The Syntax of Dependent Clauses in The War Scroll in Orientalia 82 (2013) PDF

Pontificium instit u t u m BiBlicum
Vol. 82 noVa sEriEs fasc. 3
Estratto
R. W. MEDINA, The Syntax of Dependent Clauses in the War Scroll
(1QMilhamah) in Comparison with Other Hebrew Corpora

2 0 1 3
S U M M A R I U M
Commentationes
A. SPALINGER, Further Remarks on the Old Kingdom Phyle System 157-206

W. R. MAYER, Die die Alten Babylonier und Assyrer einander Vorwrfe
machten und einander beschimpften . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207-271
R. W. MEDINA, The Syntax of Dependent Clauses in the War Scroll
(1QMilhamah) in Comparison with Other Hebrew Corpora . . . . 272-307

Animadversiones
A. ROCCATI, A forgotten rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Recensiones
M. MALAISE, la dcouverte dHarpocrate travers son historiographie

(F. E. BRENK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309-311
T. BRYCE, The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms (C. MORA) . . . . 311-315
Libri ad Directionem missi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
.
272
The Syntax of Dependent Clauses in the War Scroll

(1QMilhamah) in Comparison with Other Hebrew Corpora1

Richard W. MEDINA
I. Introduction
The purpose of this paper is threefold: to identify all types of de-

pendent clauses employed in the War Scroll 2, describe their syntax syn-
chronically, and then compare them with the homologous clauses from
Classical Biblical Hebrew (CBH), Transitional Biblical Hebrew (TBH),
Late Biblical Hebrew (LBH) 3, the Hebrew of the Community Rule (1QS) 4,
the Hebrew of Ben Sira (HBS) 5 as well as Tannaitic Hebrew (TH) 6. All
data have been investigated; only biblical quotes and those instances which
appear in a damaged context or broken lines have not been taken into con-
sideration. The dependent clauses have been sorted according to frequency
of occurrence, from the most common to the least. Hebrew words marked
in bold indicate the beginning of a dependent clause.
1
This work has been carried out under the supervision of Steven E. Fassberg. I am grateful
to him for his perspicacious remarks and questions. My thanks also go to Agustinus Gianto
whose suggestions have helped to make this paper more readable. Throughout this article I use
dependent clause instead of subordinate clause because there is no clear morphosyntactic
indication for subordination in Hebrew, so the notional description dependent serves better. In
the War Scroll dependent clauses, juxtaposed to the main clause, are introduced by a sub-
ordinating particle or without it (asyndeton IV.B and V.B) and by the Waw conjunctive or
inversive ( II.A and VII).
2
For the text, I have followed the edition prepared by Duhaime (2006). I have also consulted
the recent edition of Qimron (2010: 111-32). Whenever Duhaimes reading seems problematic, I
have examined the photographs in several cases and preferred Qimrons reading. It should be
noted that all translations from Hebrew in this study are my own.
3
In this study, CBH covers the prose texts of the First Temple Period, from Genesis through
2 Kings including Ruth, whereas LBH refers to the textual corpora of the Second Temple Period:
1-2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. TBH is attested in the books of Jeremiah and Eze-
kiel; its language represents the midway or the transitional stage between Classical and Late Bib-
lical Hebrew (see Hurvitz 1982: 164; Hornkohl 2011: v).
4
For the syntax of purpose, temporal, relative and causal clauses in the Community Rule, I
have consulted Park (1998).
5
For the syntax of purpose, temporal, relative and circumstantial clauses in Ben Sira, I have
relied on Fassbergs essay (1997: 56-71). For Ben Sira texts, not treated in Fassberg, I have fol-
lowed Beentjes (1997).
6
See Segal 1927 and Azar 1995.
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The Syntax of Dependent Clauses in the War Scroll 273
II. Purpose and intended result
Clauses of purpose and intended result are the most frequently occur-
ring dependent clauses in the Scroll totaling 103 instances. The majority of
them are expressed 97 times, including verbs that occur more than once,
by the construction - + infinitive construct (= qetol). The syntagma - +
verbal noun is employed thrice, and so is the clause type containing the
inversive perfect (we-qatal) or the imperfect (we-x-yiqtol).
A. Constructions with the inversive perfect or the imperfect 7
The telic constructions occur after a verbal clause with the inversive
perfect.
1. - inversive + the perfect

6.4-6
And they will stand between the two battle lines ... to fell the slain by the
judgement of God, to subdue the enemys battle line by the might of God,
to pay to every worthless nation the reward of their evil, so that the king-
ship will belong to the God of Israel
8.3-4
And the priests shall blow on the trumpets of assembly in order that the
three divisions of infantry shall go out from the gates
2. - + subject imperfect of + participle

8.5-6
And the priests shall blow on the trumpets, a sustained note ... so that the
columns shall be deployed into their formations, each to his position
B. Constructions with the infinitive construct or the verbal noun
1. - + infinitive construct
All the occurrences are arranged according to the type of clauses that
precede them. They often follow noun or nominal clauses as well as ver-
7
The following examples could be interpreted as independent clauses as well; however, in
view of the attestation of these constructions denoting purpose in Biblical Hebrew, the possibility
that they may convey purpose or result should be kept open.
8
Since the subject , the columns, takes here the preverbal position, the use of the
yiqtol is required in lieu of the frequent we-qatal.

274 Richard W. Medina
bal clauses with the imperfect, the (inversive) perfect, and the imperative.
Likewise, they appear after the constructions - + infinitive and +
infinitive.
a. After a verbal clause with the imperfect
1.4
And in his time, he will go out, with great wrath, to do battle against the
kings of the north and, (with) his anger, to exterminate and to cut off the
horn
1.13
In three lots the sons of light shall stand firm to strike wickedness
1.14
There shall be (three) divisions of infantry to melt the heart (of the enemy),
as Gods might strengthens the heart of the sons of light11
2.1-4
And they shall arrange the chiefs of the priests behind the High Priest and
his deputy, twelve chiefs, to be servants in the regular offering before God,
9
The expression is an adverbial modifier of the imperfect as is the parallel prep-
ositional phrase . It probably represents a case of prepositional ellipsis. One should
expect the use of the preposition - in as it appears in its counterpart
. Note (1.11), in which the - is missing as well:
, for Gods might with the roar of a great multitude and (with) the
shout of gods and of men. For the occurrence of in the Bible within a bellicose context, see
Deut 29:22; Ps 21:10. Consequently, should be the governing verb of the three infinitives (cf.
11.13-15). In light of this, the assumption that and serve the same function as
yiqtol and we-qatal respectively, as Eskhult (2008: 41-2) has postulated, should be ruled out.
Similarly, Vegas Montaner (2007: 333), without argumentation, has pointed out that the two
infinitives convey the value of finite verbs.
10
Qimron (1986: 72) and, more recently, Cohen (2005: 92) interpret as a peri-
phrastic tense, in which the infinitive functions as a participle. However, if is rendered as a
simple imperfect, one would naturally expect an infinitive of purpose after it, consistently with
other instances shown in this section. Syntactically, one can identify a complex sentence with a
principal clause and two dependent clauses (of purpose and of circumstance). In any case, this
construction, imperfect of plus infinitive construct, occurs only once in the Scroll; the con-
struction consisting of the imperfect of + participle is rather customary (see II.A.2;
II.B.1.b; III.B.1.b, 4.b and 5.c). Likewise, the damaged context of the manuscript precludes
resolving the ambiguity.
11
It is assumed that this passage refers to three divisions and to the heart of the enemy
in light of their explicit reference in other parallel texts: 6.1, 4; 8.4, 10; 9.11-12.
12
Qimron (1986: 71-2) has identified , and as predicative infinitives func-
tioning in the indicative mood. From a syntactical standpoint, one can identify three complex
sentences three main clauses with their respective circumstantial clauses showing the fol-
lowing word order: (1) obj v prepositional phrase infinitive complement + subj preposi-
tional phrase v; (2) prepositional phrase obj (v) infinitive adjunct + subj prepositional
phrase v; (3) obj (v) prepositional phrase infinitive adjunct + subj prepositional
phrase v. As to the initial clauses in these sentences, it seems to me that the imperfect in

whereas the chiefs of the courses, twenty-six, shall serve in their courses.
And after them, (they shall arrange) the chiefs of the Levites to serve con-
tinually, twelve, one per tribe, whereas the chiefs of their courses shall
serve, each one in his position. And (they shall arrange) the chiefs of the
tribes and the fathers of the congregation after them to stand continually in
the gates of the sanctuary, whereas the chiefs of their courses with their
appointed shall stand at their festivals
2.5-6
These shall stand at the burnt offerings and sacrifices to prepare the pleas-
ant incense for Gods favor, to atone for his entire congregation and to
grow fat before him continually
2.7-8
From all tribes of Israel they shall equip for them men of valor to go out
on campaign
3.5-6
And on the trumpets for their campaigns they shall write Gods mighty
deeds to scatter the enemy, to make all those who hate justice flee and to
return shame upon those who hate God
3.8-9
And on the trumpets of the slain they shall write Gods mighty hand is in
the war to fell all the disloyal slain. And on the trumpets of ambush they
shall write Gods mysteries to destroy evil
6.2-3
And on the second weapon they shall write Arrows of blood to fell the
slain by Gods anger. And on the third dart they shall write The flame of
the sword devours the wicked slain by Gods judgement
8.8-9
And the priests shall blow on the six trumpets of the slain a staccato blast
to direct the battle
sentence (1) governs the others. In other words, the first clauses of sentences (2) and (3) may de-
note semantic-syntactically-dependent verbal ellipsis or syllepsis of the verb (V). In every
clause the subject and verb are the same, and the objects are chiefs of different rank/duty
( , and ). If my reading is correct, then the three infinitives are
employed to denote purpose or finality contra-Qimron.
13
A similar clause including occurs in column 2.8-9 as well.
14
Cohen (2005: 86) influenced by Qimron, has proposed that the infinitive should be
rendered as a participle because it is in parallelism with the active participle . There is no
need to see a parallelism, rather two sentences with a common verb governing two different types
of objects: the noun phrase and the nominal clause
respectively. Interestingly, object nominal clauses are a customary feature in the War Scroll (see
V.B.2). As to the infinitive , it is simply governed by the imperfect as it is in the pre-
ceding text (3.8-9). Similarly, many infinitives are governed by imperfect forms as shown in the
present inventory.
15
The construction is also employed in 8.15-16 and 16.7.

8.9-10
And the Levites ... shall blow a single blast, a great battle alarm to melt the
heart of the enemy
8.10-11
The war darts shall go out to fell the slain
9.1
Their hand(s) shall begin to fell the slain
9.5-6
All these shall pursue in order to exterminate the enemy in Gods war for
eternal destruction
9.7-8
And they shall not enter into the midst of the slain to be defiled ... for they
are holy
10.5-6
And our officers shall speak to all those prepared for the war, the resolute
of heart, to strengthen (them) by the might of God, to turn back the
melting heart and to strengthen (them) together with all the warriors of
valor
11.13-15
For you shall deliver the [ene]mies of all the lands into the hand of the
oppressed, into the hand of those prone in the dust, to humiliate the mighty
men of the peoples, to return the reward of the wicked on the head of ...
to vindicate the judgment of your truth on all sons of man, and to make
for yourself an everlasting name among the people ... and to show great
and holy in the eyes of the remnant of the nations, to know ...
17.6-8
And he shall send everlasting support to the lot of his redeemed by the
might of the majestic angel, for Michaels dominion, to light up with ever-
lasting light, with joy, the covenant of Israel ... to exalt the dominion of
Michael among the gods and the rule of Israel among all flesh
16
There is no need to assume that the infinitives here are employed as imperfects, as Qimron
(1986: 71-2) has argued and Cohen (2005: 83-5) has echoed. The constructions and
are adverbial prepositional phrases that modify the verb . Semantically both
expressions are more or less synonymous; the latter adds or expands the meaning of the former.
In view of that, should be the governing verb of the infinitives (cf. 1.4).
17
Although Qimron and Cohen (ibid.) also interpret the two infinitives as having an imper-
fect value: he will enlighten ... he will lift up, they are most likely purpose clauses. The phrase
is tantamount to the expression , and together they serve as adverbials that
modify the infinitive . Consequently, and should depend on the imperfect
(cf. 1.4; 11.13-15; 2.1-4).

16.11-13
They shall begin to fall by Gods mysteries and to test by them all those
appointed for the war; and the priests shall blow on the trumpets ... to
make another battle line go out ... and for those near the war they shall
blow (a signal) to return
17.14
They shall begin to fell their slain
b. After a verbal clause with the imperfect of + participle18
7.12
The first priest shall walk continually before all men of the line to
strengthen their hands in war
8.1-2
The trumpets shall continue to sound to direct the slingers until they have
completed to hurl seven times
8.11-12
And on the trumpets the priests shall continue to blow a staccato blast to
direct the hands of war
9.1-2
And the priests shall continue to blow on the trumpets of the slain to direct
the war
c. After a verbal clause with the inversive perfect
1.6
The rule of the Kittim shall fall to defeat evil, without a remnant, and there
will be no survivor
6.4-6
And they shall stand between the two battle lines ... to fell the slain by the
judgement of God, to subdue the enemys battle line by the might of God,
to pay to every worthless nation the reward of their evil, so that the king-
ship will belong to the God of Israel
8.2-3
(the slingers) shall come to the flank of the first line to remain in their position
9.6
And they shall divide themselves to pursue destruction on all the enemies.
18.4-5
And all the war lines shall be gathered to them and divide up ... to com-
pletely destroy them
18
In Biblical Hebrew, this periphrastic structure is infrequent and used to express pre-
scriptive or predictive statements with a durative nuance (Joosten 2012: 260; cf. Joon-Muraoka
2006: 121e).
19
In the next sentence (9.2), the idiom is used again, though with syllepsis
of the imperfect .

There is only one construction of negative purpose: + infinitive

construct.
18.2
The sons of Japheth shall fall not to rise (again)
d. After a verbal clause with the perfect
11.8
You have told us about the times of the wars of your hands to{fight}/glorify
yourself among our enemies to fell the hordes of Belial
12.3-5
The covenant of peace you have engraved for them with a chisel of life to
reign ... to entrust ... for their thousands and tens thousands together with
your holy ones ... to direct the hand in war
13.10
And you appointed the prince of light from old to help us
14.5-6
And he gathered a congregation of nations for destruction without remnant,

and thus to raise the melting heart in judgment and to open a mouth for
the dumb to sing ... train the weak in war
18.6-7
Blessed is your name, God of gods, because you were great with your peo-
ple to do wonders
e. After the imperative
12.13-14
Open your gates always to bring the wealth of the nations to you
f. After - + infinitive
1.3
When the exiled sons of light return from the peoples desert to camp in
the desert of Jerusalem
3.1
When the gates of the war are opened to make the men of the infantry go out
5.3
When their army is complete to fill a front battle line
20
Qimron (1986: 71-2) has suggested that and are employed as perfects: he
has lifted up ... he has opened; similarly, Cohen (2005: 86-8) supports the idea of iterative per-
fects. I wish to argue, on the other hand, that the two infinitives with the - denote intended result
or consequence of the given situation or circumstance of the main preceding clause. Similar
usage of the - + infinitive especially after noun clauses, with the value of result can be found in
Biblical Hebrew: Hos 12 : 3; Jer 17 :10; 1 Chr 6 : 34. Alternatively, and can be the
continuation of the purpose syntagma (cf. II.B.2).
21
The construction is also used in column 3.7.

3.10
And when they return from the war to enter the battle line, they shall write
... God gathered
7.3-4
When they leave Jerusalem to go to war until they return
g. After + infinitive
8.1-2
Until they have completed to hurl seven times
14.2
And after they depart from the slain to enter the camp
h. After a noun or, as in the last two cases, nominal clause

5.3
A rule to arrange the war divisions
9.10
A rule to change the order of the war divisions, to arrange the position
1.1-2
The first of the outstretching of the hand(s) of the sons of light to begin (to
fell) the lot of the sons of darkness ... and those who act wickedly with the
covenant are with them in support
12.9-10
The war hero is in our congregation and the army of his spirits is with our
steps and horsemen, like clouds and mist, to cover the earth and, like a tor-
rential rain, to give judgement to all her offspring
17.5-6
Today is his appointed time to subdue and to humiliate the prince of the
dominion of evil
22
The combination appears again in the following sentence, though preceded by
a prepositional phrase (3.10-11).
23
In light of the customary usage of the noun , hand, with the verbal pair - ,
to begin to bring down or fell (9.1; 16.8; 17.13-14; cf. 3.8; 11.8), it is quite normal for an
ellipsis of the verb to occur here.
24
See 19.1-2 for the occurrence of the two same infinitives in a damaged text. There is no
need to regard the two infinitives as equivalent to participles (covering the earth ... shedding
judgment) as Qimron (1986: 71-2) has suggested and Cohen (2005: 85-8) has echoed. The
gerundive or epexegetical constructions - + infinitive are quite often found after a verb, but
there is no main verb here (see Joon-Muraoka 2006: 124o). In fact, it is more probable that
and are mere infinitives, with the notion of purpose and functionality, controlled by
the predicate prepositional phrases: and (cf. 17.5-6). For a biblical par-
allel, see , and you will come up against my people Israel, like
a cloud, to cover the earth (Ezek 38:16, 9).

i. These cases are listed for the sake of completeness; the context is
broken and unclear.
10.1
Our camps and to keep ourselves from any shameful evil thing, and who
told us ...
13.11
And with his counsel to condemn and convict
13.14-16
A day of battle ... to exterminate iniquity to abase darkness and to

strengthen light ... to destroy all the sons of darkness
14.15
And to subdue those of the gods
18.5
[And when] the sun hastens to set on that day, the High Priest shall stand,
likewise the priests
18.10-11
Today shone [ ] with us in everlasting redemption to remove the do-
minion of the enemy
2. - + verbal noun
Three constructions of this type are attested after a construction with
the imperfect and the infinitive construct. They are nouns in the patterns
miqtal (as in Aramaic) and qitlah, which serve as the Qal infinitive con-
struct of purpose.
1.13
In three lots the sons of light shall stand firm to strike wickedness, and in
three the army of Belial shall gird themselves to return the lot
3.5-6
And on the trumpets for their campaigns they shall write Gods mighty
deeds to scatter the enemy, to make all those who hate justice flee and to
return shame upon those who hate God
16.11
And when he girds himself [ ] to help the sons of darkness and the slain of
the infantry, they shall begin to fall by Gods mysteries and to test by them
all those appointed for the war
25
Since this is a broken line, it is not possible to determine whether is the main verb or
another. In view of that, Qimrons contention that the infinitive , to remove, should be
interpreted as equivalent to a finite verb in the indicative has to be ruled out (Qimron 1986: 71-2).

C. Comparative remarks
All constructions of purpose and intended result in the War Scroll
occur in other Hebrew texts. Out of five syntagmas w e-qatal, w e-x-yiqtol,
liqtol, l e-miqtal and l e-qitlah , four (80%) appear in CBH, lacking l e-
miqtal, five (100%) in TBH, four (80%) in LBH and 1QS, excluding l e-
miqtal and l e-qitlah respectively, two (40%) in HBS (w e-x-yiqtol and liqtol)
and one (20%) in TH (liqtol). In view of that, the idiom liqtol is the only
one prevalent in all Hebrew corpora 26. The telic idiom w e-qatal 27 is used in
other compositions, apart from Ben Sira and Tannaitic Hebrew. The syn-
tagma w e-x-yiqtol 28 is attested in CBH, TBH, LBH, 1QS and HBS. The
combination le-miqtal may represent an Aramaizing purpose construction,
occurring only rarely in Transitional Biblical Hebrew 29 and the Community
Rule 30. In fact, the transitive infinitive , to return, appears to be an
Aramaism of the oft-intransitive
31
, which is exclusively employed in
Qumran Aramaic, in the canonical Targums and in the Peshitta 32. More-
26
Joon-Muraoka 2006: 168c, 124l; Fassberg 1994: 94-8, 251-61; Park 1998: 44;
Fassberg 1997: 70; Segal 1927: 166 and 242, 345 and 514; Azar 1995: 128.
27
The same sentence pattern we-qatal we-qatal, displayed in 1QM 6.4-6 and 8.3-4, is
paralleled in Biblical Hebrew. CBH: (Exod 14 : 4); TBH:
(Jer 11: 4); LBH: ... (1 Chr 17 :11).
Other constructions in the main clause are attested as well: (Gen 24 : 7),
(2 Sam 3 : 21); (1 Chr 17 : 9). In the Community Rule only the
pattern w -yiqtol w -qatal is found:
e e
, and God shall sep-
arate him for evil so that he may be cut off from the midst of all the sons of light (1QS 2.16). Cf.
Joon-Muraoka 2006: 119e and 169c; Driver 1892: 124 and 126, 111 and 113; Park 1998: 43.
28
The War Scroll (8.5-6) sentence pattern we-qatal we-x-yiqtol is evinced in the following
passages: CBH: (Num 14 : 24);
(Num 6 : 27); (Gen 9 :15; cf. 9 :11);
(Exod 10 : 5); TBH: (Ezek 3 : 25);
(Ezek 34 : 29) ;
(Ezek 44 : 19); LBH: (1 Chr 17 : 14);
(2 Chr 19 :10). In the Community Rule and Ben Sira, the telic syn-
tagma we-x-yiqtol is also attested, yet with the construction (x)-qatal in the main clause:
, he did not hold fast to the laws of justice to re-
store his life, so that he would not be reckoned among the upright ones (1QS 3.1).
, I resolved to do good so that I shall not be overthrown;
, I was zealous for the good so that I shall not return (Ben Sira
51.18).
29
(Ezek 17 : 9). In non-final clauses, the miqtal
pattern also serves as an infinitive construct; (1 Chr 6 :16); (2 Chr 19 : 7);
(Esth 9 :19); (Ezek 33 : 31; see Joon-Muraoka 2006: 49e; Orlinsky
1947: 118).
30
The following example was overlooked in Misop Parks treatment of purpose clauses:
, he did not hold fast to the laws of justice to restore his life (1QS 3.1).
31
The grafting of Aramaic forms mutatis mutandis on Hebrew texts may be taken
to reflect the superior status of Aramaic (Kutscher 1974: 29).
32
(4Q209 VII 3.1-2); In the ensuing examples the Hebrew infinitive is rendered as
(Tg. Onq. Gen 4 : 21); (Pes. Jer 8 : 5).

over, the arrangement l e-qitlah is paralleled only in all stages of Biblical

Hebrew 33, being extinct in other extra-biblical books 34.
For the rest, several biblical syntagmas, recurring in Ben Sira and in
the Community Rule, are missing in the War Scroll: +
yiqtol/qetol and + yiqtol 35. Similarly, typical Tannaitic con-
structions are unknown in the Scroll: - + yiqtol, - + yiqtol
and + q etol.
III. Temporal clauses
The bulk of clauses of this type are formed with an infinitive introduced
by a preposition, comprising 42 cases. The remainder consists of three
instances of finite verbal forms with the imperfect preceded by and .
This type of clause may be classified according to the temporal relation
of the main clause situation and that of the dependent clause. If the situation
is contemporary, one finds the constructions - + infinitive construct (=
ubiqtolo 24) 36 and + infinitive construct (1). If the dependent clause
refers to a later situation, the syntagmas are usually + imperfect (1),
+ infinitive construct (12) as well as + infinitive construct (1). For a
preceding situation, the combinations + the imperfect (2), + infin-
itive construct (1) and + infinitive construct (3) are often used.
A. Constructions with the imperfect
1. + the imperfect after a verbal clause with the imperative

17.8-9
And you, sons of his covenant, be strong in Gods crucible until he shall
wave his hand
33
(Judg 5 : 23); (Deut 4 :10);
(Ezek 28 :17); (2 Chr 6 : 33); (Neh 1:11). For other instances see
Orlinsky 1947: 113-7 and Joon-Muraoka 2006: 49d.
34
For purpose idioms in Tannaitic Hebrew, see Azar 1995: 127-8. It is interesting to note that
the qitlah pattern is occasionally found in Arabic as a verbal noun of the first form (faala): for
instance, himyah, that which is defended; ismah, hindering, guarding; and sirkah, part-

nership; association.
35
For the most comprehensive study hitherto on biblical purpose constructions, see Fassberg
1994: 76-118.
36
Polzin 1976: 46 gives only eleven occurrences. (u)biqtol(o) = : the first Waw is
the particle conjunction, followed by the preposition Beth; the form represents any verb as
infinitive construct; and the last Waw stands for any pronominal suffix.

2. + the imperfect in the protasis + the inverted perfect in the apo-

dosis 37
8.2-3
And after the priests blow on the trumpets of return, (the slingers) shall
come to the flank of the first line to remain in their position
16.3-4
And after the priests blow for them on the trumpets of memorial, they shall
open the gates of w[ar]
B. Constructions with the infinitive construct
1. - + infinitive construct + noun

These sentence patterns are shown below: subj yiqtol biqtol (1 as
in 1.2-3); prepositional phrase biqtol yiqtol (1 as in 3.7-8); ubiqtol
yiqtol (4 as in 7.13-14, 16.11, 17.11-12 and 18.5); ubiqtol yiqtol qotel
(1 as in 9.7); noun phrase biqtol (4 as in 3.1-2 and 5.3).
a. After or before a verbal clause with the imperfect
1.2-3
The exiled of the desert shall fight against them ... when the exiled sons of
light return from the desert of the peoples to camp in the desert of Jeru-
salem
3.7-8
And on the trumpets for the convocation of the men of the infantry, when
the gates of the war are opened to go to the battle line of the enemy, they
shall write remembrance of revenge ...
7.13-14
And when the priests go out toward (the gap) between the battle lines,
seven Levites shall go out with them, and in their hand(s) (shall be) seven
trumpets of rams horns
16.11
And when he girds himself [ ] to help the sons of darkness and the
slain of the infantry, they shall begin to fall by Gods mysteries and to test
by them all those appointed for the war
37
It is interesting to note that the usage of the construction + qatal in dependent tem-
poral clauses is attested in BH: (Lev 14 : 43); and
(Jer 40 :1; 41:16).

17.11-12
And when the men of [the infantry] reach [the battle li]ne of the Kittim, at
a throwing distance, each man shall raise his hand with his weapons of war
18.5
[And when] the sun hastens to set on that day, the High Priest shall stand,
likewise the priests
b. Before a verbal clause with the imperfect of + participle
9.7
And when the slain fall, the priests shall continue to blow from a distance
c. After a noun phrase
3.1-2
And the trumpets for their convocation when the gates of the war are
opened to make the men of the infantry go out; the trumpets for the alarm
of the slain, the trumpets of the ambush and the trumpets of pursuit when
the enemy is defeated; and the trumpets of reassembly when the war re-
turns
5.3
A rule to arrange the war divisions when their army is complete to fill a
front battle line
d. The following is listed for the sake of completeness; its context is
broken and unclear.
18.1
When the great hand of God is lifted up against Belial and against all the
army of his dominion
2. - + suffixed infinitive + preposition
This syntagma occurs after or before a verbal clause with the imper-
fect. The following patterns are displayed in the complex sentences below:
subj yiqtol biqtolo (1 as in 7.3-4); prepositional phrase/noun phrase
biqtolo yiqtol (2 as in 3.3-4 and 4.9); and ubiqtolo yiqtol (9 as in
the rest).
7.3-4
And no youth or woman shall enter their camps when they leave Jerusalem
to go to war
3.3-4
And on the trumpets for the renowned men ... when they meet at the house
of meeting, they shall write Gods testimonies for a holy congregation
4.9
Rule of the congregations banners when they go out to war, they shall
write Gods assembly

4.6
And when they go out to war, they shall write on their banners The truth
of God ...
9.3
And when they are defeated before them, the priests shall blow the trum-
pets of convocation
3.10
And when they return from the war to enter the battle line, they shall write
... God gathered
4.7
And when they draw near for war, they shall write on their banners The
right hand of God ...
4.8
And when they return from the war, they shall write on their banners
Gods exaltation ...
16.6-7
And when they stand near the battle line of the Kittim, at a throwing dis-
tance, each man shall raise his hand with his weapons of war
8.6-8
And when they stand in three formations, the priests shall blow for them a
second signal ...
In total five sentence patterns are found in the Scroll with + (suf-
fixed) infinitive: ubiqtol yiqtol qotel (1); subj yiqtol biqtol(o)
(2); prepositional phrase/noun phrase biqtol(o) yiqtol (3); noun
phrase biqtol (4); and ubiqtol(o) yiqtol (13).
3. + infinitive construct + repeated preposition with a retrospective
pronoun
1.9-10
And on the very day when the Kittim fall, (there shall be) a battle and a
severe destruction
38
The sentence appears in 4.11-12 as well.
39
The sentence occurs in 4.13 too.
40
The substantive serves here as a predicative accusative of state referring to
the subject: in (the state of) three formations; it is further recognized by its indetermination.
For the usage of the indirect accusative, see Joon-Muraoka 2006: 126.
41
I follow here Qimrons reading (2010: 119) rather than that of Duhaime , because the
use of the imperfect is more customary after the construction + (suffixed) infinitive, as
shown in this inventory. In addition, it is evident that the shape of the and in the scroll often
looks the same.
42
The recurring preposition - plus the resumptive pronoun refer to and serve to
emphasize the exact identity of the appointed day. The word order after the antecedent, v prep-
osition pronoun (subj), is seen in similar biblical syntagmas: (Judg
6 : 32); (Jer 20 :14); (Job 3 : 3); (Ps 35 : 8).
Orientalia 27

4. + infinitive construct + noun

a. After a verbal clause with the imperfect
1.8
And the sons of justice shall shine ... until all appointed times of darkness end
11.10-11
You shall not turn back until iniquity is consumed
b. After a verbal clause with the imperfect of + participle

9.1-2
And the priests shall continue to blow on the trumpets of the slain to direct
the war until the enemy is defeated and turns its back
5. + suffixed infinitive (+ preposition)

a. After a verbal clause with the (Waw-inversive) perfect
1.12
And in all their afflictions, none will be like it, hastening, until it ends as
an eternal redemption
16.4-5
And the priests shall blow for them a signal ... until each man is stationed
in his position
b. After a verbal clause with the imperfect

3.9
He shall not turn his wrath back until they are consumed
7.3-4
They shall not enter their camps when they leave Jerusalem to go to war
until they return
8.7-8
The priests shall blow for them a second signal ... until they draw near to
the enemys battle line
c. After a verbal clause with the imperfect of + participle

8.1-2
The trumpets shall continue to sound to direct the slingers until they have
completed to hurl seven times
8.11-13
And on the trumpets the priests shall continue to blow a staccato blast to
direct the hands of war until they hurl into the battle line of the enemy

d. After a nominal clause

17.10-11
And the columns deploy at the sound of the trumpets until each man is sta-
tioned in his position
e. The following is listed for the sake of completeness; its context is

broken and unclear.
16.1
Until all is complete
6. + infinitive construct + noun: 43 before a verbal clause with the im-

perfect
8.14-16
And when the first division throws, they shall blow [...] a sound of great
alarm to direct the war
16.8
And when the sound goes out, their hand(s) shall begin to fell the slain of
the Kittim
8.10-11
And when the alarm sound (goes out), the war darts shall go out to fell the
slain
7. + suffixed infinitive + preposition: before a verbal clause with the

imperfect
14.2
And after they depart from the slain to enter the camp, they shall all sing
the hymn of return
8. + infinitive construct + noun: after a relative clause with the perfect

14.3
And they shall return to the site of their position, where they arranged the
battle line before the slain of the enemy fell
The temporal clauses evinced in the War Scroll appear in other
Hebrew corpora, except Tannaitic Hebrew. Out of eight constructions used
43
This construction expresses the time just before the immediately ensuing action in the
main clause; see Qimron 1986: 73-4.
44
The clause may be elliptical, in which the infinitive construct is
probably missing (cf. 16.8).
45
noun m. sg. const. from + poss. suf. 3rd per. m. pl.; cf. 13.1; 16.3.

biqtol 46, + qetol 47, + qetol 48, + yiqtol 49, + qetol 50, +
q tol ,
e 51
+ yiqtol , and
52
+ q tol seven (88%) occur in Classical
e 53
Biblical Hebrew, without + qetol; five (63%) in Transitional Biblical

Hebrew, lacking + yiqtol, + yiqtol and + qetol; six (75%) in
Late Biblical Hebrew, missing + q tol and
e
+ yiqtol; five (63%) in
Ben Sira, devoid of + qetol, + qetol and + yiqtol; and four
(50%) in the Community Rule, lacking + qetol, + yiqtol, +
qetol and + yiqtol. The construction + q e
tol only appears as a dis-
tinctive feature of LBH, HBS and 1QS 54, while + qetol is an extinct
feature; + q tol is no longer used in the latter two corpora; and the
e
syntagma + yiqtol has become defunct since TBH.

The sentence pattern ubiqtol(o) yiqtol, the most dominant (13) in
temporal clauses with + infinitive construct or suffixed infinitive, de-
serves closer attention here. This pattern, along with its prescriptive genre
in the future, corresponds to that of CBH and TBH. It occurs 7 55 in CBH
in procedural or ritual passages often inserted into the narrative, whereas
15 56 in TBH within prescriptive and visional texts. In LBH it is no longer
used. Differently from CBH, TBH shows innovation and new constructions
in the main clause: personal pronoun yiqtol (Ezek 3:20; 33:19); subj
yiqtol (Ezek 46:9); personal pronoun obj yiqtol (Ezek 18:27); qatol
yiqtol (Ezek 33:14); we-qatal (Ezek 18:24; 33:33); and personal pronoun
46
1QS 1.18, 25; 2.8; 6.16; Ben Sira 4.17; 39.31; 43.3; 46.2 (Park 1998: 35-7; Fassberg 1997:
65).
47
Gen 2:4; 5:1; Num 6:13; 9:15; Neh 13:15; Jer 11:7; 31:32; Ezek 28:13; 31:15; 38:18;
43:18.
48
Gen 3:19; 19:22; Exod 10:26; 33:22; Josh 2:16; Josh 4:10; 2 Kgs 6:25; Jer 1:3; 9:15;
Ezek 24:13; 1 Chr 4:31; 2 Chr 18:10; 36:16; Ezra 2:63; 9:14; Neh 7:3; 1QS 4.13; 6.17, 20; 8.26;
9.11; 10.20-21, 23; Ben Sira 38.23; 40.14 (Park 1998: 38-9; Fassberg 1997: 65).
49
Gen 38:11; Exod 15:16; Num 23:24; Josh 10:13; 1 Sam 1:22; 2 Sam 10:5; 2 Chr 21:15;
29:34; Ezra 8:29; Ben Sira 23.16; 32.21-24 (Fassberg 1997: 64).
50
Ezra 1:11; 1QS 10.2-3, 10, 14; Ben Sira 38.23; 40.14 (Park 1998: 38; Fassberg 1997: 65).
51
Num 6:19; Jer 40:1.
52
Num 19:7; 32:22; Judg 7:11; Lev 14:8, 19-20.
53
Gen 13:10; 36:31; 1 Sam 9:15; Ezek 33:22; 1 Chr 1:43; 2 Chr 33:19; 1QS 3.15; Ben Sira
48.25 (Park 1998: 39; Fassberg 1997: 65).
54
Cf. Qimron 1986: 73-4.
55
Exod 30:8; Num 1:51 (2); 10:7; Lev 12:6; 19:9; 23:22. In the domain of the past, this
pattern is attested 7 in strictly narrative accounts, expressing simple or habitual actions (Gen
30:42; Exod 34:34; 40:32, 36; Num 9:22; 10:36; 11:9); also two different syntagmas are utilized
in the main clause: w-qatal (Num 9:19; 2 Sam 14:26) and wayyiqtol (Num 7:89; Deut 9:23).
56
Ezek 1:19 (2); 1:21 (3); 3:27; 10:16 (2), 17 (2); 44:19; 45:1; 46:8; 46:10 (2). In the
domain of the past, this pattern is used just twice (Ezek 29:7 [2 ]). In comparison with CBH,
the wayyiqtol only remains in use (Ezek 23:39; Ezra 9:5; Esth 2:8), while the w-qatal is defunct.
Moreover, new syntagmas have developed in the main clause: qatal (Ezek 16:34; 1 Chr 5:1; 2
Chr 12:7; 20:20; 34:14; Esth 2:15; 9:25), subj qatal (2 Chr 5:13; 24:25; 26:19; Ezra 3:11) and
subj qotel (Esth 2:19).

qotel (Ezek 20:31). Accordingly, the War Scroll sentence pattern resembles
more that of Classical Biblical Hebrew.
Three classical constructions, especially when employed for prescriptive
procedures and descriptive events in the future, are already rare in TBH and
absent in LBH, HBS, 1QM, 1QS and TH 57. (1) The idiom + biqtol(o) is used
11 58 in CBH, followed 6 59 by we-qatal and 5 60 by yiqtol; in TBH it appears 1
(Ezek 44:17), where the innovated construction obj yiqtol has replaced the
inversive perfect and the simple imperfect in the main clause. (2) The idiom
+ kiqtol(o) is attested 8 61 in CBH, followed 6 62 by we-qatal and 2 63 by
yiqtol; in TBH + kiqtol(o) yiqtol is attested 2 (Jer 25:12; 51:63). (3) The
pattern 64 ukiqtol(o) yiqtol appears 1 in CBH when used for the future (Deut
23:12). For simple or habitual actions in the past, the same pattern occurs spo-
radically in CBH and frequently in LBH with varied syntagmas in the apo-
dosis 65. The reason for the desuetude of these constructions in the War Scroll is
probably due to simplification, which led to a blatant disregard for periphrastic
idioms in the protasis and inversive tense-forms in the apodosis. Hence, the al-
ready known classical pattern ubiqtol(o) yiqtol 66 seemed more suitable for a
composition with a prescriptive style and futuristic character.
IV. Relative clauses
The usage of syndetic clauses surpasses that of asyndetic clauses: 21

against 4 occurrences. The former include the perfect, the imperfect, prep-
57
It should be noted that the classical temporal construction for narrative accounts +
biqtol(o) is absent in Qumran Hebrew (Qimron 1986: 72). Since temporal clauses are never em-
ployed to express a past action or event in the War Scroll, one cannot tell precisely what alterna-
tive construction the Scribe was conversant with. Perhaps he might have employed ubiqtol
qatal in line with the usage of Late Biblical Hebrew and the decayed use of wayyiqtol in the main
clause.
58
In past habitual actions, it occurs 3 followed by yiqtol (Judg 2:19) and wayyiqtol (1 Sam
16:23; 2 Sam 15:5) in the main clause.
59
Gen 9:14; Exod 33:22; Deut 23:14; 29:18; Josh 6:5; 1 Sam 16:16.
60
Num 15:19; Deut 25:19; 27:4; Josh 2:14; 2 Kgs 4:10.
61
In past habitual actions, it appears 3 followed by yiqtol (Exod 33:8, 9) and wayyiqtol (2
Kgs 3:15) in the main clause.
62
Gen 44:31; Deut 17:18; 20:2, 9; 2 Sam 17:9; 1 Kgs 1:21.
63
Josh 3:13; 8:8.
64
Forms with ukiqtol(o) do not occur in QH (Qimron 1986: 72, n. 12).
65
CBH: with wayyiqtol (Gen 24:30; Josh 3:15-16; 1 Sam 17:57) and qatal (Josh 8:29; 1 Sam
17:55); LBH with yiqtol (Neh 9:28), wayyiqtol (Esth 5:9), qatal (1 Chr 21:15; 2 Chr 15:8; 20:23;
24:14, 22; 29:29; 31:1, 5; 33:12; Ezra 9:1, 3; 10:1; Neh 8:5), w-qatal (2 Chr 24:11) and w-subj-
qatal (2 Chr 5:13; 7:1). The syntagma ukiqtol(o) is utilized thrice in Ben Sira, but with a different
construction in the apodosis (Fassberg 1997: 65).
66
In his study on the usage of the various verbal forms in the War Scroll, Holst (2008: 127)
has pointed out that the predominant form overall is the imperfect.

ositional phrases with and participles with , whereas the latter

involve active and passive participles.
A. Syndetic constructions with verbal and nominal clauses
1. with verbal clauses

a. The antecedent, a determinate or indeterminate noun, is the subject of
the clause; the antecedent in 10.1 is not explicitly stated but is
clear.
7.5-6
Every man who is not clean from his spring on the day of war shall not
go down with them
10.8-9
Who is like you, God of Israel, in h[eave]n and on earth, who performs like
your great deeds ...
10.1 ... 67
Our camps and to keep ourselves from any shameful evil thing, and who
told us ...
b. The antecedent, a determinate noun, is the object of the clause.

10.9-10
And who is like your people Israel, whom you chose for yourself from all
peoples of the lands ...
11.3-4
You saved us many times because of your mercy, and not by our deeds,
which we did wrong ...
c. The antecedent, a determinate noun, is the place where the event took
place.
14.3
And they shall return to the site of their position, where they arranged the
battle line
d. The antecedent, a determinate noun, is objective genitive of re-

ferred to by a retrospective pronominal suffix.
17.2
And you, remember the judgement [of Nadab and ]Ab[i]hu, the sons
of Aaron, by whose judgement God showed himself holy
A similar construction,
67
, and who spoke to me, occurs in Gen 24:7, in which
functions as a relative pronoun followed by a verb of speech in the perfect and an indirect
object. Since the line is damaged, it is not possible to determine the identity of the subject.

2. with nominal clauses
A preposition with its noun and a suffixed preposition are used to de-
note a locative (2.10-11; 3.13), temporal (2.13), comitative (18.5-6) or pos-
sessive (3.14-15) value.
a. The antecedent, a determinate noun, is the subject of the clause.
2.10-11
They shall fight against the rest of the sons of Aram ... who are beyond the
Euphrates
3.13
On the grand banner which is at the head of all the people they shall write
People of God ...
2.13
And in the ten years that follow them the war shall be divided against all
the sons of Ham
18.5-6
The High Priest shall stand, likewise the priests and the Levites who are
with him
3.14-15 68
On the banners of the chiefs camps which belonged to the three tribes they
shall write ...
b. The antecedent, an indeterminate noun, is the possessive genitive of ,

flesh, referred to by a retrospective pronominal suffix.
7.4-5
A cripple or a man who has a permanent blemish on his flesh ... shall not
go with them to war
3. + attributive participle
2.6-7
And in the 33 years of war that remain there will be renowned men who
are called to the assembly
2.9-10
And the war of the divisions in the 29 (years) that remain
2.14
And in the ten years that remain the war shall be divided
68
The construction - does appear in all stages of Biblical Hebrew, and may parallel the
Tannaitic Hebrew - (2 Sam 3:8); Gen 25:6; 47:4; Jer 52:17;
(1 Chr 11:10-11). In fact, it is already attested in ninth-century Phoenician
(Joon-Muraoka 2006: 130e). Qimron argues that here is a loan translation of the Tan-
naitic - , and thus - reflects the Tannaitic - (Qimron 1986: 82).

6.11-13 69
And the horsemen on the mounts shall be the men of the rule ... all the
mounts which go out to the battle with the infantry-men (shall be) stallions
... and (the horsemen) who ride them (shall be) men of valor for war,
trained in horsemanship
14.4
And they shall say Blessed is the God of Israel who keeps mercy for his
covenant ...
14.8
God of mercies, who keeps the covenant of our fathers
15.2-3
And they shall camp opposite the king of Kittim and opposite all the army
of Belial that are assembled with him for the day of [vengeance]
B. Asyndetic constructions with a participle
They occur after determinate or indeterminate nouns and are introduced

by an attributive active participle (13.2-3) or an attributive passive participle,
as in the rest of the examples. The antecedent is the subject of the clause.
13.2-3
And blessed are all those who serve him in justice, those who know him in faith
2.6-7
And in the 33 years of war that remain there will be renowned men who
are called to the assembly
7.4-5
A man who is affected with uncleanness of his flesh ... shall not go with
them to war
The War Scroll relative clauses are attested in other Hebrew works,
apart from Tannaitic Hebrew. Out of seven constructions utilized +
qatal (4), + yiqtol (2), + x preposition (x) retrospective
pronoun (2), + prepositional phrase (5), + qotel (8), qotel (2)
and qatul (2) , seven (100%) are used in CBH, TBH and LBH; five
(71%) in 1QS; and four (57%) in HBS. The syntagmas + qatal 70,
69
The relative clause may be viewed as an elliptical attributive use with a
noun head to be supplied from the context. The syllepsis of the verb , shall be, is
manifested twice.
70
CBH with subj-antecedent: (Gen 14:20; 14:24; 15:7, 17; 19:5); with
obj-antecedent : (Gen 2 :2 ; 2 :8, 22 ; 3 :1, 12) ; with place-antecedent :
(Gen 13:3; 35:13). TBH with subj-antecedent: (Jer

+ yiqtol 71, + prepositional phrase 72 and qotel 73 are employed in

CBH, TBH, LBH, 1QS and HBS . The asyndetic constructions introduced
74
by the active participle 75 or the passive participle 76, are well attested in all
stages of BH, yet did not remain extant in 1QS 77 and HBS. Similarly, the
construction + x preposition (x) retrospective pronoun 78, evinced
in BH and QH, is missing in HBS 79.
V. Nominal clauses
In the War Scroll, two syndetic and twelve asyndetic nominal clauses
can be identified, serving only as the object of the verb of the main
clause: two constructions are introduced by and ; three verbal
clauses with the perfect and nine nominal clauses marked by asyndeton 80.
7:1; 11:17; 20:15; Ezek 18:14); with obj-antecedent: (Jer 2:28; 9:12; 10:1;
16:10; Ezek 16:19); with place-antecedent: (Ezek 6:13; 34:12; Jer 40:12;
22:12). LBH with subj-antecedent: (1 Chr 1:43; 12:16); with obj-ante-
cedent: (1 Chr 16:1; 15:3; 16:12); with place-antecedent (without ):
(2 Chr 6:20; 33:19). It seems that the usage of the relative clause with
place-antecedent decreases in TBH, more in LBH. For examples in 1QS and HBS, see Park
1998: 8-13; Fassberg 1997: 61.
71
The following biblical instances are with subj-antecedent. CBH:
(Num 1:5; Exod 14:13; 30:33); TBH: (Jer 17:5; Jer 27:11; 40:10; Ezek
36:36; 1 Sam 8:11); and LBH: (2 Chr 2:11; 2:5; 19:10; Esth 4:11). For
attestations in 1QS, see Park 1998: 8-13. Ben Sira:
(37.15).
72
CBH: (Gen 3:3; Exod 3:7; 16:1; Num 31:49; 2 Sam 24:5); TBH:
(Jer 1:1; 20:2; 21:4; 29:22; Ezek 37:19; 41:22); LBH:
(2 Chr 2:16; 1 Chr 9:2; 11:10-11; 13:6; 22:2; Neh 8:1; Esth 1:16). For cases in 1QS, see Park 1998:
11; Ben Sira: (38.13); cf. 37.12; 51.8.
73
CBH: (Gen 1:21; Exod 19:22; 37:19; Num 22:11; Deut 11:30); TBH:
( J e r 2 : 6 ; 5 : 2 4 ; 8 : 3 ; 14 :15 ; E z e k 11 : 2 ; 17 :16 ) ; L B H :
(2 Chr 16:2; 1 Chr 15:27; 27:1; Neh 3:25; 4:6). For occurrences in 1QS
and HBS, see Park 1998: 15-6; and Fassberg 1997: 62.
74
The typical relative pronoun in Tannaitic Hebrew is - , and there is no relative clause
without it, namely, asyndetic clause (Azar 1995: 214-5).
75
( N u m 14 : 3 7 ; c f . J u d g 1 :17 ) ;
(Ezek 23:40; cf. 22:30); (1 Chr 5:18).
76
(Judg 18:16; 1 Sam 24:3; 26:2);
(Ezek 10:2); (2 Chr 4:3).
77
However, + qatul is attested in 1QSa: (2.5).
78
(Gen 24:40); (Josh 24:17; q.v. Rut 3:2; 1 Kgs
18:15; 2 Kgs 5:16); (Gen 7:22); (Ezek 20:14;
q.v. Ezek 23:7; 32:29; 36:23); (2 Chr 1:11); (Neh 9:12, 19);
cf. (without preposition: 1 Chr 7:14). 1QS: (5.17); for
other examples, see Park 1998: 14.
79
A different syntagma, + x x retrospective pronoun, with the retrospective genitive
or/and object pronoun is attested in Ben Sira: (46.11);
(45:23).
80
Another term for nominal clause is content clause. It is defined as a verbal or nominal
clause that substitutes a noun and thus is able to perform the functions of a subject, predicate, ob-
ject, complement of a preposition and apposition. For a recent discussion on this, see Zewi

A. Syndetic constructions with verbal and nominal clauses

1. with a nominal clause
10.1
He told us that you are in our midst, a great and awesome God
2. with a verbal clause
The imperfect , they shall speak, in the following example syl-
leptically serves as antecedent to the subsequent relative clause.
10.5-6
And our officers shall speak to all those prepared for the war, the resolute
of heart, to strengthen (them) by the might of God, to turn back the melting
heart and strengthen (them) together with all the warriors of valor. And
(they shall speak) what you said by Moses hand, saying ...
B. Asyndetic constructions with verbal and nominal clauses

1. Object verbal clauses with the perfect
3.9
On the trumpets of pursuit they shall write God has struck all the sons of
darkness
3.10 81
They shall write on the trumpets of retreat God gathered

4.3-4
On the banner of the fifty they shall write The stand of the wicked ended
[by] Gods might ...
2. Object nominal clauses 82
6.3
On the third dart they shall write The swords flame eats the wicked slain
by Gods judgement
3.4-5
On the trumpets of the camps they shall write The peace of God is in the
camps of his saints
3.6
On the trumpets of the battle formations they shall write Gods formations
of the divisions for avenging his wrath are against all the sons of darkness
(2008: 627-57; 2009: 306-16; 2013: 289-98; 2013a: 601-4). I wish to thank the author for
sending off digital offprints of her articles to me with admirable promptness.
81
Cf. , and he gathered a congregation of nations for de-
struction without remnant (14.5-6).
82
The ensuing examples, apart from 6.3, could also be interpreted as simply noun phrases;
however, in view of the usage of object verbal clauses one should keep in mind the possibility
that they may represent object nominal clauses with missing copula.

3.7-8
On the trumpets for the convocation of the men of the infantry ... they shall
write remembrance of revenge is in the appointed time of God. On the
trumpets of the slain they shall write Gods mighty hand is in the war
3.10-11
And on the trumpets of the path of return ... they shall write Gods joys
are in a peaceful return
4.1-2
On the banner of the tho[us]and they shall write Gods anger in wrath is
against Belial and against all the men of his lot ...
4.2-3
On the banner of the hundred they shall write From God, the hand of war
is against all sinful flesh ...
4.4-5
On the banner of the ten they shall write Gods rejoicings are on the ten-
stringed harp ...
The object-nominal clauses evidenced in the War Scroll, either syn-
detic (introduced by the particles and ) or asyndetic 83 (without any
particle), are attested in Classical, Transitional and Late Biblical Hebrew,
in Qumran Hebrew 84 and Ben Sira 85. More specifically, it appears that the
syntax of syndetic clauses in the Scroll follows the model of Classical Bib-
lical Hebrew in light of the data presented below. In the Community Rule
asyndetic clauses are employed 86 ; only once a clause prefixed by is
found 87. Differently, in Tannaitic Hebrew, object-nominal clauses begin
almost always with the particle - of subordination 88.
83
A few examples will suffice to demonstrate that their usage is limited in CBH, TBH, LBH
and HBS, excluding , to say, for introducing direct speech:
( G e n 2 7 : 2 7 ; c f . 31 : 5 0 ) (Jer 46.5) ;
(1 Chr 21:23); Ben Sira: (8.7).
84
In general Qumran Hebrew almost exclusively manifests the object-nominal clause type
either with or with , resembling that of Biblical Hebrew (Zewi, 2013: 293-94).
85
In Ben Sira this clause type is parallel largely to that of Classical Hebrew and slightly to
that of Tannaitic Hebrew, for it is introduced by (7), (1) and - (1):
(9.13); (36.5); (36.17);
( 7 .11) ; (8.5) ; ( 9 .12 ) ; ( 3 8 . 21) ;
(38.13-14); (31.16 or 34.16[B] according
to Fassberg 1997: 61).
86
1QS: (4.25-26).
87
1QS: (10.16-17).
88
In direct speech, direct or indirect interrogative clauses or clauses that begin with or
, the particle - of subordination is not employed (Azar 1995: 45, 13).

In Biblical Hebrew this clause type is frequently preceded by the

verba sentiendi, especially by , to know, , to see, and , to
hear, and by the verbum dicendi , to tell. In CBH, is the com-
monest particle to follow these verbs: with (< 130), (< 100),
(< 40) and (13) 89 ; e.g., , and he knew that Saul
had come (1 Sam 26:4); , the Lord heard that I was
hated (Gen 29:33); , and Josephs brothers saw
t h a t t h e i r f a t h e r w a s d e a d ( G e n 5 0 :15 ) ;
, and they told Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam
had gone up to Mount Tabor (Judg 4:12). In TBH its usage has decreased
considerably: with (17) 90, (8) 91, (2) and (2); e.g.,
, and the nations shall know that the house
o f I s r a e l we r e e x i l e d f o r t h e i r i n i q u i t y ( E z e k 3 9 : 2 3 ) ;
, see that it is evil and bitter for you to forsake
the Lord (Jer 2:19); , the officials shall hear that
I have spoken with you (Jer 38:25; 40:11); , tell at
the Arnon that Moab is devastated (Jer 48:20; 51:31). In LBH the usage
of after has ceased 92 and after (8) 93 has diminished more,
while after (16) 94 and (7) 95 it has augmented, though not to an
extent comparable with that of CBH; e.g., ,
and they knew that this work was done by our God (Neh 6:16);
, and Haman saw that Mordecai did not
kneel or bow down to him (Esth 3:5);
, the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that
the children of the exiles were building a temple to the Lord (Ezra 4:1).
The use of the particle is much less conventional 96. In CBH, its
usage is sporadic: after to see (5), to know (1) and to
tell (1); e.g., , you saw that the Lord your God
carried you (Deut 1:31; Exod 6 :1; 19 :4 ; 1 Sam 10 :24 ; 18 :15) ;
89
For , see Gen 3:11; 12:18; 29:12; 31:20; Deut 30:18; 14:9; Judg 4:12; 1 Sam 3:13;
10:16; 22:21; 2 Sam 7:11; 12:18; 19:7.
90
The following are sentences that exclude the divine title: Jer 2:19; 10:23; 11:19; 13:12;
16:21; 26:15; 32:8; 40:14; 42:19, 22; 44:15, 29; Ezek 2:5; 10:20; 14:23; 33:33; 39:23. The the-
ophoric name with is attested 72 in TBH.
91
Jer 1:12; 2:19; 3:8; 17:6, 8; Ezek 19:5; 21:4; 23:13.
92
Two clauses with the idiom , he said that , are attested instead :
(1 Chr 21:18; 2 Chr 18:13).
93
Neh 6:16; 9:10; 13:10; 1 Chr 14:2; 29:17; 2 Chr 13:5; 25:16; 33:13.
94
Esth 3:5; 7:7; 1 Chr 10:5; 19:6, 10, 15, 16, 19; 21:28; 28:10; 2 Chr 12:7; 2 Chr 15:9; 18:32;
22:10; 24:11; 32:2.
95
Ezra 4:1; Neh 3:33, 36; 4:1, 9; 1 Chr 18:9; 2 Chr 25:20.
96
Cases with the syntagma verb have not been calculated.

, you may know that the Lord

makes a distinction between Egypt and Israel (Exod 11:7);
, he did not tell him what Samuel had said (1 Sam 10:16). In
TBH, it is rare after (2), (1) and (1) ; e.g.,
, have you seen what she did, the faithless
one, Israel? (Jer 3:6; 7:12); , and they shall know that I
am the Lord (Ezek 20:26). In LBH, is almost extinct after (2)
and (1); for instance, , I know
that your servants know how to cut the trees of Lebanon (2 Chr 2:7; Esth
4:11); , he told them that he was a Jew (Esth 3:4) 97.
The construction is certainly not used in all stages of BH,
whereas becomes a defunct idiom in LBH.
Although object-nominal clauses evidenced in the War Scroll in prin-
ciple resemble those of Classical Biblical Hebrew, they show some
unique tendencies in practice. With respect to the single idiom ,
he told us that (10.1), it probably follows the tendency of Transitional
Biblical Hebrew because of its diminished distribution. The use of the
combination , and (they shall speak) what (10.5-6), may
correspond to a Classical Biblical Hebrew example, used once as well:
, and they spoke that he had defiled Dinah
their sister (Gen 34:13) 98. The ample usage of , to write, with
asyndetic object-nominal clauses (12) constitutes a sui generis feature
and development, unparalleled in other Hebrew corpora. Perhaps it was
somehow influenced by the Late Biblical Hebrew construction ,
employed once within a long sentence :
, and he wrote in the name of the king
... that the king allowed the Jews ... to assemble and protect their lives
(Esth 8:10-11).
VI. Causal and explicative clauses
Dependent causal clauses occur ten times in the Scroll. Clauses of or-
dinary causality are introduced by the construction + the perfect,
whereas those expressing explanatory causality by the syntagma + pro-
noun/noun.
97
With other verbs: (Esth 2:10);
(Neh 8:14-15).
98
In Targum Onqelos is rendered as - , a particle serving to introduce an object-
nominal clause as well: (Tg. Onq. Gen 34:13).

A. Constructions with verbal clauses
+ the perfect
Clauses of ordinary causality provide the actual reason for the action,
state or process of the main clause.
11.1-2
And Goliath ... you delivered into Davids hand ... because he trusted in
your great name
18.10
You have done wonders with us ... because you have known our appointed
time
18.6-7
Blessed is your name, God of gods, because you were great with your peo-
ple to do wonders
B. Constructions with nominal clauses
+ nominal clauses
Clauses of explanatory causality express the motivation and explana-
tion for the event, action or behavior of the main clause.
1.9-10
And on the very day when the Kittim fall, (there shall be) a battle and a se-
vere destruction before the God of Israel, for it is a day appointed by him
from ancient times
13.5
And they are cursed by all the service of their filthy uncleanness for they
are the lot of darkness
15.8-9
Do not panic neither be alarmed before them for they are a wicked con-
gregation
2.8-9
They shall not be readied to go out on campaign for it is Sabbath of rest
for Israel
7.6
He shall not go down with them for the holy angels are together with their
armies
9.7-8
And they shall not enter into the midst of the slain to be defiled ... for they
are holy
99
I follow here Qimrons reading (2010: 130) of the particle for it seems to reflect more
accurately what can be seen in the photograph; Duhaime reads . There are two other
instances of clauses in this column but unfortunately the texts are too damaged to include
them here (18.11-12).

15.12
Strengthen yourselves for the war of God for this day is the appointed time
of war
Causal clauses100, either verbal or nominal introduced by the particle
are evinced in all stages of Hebrew102, save for Tannaitic Hebrew103.
101
Actually, all the various constructions with found in the War Scroll
occur in Classical, Transitional and Late Biblical Hebrew. The combination
+ qatal attested 3 in 1QM, is dominant in the Bible: ,
because God took him (Gen 5:24; 32:31; 38:15); , be-
cause the Lords flock has been taken captive (Jer 13:17; 25:34);
, because I bore him in pain (1 Chr 4:9; 13:4; 13:11; Ezek 21:26).
The syntagma + nominal clause which occurs 7 in 1QM, is prevalent
as well. Consider the parallel constructions with the order subj pred
in biblical passages: (1.10; 13.5; 15.8-9: pronoun noun phrase)
, for it is your wisdom (Deut 4:6)104 ; , for
you are the Lord our God (Jer 3:22)105 ; , for they are
men of battle (2 Chr 8:9; parallel in 1 Kgs 9:22); (15:12: noun phrase
noun phrase) , for every shepherd is an abom-
ination to the Egyptians (Gen 46:34; Deut 32:4); , for
every head is bald (Jer 48:37); , for all the gods of
the peoples are idols (1 Chr 16:26); (7.6: noun phrase prepositional
phrase) , for the way of women is upon me (Gen 31:35;
Exod 10:9; 40:38); , for the enemy has a sword (Jer 6:25;
Ezek 48:14); , for the fierce wrath of the Lord is upon
you (2 Chr 28:11; cf. 1 Chr 4:41; 12:41). As to the order pred subj
(2.8-9: noun phrase pronoun) see , for we are
kinsmen (Gen 13:8; 37:27; Exod 29:22; 2 Kgs 8:27); ,
for it is the vengeance of the Lord (Jer 50:15; 50:38; Ezek 3:9);
, for you are a man of battles (1 Chr 28:3; 29:15; Ezra
100
For the different types of causality expressed by in the Pentateuch, Psalms and Ugaritic
texts, see Bandstra 1982: 159-70.
101
Concerning the use of in the conjunction , Kutscher (1974: 21, 180) has observed that
it is an otiose or superfluous aleph developed due to a wish to a feeling to relate it to i, as in
and , and a vogue for archaisms.
102
For examples in the Community Rule, see Park 1998: 40; Ben Sira:
(3.10; cf. 3.28; 5.3-4); (5.7; cf. 5.8, 14).
103
TH has lost the and used - instead (Segal 1927: 146-7, 302).
104
See also Deut 21:17; 30:20; 32:47; Josh 17:1; 1 Kgs 2:22.
105
Cf. Jer 24:7; Ezek 13:14. In Transitional Biblical Hebrew the construction appears many
times only with the divine name.

9:9) and (9.7-8: adj pronoun) , for I was naked (Gen 3:10;
25:30; Judg 8:5); , for I am merciful (Jer 3:12; Ezek 16:14);
, for you are righteous (Neh 9:8; 2 Chr 20:25; Esth 1:20).
VII. Circumstantial clauses
In the Scroll circumstantial dependent clauses, functionally, describe a

variety of situations, such as death (1.6), rank-and-duty status (2.1-4), support
and company (1.1-2, 14; 8.4), weapon and trumpet holding (5.4-7; 7.13-14) and
outfit (7.9-10), under which the action or situation of the main clause takes
place. Four clauses are built on the basis of the arrangement + subj (prepo-
sitional phrase) v, while four clauses show the combination + preposi-
tional phrase subj. Four other syntagmas are construed with the participle.
A. Constructions with the imperfect

1. + subject verb
1.6
The rule of the Kittim shall fall to defeat evil, without a remnant, and
there will be no survivor
2. + subject prepositional phrase verb

2.1-4
And they shall arrange the chiefs of the priests behind the High Priest and
his deputy, twelve chiefs, to be servants in the regular offering before God,
whereas the chiefs of the courses, twenty-six, shall serve in their
courses. And after them, (they shall arrange) the chiefs of the Levites to
serve continually, twelve, one per tribe, whereas the chiefs of their
courses shall serve, each one in his position. And (they shall arrange) the
chiefs of the tribes and the fathers of the congregation after them to stand
continually in the gates of the sanctuary, whereas the chiefs of their
courses with their appointed shall stand at their festivals ...

1. + prepositional phrase subject
1.1-2
The first of the outstretching of the hand(s) of the sons of light to begin (to
fell) the lot of the sons of darkness ... and those who act wickedly with
the covenant are with them in support

5.4-7
All of them (shall be) girded with shields of bronze, polished like a face
mirror ... and in their hands (shall be) a spear and a sword
7.13-14
And when the priests go out toward (the gap) between the battle lines,
seven Levites shall go out with them, and in their hand(s) (shall be) seven
trumpets of rams horns
8.4
And they shall stand between the battle lines, and beside them (shall be)
the cavalry men
2. + subject active participle

1.6
And Ashur shall fall with no one to help him
1.14
There shall be (three) divisions of infantry to melt the heart (of the enemy),
as Gods might strengthens the heart of the sons of light
3. Active participle
7.9-10
And seven priests of the sons of Aaron shall go out from the middle gate ...
dressed in garments of white linen ... and girded with a linen sash
In short, two types of circumstantial syntagmas are used in the War

Scroll: - + verbal clause and - + nominal clause; and they are found in
Biblical and Tannaitic Hebrew as well as in the Community Rule. Here are
some examples: , do not hinder me, now the
Lord has prospered my way (Gen 24:56); ,
he found Elisha son of Shaphat, and he was plowing (1 Kgs 19:19);
, the dogs shall eat Jezebel ... and none to
bury (her) (2 Kgs 9:10); , put this
(woman) out, away from me ... now she was wearing a long robe with
s l e e ve s ( 2 S a m 13 :17 -18 ) 10 7 ; 1Q S :
, and he shall not be righteous following the devices of his heart,
now he regards darkness as ways of light (3.3); ,
The phrase
106
may stand for another case of verbal ellipsis.
Driver 1892: 156-211, 156-75; Joon-Muraoka 2006: 159. It should be noted that
107
most of the examples presented in these works are from the First Temple Period.
Orientalia 28

they shall fulfill their work, and none to alter (it) (3.16); TH:
, he came to his bull, while his bull was
standing (Yoma 3:8); , a man holds his son,

while his son in his hand (Sabb. 21:1) . Of the three circumstantial
108
clauses shown in Ben Sira, only one corresponds to the type - + nominal
clause: , when he received the
portions from the hand of his brother, and he was standing by the arrays of
wood of the altar (50.12[B]). The other two contain a nominal clause, but
are introduced by - and - 109.
VIII. Comparative clauses
Sentences comparing one situation with another are employed spar-

ingly in the Scroll, comprising three cases. The main clause or the apo-
dosis comes first and the comparative clause or the protasis follows it. The
protasis is introduced by before the perfect or by - before a nominal
clause.
A. Constructions with verbal clauses
+ the perfect
11.5-6
Neither our strength nor the power of our hands have done valiantly, but
rather by your strength and the power of your great valor, just as you told
us from ancient times
- + noun/subject predicate participle

11.9-10
And you shall do to them as (you did to) Pharaoh and as (you did to) the
officers of his chariots in the Red Sea
11.10
And you shall burn the broken in spirit as a torch of fire in a sheaf con-
sumes wickedness
108
Segal 1927: 226, 479; Azar 1995: 136.
109
Fassberg 1997: 67.

Comparison in the War Scroll is expressed by - , in the same way
as, and , in a manner corresponding to what, as in Classical,
Transitional and Late Biblical Hebrew, as in the Community Rule and Ben
Sira. Tannaitic Hebrew still uses - but dismisses 110
. In addition, the
common biblical pairing + protasis + apodosis is missing.
In particular three comparative constructions can be identified in the
War Scroll: - + noun; - + subj predicate participle; and + qatal.
The first syntagma (with syllepsis of verb), attested in all stages of
Hebrew111, is probably the remnant of the comparative clause - + infinitive
construct112 ; hence, the expressions (11.9-10) may be
read as * 113 . The second idiom
(11.10-11) is absent in LBH, 1QS, HBS and probably in TH; consequently,
it becomes a distinctive feature of CBH and TBH114 : Lastly, in the third
syntagma (11.5-6) - combines with the particle to form a conjunction
and thus is able to introduce a clause; then is used consistently from
CBH to HBS115.
IX. Conclusion
Seven types of dependent clauses have been identified in the War

Scroll (1QMilhamah): purpose, temporal, relative, nominal, causal, circum-

stantial and comparative. Their syntax has been described thoroughly and
then compared with the homologous dependent clauses from Classical Bib-
lical Hebrew, Transitional Biblical Hebrew, Late Biblical Hebrew, the
Hebrew of the Community Rule, the Hebrew of Ben Sira and Tannaitic
110
See examples in Segal 1927: 232-3, 495, 497; Azar 1995: 129.
111
CBH: (Deut 10:22); (1 Kgs
11:6); TBH: (Jer 2:30); (Jer 3:2);
LBH: (Neh 9:23); (2 Chr 30:8); 1QS:
(4.21); HBS: (4.10);
(4.30); (6.2); (11:30).
112
Cf. (Prov 26:8); (Hos 4:7); see Joon-
Muraoka 2006: 174c.
113
In these verses and appear in the same verse as well. (Exod 6:1);
(Exod 18:8; Deut 7:18; 11:3).
114
(Gen 3:5); (Exod 24:17);
(Jer 8:6; cf. 13:24); (Ezek 22:27).
115
CBH : ( G e n 7 : 9 ; 8 : 21 ; D e u t 6 :16 ) ; T B H :
(Jer 2:36; cf. 7:15; Ezek 16:48); LBH:
(Esth 9:30-31; cf. 2:20; 6:10); 1QS:
(3.9-10; 8.21);
(11.16); HBS: (7.31); (36.5);
(44.9).

Hebrew. The most salient syntagmas employed in the Scroll include the
final liqtol (97); the temporal biqtol (24); the relative (13); the
asyndetic nominal clause (12); the causal with nominal clause (7);
the circumstantial with nominal clause (8); and the comparative - with
nominal clause (3).
Out of 30 subordinate constructions attested in the Scroll, 28 (93%)
occur in Classical Biblical Hebrew, 27 (90%) in Transitional Biblical
Hebrew, 26 (87%) in Late Biblical Hebrew, 21 (70%) in the Community
Rule, 20 (67%) in Ben Sira and 4 (13%) in Tannaitic Hebrew. In light of
this, the Scrolls dependent clauses primarily resemble the dependent
clauses of Classical Biblical Hebrew, especially those that continued in use
almost evenly in Transitional and Late Biblical Hebrew.
Although the Scrolls dependent clauses exhibit a medium-high degree
of commonalities with those of the Community Rule and Ben Sira, they
are remarkable for their conservatism in following closely the biblical
usage. Note that out of 30 biblical constructions, 12 (40%) ceased to be
used in the Community Rule and Ben Sira, while they remained in vogue
in the War Scroll. Common idioms missing in the Community Rule and
Ben Sira involve the final le-qitlah; the temporal + qetol, + qetol
and + yiqtol; asyndetic relative with qotel and qatul; and the compar-
ative - + subj predicate participle. Particular idioms missing in each
corpus comprise the temporal + yiqtol and the nominal (cf.
V.A.2) in the Community Rule; the final we-qatal along with le-miqtal
and the relative + x preposition (x) retrospective pronoun in
Ben Sira.
The two constructions not found in Classical Biblical Hebrew may
reflect the Scrolls slight tendency to depart from the classical practice
toward a later or more familiar usage: the Aramaized purpose construction
le-miqtal, as in Transitional Biblical Hebrew and the Community Rule, and
the temporal syntagma + qetol, as in Late Biblical Hebrew, the Com-
munity Rule and Ben Sira. Besides, the unattestedness of temporal syn-
tagmas ( + yiqtol, + yiqtol, and + qetol) in Transitional Biblical
Hebrew together with purpose (l -miqtal), temporal (
e
+ qetol and +
yiqtol) and comparative (- + subj predicate participle) idioms in Late
Biblical Hebrew denotes that these constructions are unknown, rare or
extinct throughout the corresponding period of the Hebrew language.
There are no Tannaitic Hebrew imprints in the Scrolls dependent
clauses. The four alleged constructions (13%) found in it are in fact Clas-
sical Biblical Hebrew syntagmas that have stood the test of time; namely,
they have been employed all the way through the five consecutive Hebrew
corpora examined, Transitional and Late Biblical Hebrew, the Community

Rule, Ben Sira and Tannaitic Hebrew: the final liqtol, the circumstantial -
with verbal clause and nominal clause as well as the comparative - with
noun.
Even though the syntax of the Scrolls dependent clauses shows
homogeneity with the biblical practice, it still retains some distinctive tend-
encies, such as utilization of ellipsis of prepositions and nouns (1.4, 11;
6.11-13) together with syllepsis (2.1-4; 6.11-13; 9.2; 10.5-6; 11.9-10) and
ellipsis (1.1-2; 5.4-7; 8.10-11) of verbs; disregard for use of the temporal
periphrastic idioms + biqtol(o) and + kiqtol(o) in the protasis
along with the inversive tense-forms in the apodosis; and preference for
the classical temporal pattern ubiqtol(o) yiqtol for reasons of simplifica-
tion. Moreover, the usage of , to write, followed by asyndetic object-
nominal clauses (12) represents a sui generis development, unparalleled in
other Hebrew corpora.
As a corollary, the syntactic profile of dependent clauses in the War
Scroll attests to a greater usage of (Classical) Biblical Hebrew than that of
the Community Rule and Ben Sira. Hence, it bespeaks tendencies of an
earlier time of composition. Still other syntactic areas lie in wait for
research in order to determine, linguistically, the War Scrolls diachronic
position among these works of the Second Temple Period.
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The Syntax of Dependent Clauses in The War Scroll in Orientalia 82 (2013) PDF

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Pontificium instit u t u m BiBlicum

Vol. 82 noVa sEriEs fasc. 3

A. SPALINGER, Further Remarks on the Old Kingdom Phyle System 157-206

A. ROCCATI, A forgotten rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

M. MALAISE, la dcouverte dHarpocrate travers son historiographie

Libri ad Directionem missi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

The Syntax of Dependent Clauses in the War Scroll

The purpose of this paper is threefold: to identify all types of de-

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II. Purpose and intended result

A. Constructions with the inversive perfect or the imperfect 7

1. - inversive + the perfect

2. - + subject imperfect of + participle

B. Constructions with the infinitive construct or the verbal noun

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There is only one construction of negative purpose: + infinitive

And he gathered a congregation of nations for destruction without remnant,

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h. After a noun or, as in the last two cases, nominal clause

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A day of battle ... to exterminate iniquity to abase darkness and to

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over, the arrangement l e-qitlah is paralleled only in all stages of Biblical

III. Temporal clauses

A. Constructions with the imperfect

1. + the imperfect after a verbal clause with the imperative

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2. + the imperfect in the protasis + the inverted perfect in the apo-

B. Constructions with the infinitive construct

1. - + infinitive construct + noun

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4. + infinitive construct + noun

b. After a verbal clause with the imperfect of + participle

5. + suffixed infinitive (+ preposition)

b. After a verbal clause with the imperfect

c. After a verbal clause with the imperfect of + participle

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d. After a nominal clause

e. The following is listed for the sake of completeness; its context is

6. + infinitive construct + noun: 43 before a verbal clause with the im-

7. + suffixed infinitive + preposition: before a verbal clause with the

8. + infinitive construct + noun: after a relative clause with the perfect

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Biblical Hebrew, without + qetol; five (63%) in Transitional Biblical

syntagma + yiqtol has become defunct since TBH.

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IV. Relative clauses

The usage of syndetic clauses surpasses that of asyndetic clauses: 21

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ositional phrases with and participles with , whereas the latter

A. Syndetic constructions with verbal and nominal clauses

1. with verbal clauses

b. The antecedent, a determinate noun, is the object of the clause.

d. The antecedent, a determinate noun, is objective genitive of re-

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2. with nominal clauses