taken by SWMP

during every stage.

Table 2: Proposed Outline of SWMP

26
2.8 Conclusion

Construction wastes have become problems to our society and environment. In

the way to minimize this kind of problem, we shall understand and have knowledge

about why the waste will occur during construction period and benefit when we reduce

the waste. As we know common construction wastes occur usually are frequent design

changes, wrong material storage, poor planning, workers' mistakes and leftover

materials on site, and those are mankind. After understand the factors of wastes occur,

we can determine the methods to minimize the construction wastes. The possible

methods can option are 3R (reduce, recycle, and reuse) and the proper construction

wastes management also required. Construction wastes minimization not only brings

advantages to our environment, it also helps us in achieve to complete project in shorter

time, lower cost and better quality produced.

27
 Chapter III: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction

This chapter is to discuss how the research methodology going on in this

research. The research methodology will conduct questionnaires, method of data

collection and data analysis which base on the research topic.

The previous chapter (literature review) only an overview of the topic which is

construction wastes minimization in Malaysia construction industry. It doesnt show the

authenticity of the research. By the way to meet the aim and objectives of this research,

data collection must be provided by the researcher to prove the authenticity of wastes

minimization in Malaysia and the design of the questionnaire shall be related to the

topic. The data and information must be collected that can only do the analysis of the

data.

3.1 Questionnaire

Questionnaire method is the most practical and widely method that researcher

can get information for the responses. All the data and information will be collected at

meet the objective of the research and the data collected will more reliable because the

responses will provide the real experience and knowledge about the construction wastes.

The method also provides advantages in save time and cost. Responses just only need to

involve in some paperwork and does not require of expensive equipment. So, this

method more preferred in this research.

28
3.2 Design of questionnaires

The questionnaire as attached in Appendix provided and distributed to the

responders for collect the data and information. The question of the questionnaire all

base on the aim and objectives of the research topic. The questionnaire was design to

analyse or investigated the issue of the construction wastes minimization in Malaysia

construction industry, which included factors that contribution of construction waste,

advantages waste minimization, methods used to minimize and others general question

which regarding the topic. The design of the questionnaires was choosing the multiple

choices format and rating scale method.

A. Multiple choices

Multiple choices is one of the format of assessment in which respondents are

asked to select the best possible answer. There are two types of multiple choice

questions in questionnaire. First is selection of Yes or No. Second method is to tick

the answer by personal opinion. It will make the respondents answer the questionnaire

easily.

B. Rating scale

Rating scale method is list of statements which used to ask the respondents to

define the agreement or disagreement of the statement on the questionnaires. There are

5 level of the rating level can be select, which included:

29
 POINT RAGE OF GRADE
1 Strongly Disagree
2 Disagree
3 Moderate
4 Agree
5 Strongly Agree
Table 3 : Rating scale

3.3 Development of questionnaires

The development of the questionnaires was set into 5 parts, which are Part 1, Part 2,

Part 3, Part 4 and Part 5.

Part 1 Respondents require filling in their background, company name,

occupation, working experiences and total household income.

Part 2 General knowledge and personal opinion of the issue which related

to the construction wastes minimization in Malaysia construction

industry.

Respondents require answering the multiple choices on the

questionnaires base on their experience and opinion.

Part 3 The question will be set as base on the first objective of the research,

which is to identify the factors that contribute to the construction

wastes at construction site.

Respondents require answering the questions by rating in order to

agree or disagree of the statements.

Part 4 The question will be set as base on the Second objective of the

research, which focuses on the advantages of construction wastes

30
 minimization.

Respondents require answering the questions by rating in order to

agree or disagree of the statements.

Part 5 The question will be set as base on the third objective of the research,

which to identify the methods used to minimize construction wastes.

Respondents require answering the questions by rating in order to

agree or disagree of the statements.

Table 4: Development of Questionnaires

3.4 Procedure of data collection

In the data collection, it will be start at 3 months during our industry training

period. The location of the sites will be 5 construction sites at west and 2 construction

sites at east Malaysia. The total number of the questionnaires will have disputed with 50

copies of questionnaires. In this research, it requires the assist of my classmates which

have industry training in same time. We will provide the site visit to each respective

construction site and the questionnaires and the interview question will be same.

During site visit, we provided a short interview and briefing to respondents. The

respondents we choose normally are the persons work in construction site, for example,

contractor, site supervisor, site staff, labours, foreign labours and trainee (if have). The

purpose of the interview is to get more authenticity answers and also to assist the

respondent in case they dont understand what questionnaires are asking, especially

foreign workers. The interview questions and questionnaires all base on the research

topic.

31
3.5 Instruments

The instruments used for this research are research questionnaires which will be

questioned to site supervisor/ site staff and site workers base on their experiences, view

of opinion, comments, and their suggestions on construction waste issue on site.

3.6 Subjects/ Sample

The subject of our study consists of site supervisor and site workers from

alternative position of work. During 3 months of our industry training (February to

May), we will start to distribute the questionnaires. The location of the sites will be 5

construction sites at west and 2 construction sites at east Malaysia. The total number of

the questionnaires will have disputed with 50 copies of questionnaires and also have a

short interview or brief all parties in construction site. After that, we will start give the

research questionnaires to the supervisor/ site staff and site workers. The reason we

conduct the short interview or brief is to obtain the additional authenticity information

about the contribution and solution of construction waste. Besides that, we also must

have approval of the supervisor/ site staff to give the site workers opportunity to give

some opinion and suggestion best on their experience by given the same type of

questionnaires and briefing.

3.7 Data Analysis

After collected the data from the site by questionnaires, the comparison of the

answer will start. Since there are many independent variables due to individual

32
differences, the data from the questionnaires will be analyzed and comparison of the

information of respondents will be provided. In addition, all information will be plot

into graphs which will be used to determine the responses, find out which is the best

solution and information which related to minimize construction waste issue.

33
 Chapter IV: Data Analysis and Result
4.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we will conduct the analysis of particular and feedback we

collected by the respondents which relate to our research objectives as well from the

literature review. So, this chapter is the dissertation part and the data analysis will be

present by using graphs, pie chat and tables to analyze the data or the result after

collection.

The data for this research study were collected though a short interview and

questionnaires with person who works at construction site. Therefore, there were 50

copies of questionnaires separated through 5 construction site which three (3) located at

west Malaysia and two (2) at east Malaysia. For the interview, it was a short brief and

the discussion to the workers which cannot understand the questionnaires questions.

Data analysis immediately began once all the data had been completely collected

34
4.2 Respondents Background

For the background of the respondents, all are from construction industry in our

country, which three (3) sites and west and two (2) sites at east Malaysia. The idea of

choosing the location of the construction sites is from our industry training which

require assist of my classmate. The respondents which the researcher selected must be

involved in construction industry because they are all experience in this industry and

can help me in this research topic.

Respondent Number
Project Manager 1
Site Supervisor 7
QS 8
Engineer 5
Site manager 2
Foremen 4
Contractor/ Sub-contractor 4
Supplier 4
Worker 9
Storekeeper 2
Trainee 2
TOTAL 50
Table 5: The number of the respondents

For the amount of respondents, first is the Project manager which is 1 of the

total number. Next is the site supervisor with 7 and then continue is Quantity Surveyor

which is 8 persons. Third is engineer with 5 from the total number of respondents. Next

are foremen, contractor/sub-contractor and supplier with the same number which is 4

person. Furthermore, the number of the site manager, storekeeper, and trainee are 2

person which is lowest in our data collected. Lastly, the number of the workers is 9

from the total and it is highest in the data we collected.

35
 20% 18%
18% 16%
16% 14%
14%
12% 10%
10% 8% 8% 8%
8%
6% 4% 4% 4%
4% 2%
2%
0%

Percentage (%)

Figure 10: Summary of Respondents

In the summary of the respondents, project manager is 2% of the total number of

the respondents. Next is the site supervisor with occupy 14% and then continue is

Quantity Surveyor which is 16%. Third is engineer with 10% of the total number of

respondents. Next are foremen, contractor/sub-contractor and supplier with the same

percentage which are 8%. Furthermore, the percentage of the site manager, storekeeper,

and trainee are 4% which is lowest in our data collected. Lastly, the number of the

workers is 18% of the total number of the respondents and it is highest in the data we

collected.

36
4.3 General Knowledge of Construction Wastes

4.3.1 Importance of Waste Minimization

Does the waste minization

importance?
47

Yes No

Figure 11 : Bar chat of importance of Waste Minimization

Through this research, we will have the information that the importance of waste

minimization. For the data collected, the major of the respondents think that wastes

minimization is importance in our construction industry now. There were 47 people

agree that wastes minimization is importance and 3 disagree.

Does the waste minization

importance?
Yes No

6%

94%

Figure 12: Pie chat of importance of waste minimization

37
 Based on the data collected, there are 94% people agree that waste minimization

is importance industry but only 6% people think that it does no importance to our

industry and country now. The major parties involved in site had realize that now the

construction waste no only bring the problem to the environment, also provide problem

to their productivity. As we know for the literature review, construction waste no only

bring impact to environment, it now also will affect the productivity of the project. The

site wills a lot of waste require extra time and money to clean and may cause the delay

of the project.

38
4.3.2 Situation of Construction Waste to Construction Industry

Does the construction waste become

a serious problem in our country?
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Yes No

Figure 13: Bar chat of situation of Construction waste to construction industry

In this data collection, we will know the situation of construction waste to our

construction industry in our country. From this data, we know that there are 41 people

agree that the construction waste become a serious problem in our country, but only 9

people disagree it.

Does the construction waste become

a serious problem in our country?
Yes No

18%

82%

Figure 14: Pie chat of situation of Construction wastes to construction industry

39
 Based on the data collected, 82% people agree and 18% disagree that the

construction wastes become a serious problem in our country now. The major of the

respondent think that the construction wastes already contribute a lot of impact to our

environment and health now. But only 18% people disagree because the feel that

construction waste dont affect them and continue their work and earn more money is

much more importance than this.

40
4.3.3 Governments Action in the Issue of Construction Wastes

Does our government take action

about this issue?

50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No
Series1 41 9

Figure 15: Bar chat of governments action in construction wastes

For the data collected, there are 41 people think that our government has taken

action about the issue which related to construction wastes only 9 people feel that our

government still lack in action in this issue.

Does our government take action

about this issue?

No
18%

Yes
82%

Figure 16 : Pie chat of governments action in construction waste

41
 For this pie chart we will realize that there are 82% people agree that our

government now have already taken action to solve, reduce and minimize this kind of

problem against impact to our environment and construction industry. But there are still

18% people disagree it, because they think our government still lacks the attention and

action in this kind of issue. Through interview, 18% of these people had mention that

our government still needs to improve their policy in to prevent, reduce and minimize

the construction waste problem in our country.

42
4.3.4 Most Effective Step Due to Minimize Construction Wastes

Which step is most effective step to

minimize the construction wastes?

30
25
20
29
15 21
10
5
0
Preconstrcution/ planning Construction step
step

Figure 17: Bar chat of most effective step due to minimize construction wastes
Through the data collected, there are 29 people think that the most effective step

that can minimize construction wastes is in preconstruction/ planning step. But there are

21 people think that in construction step is the most effective step to minimize the

construction wastes.

Which step is most effective step due

to minimize the construction wastes?

42% Preconstrcution/ planning

58% step
Construction step

Figure 18: Pie chat of most effective step due to minimize the construction wastes

43
 Based on the data collected, we find out that the result of this question is very

close which are 58% people think that pre-construction/ planning step is most effective

step to minimize the construction wastes compare to 42% people think that construction

step can is the effective step to minimize it. There are 58% of the respondents think that

the planning step is most effective, because through the planning step, we can list down

what we need and how we do it. When it has successful planning, it is easier to analyse

the requirements, and base of these requirements, we can minimize some unwanted

works or extra expenses due to generated the construction wastes. Besides that, through

planning step, we can start to plan like allocation of materials. Which didnt plan

properly for location of the materials, it may cause the materials broken or damaged,

then it may become wastes and require extra time and money to remove it.

But compare to those respondents there are still 42% respondents think is

construction step. In their opinion through interview, they mention that it is much easier

to minimize the waste during construction period. In construction step they can direct

control and remove the generation of wastes.

44
4.3.5 Responsibility through construction waste

WHO SHALL RESPONSIBLE TO THE

WASTES IN CONSTRCUTION SITE?

Others 2

All parties involved in constrcution site 30

Workers 1

Contractor/ sub- contractor 13

Project/ site manager 4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Figure 19: Bar chat of responsibility through construction wastes

The bar chat shows the responsibility for the contribution of the construction site.

Through data collected, there are 4 respondents think that the project manager must

have responsible to the generation of the construction waste, but there 13 of the

respondents think this responsible of the contractor/ sub-contractor, continue is 1 for

workers and 30 for all parties involved in construction site. There are 2 respondents

think that there shall have others party/parties need to have responsibility of

construction wastes.

45
 WHO SHALL RESPONSIBLE TO THE WASTES IN
CONSTRCUTION SITE?
Project/ site manager Contractor/ sub- contractor
Workers All parties involved in constrcution site
Others

4% 8%

26%

60% 2%

Figure 20: Pie chat of responsibility through construction wastes

For this pie chat, we will know that there are 8% respondents think project

manager shall have the responsibility to the construction waste. In their opinion, they

had mention that the project manager shall responsible to all activities which can

happen in the site, because the project is under him and a successful project manager

normally will solve the problem in his site.

Next, there are 26% think that contractor/ sub-contractor must responsible to

construction wastes. It is a second high in this question, the respondents tell that

construction / sub-contractor must take responsible to his own works, normally during

construction will contribute the wastes, but how to minimize it depend how preform of

the contractor/ sub-contractor they are.

Furthermore, the workers occupy 2% in this pie chat, the respondent just

mention that the workers shall responsible to the work which finish my them. Next is all

the parties involved in construction site, there are 60% of respondents think that all

parties involved in site shall have responsibility. Construction site is a working place, all

46
the contribution of waste in the site, all parties must manage and control the

minimization of waste, although consultant also need take responsible to wastes

contribution. All the parties must consider the waste didnt affect their productivity,

environment and must fulfil the all the statutory requirement.

Lastly, 4% of the respondents provide that there still has other party/ parties

need to take responsible. One of the respondents have clearly stated that for client to

consultant against the contractor must take the responsibility to the wastes generation.

Which they have mention the client is that client is the person to pay and the financial

supporter for whole project. At preconstruction / planning step client already stated

what his/her want and consultant must base of his requirement to design and plan about

the construction. Though planning, it is an opportunity start to considering the factor

contribute wastes, advantages of minimize the wastes and method can be select to

minimize the wastes.

47
4.4 Factors Cause Construction Wastes

In this analysis, we will study about the factors cause contribution of construction

wastes, following are the data collected in this research:

No Factors Cause Construction Frequency

Total Index Rank
Wastes 1 2 3 4 5
1 Poor management and planning
will contribute more
0 6 12 20 12 50 3.76 4
construction wastes during the
construction period.
2 Wrong material storage will
generate unwanted waste and
0 0 15 20 15 50 4 1
slow down the construction
speed.
3 Leftover materials make the site
dirty and require extra work to 0 5 5 26 14 50 3.98 2
clean it.
4 Construction with mistake and
wrong information will generate 0 6 9 18 17 50 3.92 3
more wastes.
5 Sometime, the method to settle
the waste is depend on our site 0 12 15 17 6 50 3.34 5
condition.
Table 6: Factor cause construction wastes

For the table, the highest index which is rank 1 is wrong material storage will

generate unwanted waste and slow down the construction speed. Thera are 15

respondents strongly agree in this factor continue 20 agree, and 15 moderate. Major of

the respondents strongly agree and agree about location of materials is the first factor,

because as we know construction waste most come from materials which is a type of

construction wastes, Physical wastes. When it just simply located the material without

planning, normally the materials will easy get damaged, and then will generated the

48
wastes. Although there are major people agree this factor but still have 15 respondent

choose moderate.

In second rank which have 3.98 index is leftover materials make the site dirty

and require extra work to clean it. For this factor, there is 14 respondents strongly agree

and 26 respondents agree. They agree this factor because the realize that normally the

sub-contractor will have left the materials at site when they are finish their work, and

those materials will become the waste and need time to clean. But there still have 5

respondents no sure about this factor. Although there are many people agree this factor,

but there are 6 respondents disagree with it. Those respondent mention that this doesnt

is one of the factor because the leftover material normally can be control and would

cause a lot of problem in contribute the construction wastes.

In third rank which have 3.92 index is construction with mistake and wrong

information will generate more wastes. There are 17 of the respondents strongly agree

and 18 of the respondents agree it. Half of the respondents agree this factor because

when it was a mistake during the construction normally it require to demolish and

remove for the purpose to rectify it and it will generate a lot of construction wastes

during that period.

Next is the forth rank with 3.76 index which is poor management and planning

will contribute more construction wastes during the construction period, there are more

than half of the respondents agree and strongly agree about this factor which are 12

strongly agree and 20 agree it. Next, there are 12 of the respondents choose moderate

and continue with 6 of the respondents disagree it. There are minor of the respondent

disagree it because in their opinion the construction waste normally generates during

49
construction period and the effect of the planning does not provide much more effect to

the contribution of construction wastes.

Lastly which is rank 5 with index 3.34 which is the method of settle the wastes

are depend on site condition. There are 6 of the respondents strongly agree and 17 of the

respondents agree it. Sometime, the contribution of wastes cannot be avoid become of

site condition because complexity and surrounding environment and also soil condition.

Furthermore, there are 15 of the respondents choose moderate. Besides that, there are 15

of the respondents disagree it. In their opinion the site condition just an excuse to Shirk

responsibility.

50
4.5 Methods to Minimize Construction Wastes

In this analysis, we will study about the methods to minimize the construction wastes,

following are the data collected in this research:

No Method to minimize Frequency

Total Index Rank
construction wastes 1 2 3 4 5
1 The generation of waste by
the weather can be
0 6 9 25 0 50 2.78 3
minimizing by a good
management and planning.
2 Burning is the faster and
economic way the solve
3 7 18 4 8 50 2.54 4
the problem of
construction wastes.
3 Landfill of construction
waste is faster and most
efficacy way to minimize 0 3 27 20 0 50 3.34 2
the problem of
construction wastes.
4 Provide the 3R (reuse,
recycle & reduce) method
is the correct and efficacy
0 6 8 33 3 50 3.66 1
way to solve the
contribution of
construction wastes.
Table 7: Methods to minimize construction wastes

For the table the rank number 1 which with 3.66 index of the methods to

minimize the construction wastes is provide the 3R method is the correct and efficacy

ways to solve the contribution of construction wastes. First there are 3 of the respondent

strongly agree and with the highest 33 of the respondents agree it. There are many of

them agree because they believe that 3R which are Reuse, Recycle and Reduce is a very

good method must be consider due to minimize the construction wastes due it is

environmental and systematic way to minimize the wastes. But it still has 6 of the

51
respondents disagree it. In their opinion, the mention that although it is a good method

but sometime in considering the time factor, their normally will ignore this kind of

methods. Between the agree and disagree, there are still have 8 of the respondents

choose moderate.

Next is the rank number 2 which with 3.34 index of the methods to minimize the

construction wastes is Landfill of construction waste is faster and most efficacy way to

minimize the problem of construction wastes. There are 20 of the respondents agree

about this method because in their opinion the landfill which can be a faster way

compare to 3R because no all the materials can be recycle or reuse. But there still have

6 respondents disagree it, in their opinion landfill may cause the pollution to the land.

Continue is there are 27 of the respondents choose moderate which is the highest.

The third rank which with 2.78 index of the method to minimize the

construction wastes are the generation of waste by the weather can be minimizing by a

good management and planning. There are 25 of the respondents agree that the good

management is one of the good and effective method. But still have 6 of the respondents

disagree it and 9 of the respondents choose moderate in this methods.

Lastly, which is rank 4 with index 2.54 is Burning is the faster and economic

way the solve the problem of construction wastes. In this method there are 8 of the

respondent strongly agree and 4 of the respondents agree it. Continue with 3 strongly

disagree and 7 disagree it. For this methods it doesnt show the right or wrong, consider

in right way burning is the faster way to remove the waste and also saving the cost to

remove it, but consider about wrong way it will bring pollution to our environment.

Besides that, there are 18 of the respondents choose moderate.

52
4.6 Advantages of Construction Wastes Minimization

In this analysis, we will study about the advantages of contribution of construction

wastes, following are the data collected in this research:

No Advantages of
Frequency
construction wastes Total Index Rank
minimization 1 2 3 4 5
1 Wastes minimization will
reduce unwanted material
and disposal cost and 0 2 14 16 8 50 3 2
provide better work
efficacy.
2 Waste minimization will
reduce the landfill space in 0 3 17 18 2 50 2.78 4
our country.
3 Wastes minimization will
lower Co2 emission and 3 4 17 10 6 50 2.64 5
provide clean environment.
4 Better waste control can
improve the productivity 0 6 9 12 13 50 3.04 1
and quality of works.
5 Better waste control
normally easy to meet the 2 2 16 14 6 50 2.8 3
planning requirement.
Table 8: Advantages of construction wastes minimization

For the table, the rank 1 advantage of construction wastes minimization is

having better waste control can improve the productivity and quality of works which

have an index 3.4. 13 of the respondents strongly agree and 12 of the respondents agree

which mean that there is haft of the respondents this advantage can be acceptable. The

reason why it is acceptable because, when the wastes are being minimized or reduced

normally wouldnt require extra work, time and cost. Besides that, there are still 9 of the

respondents choose moderate in this advantages. Although there is half of the

53
respondents agree it, but 6 of the respondents disagree this advantages, they mention

that to improve the productivity and quality is not only affect by the waste control is

depend on how their performance and skill.

Next advantage is wastes minimization will reduce unwanted materials and

disposal cost and provided better work efficacy which it is rank 2 and with 3 index.

There are 8 respondents strongly agree and 16 respondents agree to it, continue with 14

moderate and 2 disagree. For rank 1 and 2 we will realize that major of the respondents

consider their productivity and performance, major of them agree and strongly agree

that wastes minimization will cause advantages in their work.

For the 3 rank of advantages which is better wastes control normally easy meet

the planning requirement. There are 6 people strongly agree and 14 people agree to this

advantages. But in this advantages, most of the respondents which is 16 of the

respondents choose moderate. Continue is 2 of the respondents disagree and 2 strongly

disagree it.

For the forth rank with 2.78 index of advantage which wastes minimization will

reduce the landfill in our country. There are only 2 respondents strongly agree about this

advantage and 18 of the respondents agree it. There have 17 of the respondents choose

moderate in this advantage and 3 of the respondents disagree it. When the wastes

reduced or being minimize, normally will reduce the disposal requirement and normally

will reduce the amount of the landfill due less waste generation. Although there was a

reduce in wastes but which cannot say that the amount of the landfill also can be control,

because landfill may be the easier method to solve the waste.

The final rank which is rank 5 with index 2.64 is wastes minimization will lower

Co2 emission and provide clean environment. In this advantage there just only 6

54
persons strongly agree to it and 10 agree it. Most of the respondents choose moderate

which mean that they all no agree and disagree about this advantages. And continue

with 4 people disagree and 3 strongly disagree.

55
 Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

The conclusion has been drawn out from the analysis itself as mention before in

relation to the achievement of the studys objective which aims to understand about

construction wastes minimization Malaysia construction industry.

The research has achieved its objective form the literature review and data

collected and analyzed for the questionnaires. The conclusion derived base on three(3)

objectives as following:

Objective 1: Factors that contribute to the construction wastes at construction site.

Though the literature review, the factor cause the construction wastes are

frequent design change, wrong material storage, effect by the weather poor planning,

workers mistake and left over materials. And for the data analysis, the majority agree

of the factor that which is effective is storage of materials. Material which located at

wrong place normally will get damaged continue become wastes and this is not a

problem in one construction site, there are many site face same problem. Besides that

planning which also is one of the importance factor that contribute construction.

Weather, location of materials, worker performance and design all those factors can

contribute the wastes is depend on how successful of the planning. After planning,

control during practices also shall be consider as factor that contribute construction

wastes, because workers mistake and leftover material all depend on how we control it.

56
Objective 2: To study the advantages of construction wastes minimization.

Through the literature review, there are many advantages when minimize the

construction wastes. As a summary minimize the construction wastes will have the

advantages to the environment and the productivity of the project which help it save

time, cost and better quality. For the data collected and analyzed, majorly agree that

minimization of construction waste most effect to the productivity of the problem.

Objective 3: To identify the methods used to minimize construction wastes.

For the literature review, the methods that can use in minimize the construction wastes

is 3R (reduce, recycle and reuse) method and Site Waste Management Plan. Although

majorly agree that 3R method a good and environmental practices and method to

minimize, but not all the wastes can be recycle and reuse, so some time landfill and

burn the wastes also can be consider and select. Besides that, site waste management

plan (SWMP) is the must requirement of the construction project. Because SWMP is

a framework that helps contractors or project managers to record and predict the type

and amount of the construction that generated in a project. SWMP also setting-up an

appropriate management system to minimize the construction wastes that to be landfill.

The purpose of this plan is to minimize issue such as illegal dumping and improve the

materials resources efficiency by 3R method.

57
References

1. Sasitharan Nagapan1, Ismail Abdul Rahman1, Ade Asmi, Aftab Hameed Memon1,

Imran Latif1 Issues on Construction Waste: The Need for Sustainable Waste

Management

2. Sasitharan Nagapan1, Ismail Abdul Rahman1, Ade Asmi2, Factors Contributing to

Physical and Non-Physical Waste generation in Construction Industry.

3. Rawshan Ara Beguma,, ChamhuriSiwara, Joy Jacqueline Pereira a, Abdul Hamid

Jaafarb, Implementation of waste management and minimisation in the

construction industry of Malaysia, Received 16 June 2006; received in revised

form 28 August 2006; accepted 7 September 2006; Available online 11 October

2006

4. Rawshan Ara Begum, ChamhuriSiwar, Joy Jacqueline Pereira, Abdul Hamid

Jaafar ,A benefitcost analysis on the economic feasibility of construction waste

minimisation:The case of MalaysiaReceived 7 September 2005; received in revised

form 5 January 2006; accepted 27 January 2006; Available online 23 March 2006

5. NURZALIKHA SAADI, ZULHABRI ISMAIL, ZARINA ALIAS, Construction

waste minimization for Contractors in Malaysia

6. Ismail Abdul Rahman, Ade Asmi, A Review of Construction Waste Cause Factors

SasitharanNagapan

7. Rawshan Ara Begun, ChamhuriSiwar, joy Jacqueline Pereira, Abdul hamidJaafar,

Implementation of Waste Management and Minimisation in the Construction

Industry of Malaysia Received 16June 2006; received in revised form 28 August

2006; accepted 7 September 2006, Available online 11 October 2006.

8. What is Construction wastes - viewed on 17th November2015

<http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/cdm/introduction.htm>

58
9. Achieving good practice Waste Minimisation and Management - viewed on

20thNovember2015

10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation#cite_note-USEPA-1-viewed on

20thNovember2015

11. <http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/WMM%20guide%20Mid%20level.pdf>

12. The 3R Concept and Waste Minimization- viewed on 20th November2015

<http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/3r-minimization.html>

13. Hamid Aadal, Kiyanoosh Golchin Rad, Ali BagheriFard, PejmanGhasemi Poor

Sabet, Ehsan Harirchian, Implementing 3R Concept in Construction Waste

Management at Construction Site, Received: August 21 2013 Accepted: September

20 2013

14. N. Yahaya, and I. Larsen, Federalizing solid waste management in Peninsular

Malaysia, Proceeding of International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) World

Congress, Singapore, 2008.

15. S. Nagapan, A. R. Ismail, and A. Ade, Construction waste management: Malaysian

Perspective, International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering

Sustainability (IConCEES), Malaysia, pp. 299-309, 2012.

16. H. A. Faridah, A. H. Hasmanie, and M. I. Hasnain, A study on construction and

demolition waste from buildings in Seberang Perai, Proceeding of 3rd National

Conference in Civil Engineering, Copthorne Orchid, Tanjung Bungah, Malaysia,

2004.

59
Appendices

60
 Research Questionnaires

Topic: Construction Wastes Minimization

In Malaysia Construction Industry

Introduction

Dear respondent,

This research is a thesis study, concerning Construction Wastes Minimization in

Malaysia Construction Industry. This research is meant to get the information by the
respondents about the issue of construction waste in our country.

The information you provide will assist the academic institution. The data
collected form this survey will be used for academic and research purpose only. The
name if respondent will not be used in any reports of the research and their right will be
protected. Respondents answers will be report and aggregated with other respondents.
Please be sure to answer ALL the questions. There are no right or wrong answers.

Researcher:

Dennis Ho Ming Ying

(14WTR12927)

Department of Architecture and Building

Faculty of Engineering and built Environment

Tunku Abdul Rahman University College

Kuala Lumpur

Ph: +60168655641

Email: dennisho5641@gmail.com

Supervisor

Idaura Fadhya Bt. Che Ibrahim

61
Part 1 : Respondent Profile

This section is for demographic input of the respondent. The name of the respondent
will not be used in any report of the research and their right will be protected.
Respondents answers will be reported and aggregated with other respondents. Please
be sure to answer ALL the questions.

Name :

Gender : Male/ Female

Age : (20-30)/ (31-40)/ (41-50)/ (>50) years

Nationality : Malaysian / Foreigner

Race : Malay/ Chinese/ Indian/ Others:

Occupation :

Company Name :

Total household income : Less than RM1000/ RM1001-RM2000/ RM2001-

RM3000/ RM3001-RM4000/ RM4001-RM5000/

more than RM5000

Date :

62
Part 2 : General Knowledge of Construction Wastes

In this section, please tick the answer that you think is correct. There is no right or
wrong answers. We are interested in your true experience or opinions.

1. Do you think the construction wastes minimization is importance?

Yes

No

2. Does the construction waste become a serious problem in our country?

Yes

No

3. Do you think Malaysia government take action in this issue?

Yes

No

4. Which step is most effective due to minimize the construction step?

Preconstruction/Planning step

Construction step

5. Who should take responsible to minimize the waste?

Project / site manager

Contractor/sub contraction

Workers

All parties involved in construction site

Other: _____________________________________________________

63
Part 3 : Factors of construction wastes

In this section, please answer by circling one number that represents the level of your
agreement according to the ranking below. There is no right or wrong answers. We are
interested in your true experiences and opinions.

Strongly Disagree Moderate Agree Strongly agree

Disagree
1 2 3 4 5

1 Poor management and planning will contribute more construction 1 2 3 4 5

wastes during the construction period.

2 Wrong material storage will generate unwanted waste and slow 1 2 3 4 5

down the construction speed.

3 Leftover materials make the site dirty and require extra work to 1 2 3 4 5

clean it.

4 Construction with mistake and wrong information will generate 1 2 3 4 5

more wastes.

5 Provide the 3R (reuse, recycle & reduce) method is the correct 1 2 3 4 5

and efficacy way to solve the contribution of construction wastes.

6 Sometime, the method to settle the waste is depend on our site 1 2 3 4 5

condition.

64
Part 4 : Advantages minimize the construction wastes

In this section, please answer by circling one number that represents the level of your
agreement according to the ranking below. There is no right or wrong answers. We are
interested in your true experiences and opinions.

Strongly Disagree Moderate Agree Strongly agree

Disagree
1 2 3 4 5

1 Wastes minimization will reduce unwanted material and disposal 1 2 3 4 5

cost and provide better work efficacy.

2 Waste minimization will reduce the landfill space in our country. 1 2 3 4 5

3 Wastes minimization will lower Co2 emission and provide clean 1 2 3 4 5

environment.

4 Better waste control can improve the productivity and quality of 1 2 3 4 5

works.

5 Better waste control normally easy to meet the planning 1 2 3 4 5

requirement.

65
Part 4 : Methods of construction wastes minimization

In this section, please answer by circling one number that represents the level of your
agreement according to the ranking below. There is no right or wrong answers. We are
interested in your true experiences and opinions.

Strongly Disagree Moderate Agree Strongly agree

Disagree
1 2 3 4 5

1 The generation of waste by the weather can be minimizing by a 1 2 3 4 5

good management and planning.

2 Burning is the faster and economic way the solve the problem of 1 2 3 4 5

construction wastes.

3 Landfill of construction waste is faster and most efficacy way to 1 2 3 4 5

minimize the problem of construction wastes.

4 Provide the 3R (reuse, recycle & reduce) method is the correct 1 2 3 4 5

and efficacy way to solve the contribution of construction wastes.

66