EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 1

INFORMATION CONTENT ANALYSIS OF KVR-1000 ORTHO-IMAGE

BASED ON THE AVAILABLE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS IN THE GIS
ENVIRONMENT

H. Sahin, G. Buyuksalih, H. Akcin, H. Topan, S. Karakis, A. M. Marangoz

Karaelmas University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, 67100

Zonguldak, Turkey; sahin@karaelmas.edu.tr

ABSTRACT
Recent developments in remote sensing enable us to use the high resolution satellite images for
different purposes. Main application field for remotely sensed data is the large-scale topographic
mapping and map revisions for which it is necessary to detect and extract the features from such
imagery.
In this study, automatic and manual feature extractions have been realized on the KVR-1000
orthoimage of Zonguldak testfield in GIS environment with the comparison of available map
materials. As a result, while only buildings, roads, water structures and forest classes can be
efficiently extracted in an automatic fashion, total information for 1:5000 1:25000 scale maps can
be compiled with the help of manual extraction. Additionally, 71% and 78% of the buildings can
respectively be extracted automatically and manually from the orthoimage.

INTRODUCTION
The archive of various Russian space cameras includes images acquired in more than 20 years. In
particular, the image data has been taken by TK-350 camera since 1981 and KVR-1000 camera
since 1984. For a long time, images from these cameras were used only by Russian organizations
for mapping purposes. However, these images became available for a wide circle of users since
1991 with the unexpected decision of Russian government. This caused the easing of restriction
from US government on American space imagery to 10m. Thus, licences were issued to several
American-based companies to develop commercial satellites producing imagery to the 1m ground
pixel level (Petrie, 1999; Li, 2000).
The right of commercial distribution of KVR-1000 images is reserved by the company called
Sovinformsputnik (SIS), which is the first Russian company of such type (see
www.sovinfomsputnik.com) and massive global coverage exists from the system, with imagery
from 1985-1992, 1998 and 2000. Such a long archive could provide valuable source for change
detection applications which allows monitoring the past and present situations over the interest
area. However, KVR image data are potentially used for updating and creating all planimetric
details for the orthophoto plans with a scale 1:10000 and smaller (Chekalin and Fomtchenko,
2000; Lavrov, 1996 and 2000). According to Konency et al. (1982), for the detection and the
identification of topographic features for vector line mapping at a scale of 1:50000, a ground pixel
size of 3m for monoscopic imaging or 6m for stereoscopic viewing is necessary for a single
building. For the interpretation of areal features such as forest, cultivated areas or vegetation or
large linear features such as streets or rivers, larger pixel sizes can be accepted. In Topan, et al.,
2004, a rule of thumb for the relation of the pixel size and the map scale is given as 0.05 up to
0.1mm pixel size in the map scale that means for a map 1 : 50 000 a pixel size on the ground of
2.5m up to 5m is required. For a good perception of the detail present in an orthoimage, Doyle
(1984) recommends a maximum scale which is achieved by multiplying the ground pixel size by
the factor of 10,000. But the pixel size is not the only criteria for the quality of the images; also the
contrast (modulation transfer function) is important like the spectral range and colour information.
This may also dependent upon the situation of the atmosphere and the sun elevation. In addition
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 2

the area may be different we may have some wide roads and large buildings like for example in
the USA or in Saudi Arabia or we may have small and bending roads without pavement. Also the
specified information contents for the maps may be different for example in Switzerland we do
have a lot of details in the maps, in the USA the maps are quite more general. So there is still a
range within the relation map scale to pixel size on the ground.

In this paper, the authors first report on the results of the geometric accuracy testing of KVR-1000
digital orthoimage. For this purpose, Tran3d program from Hannover University (including shift
only, similarity and affine transformations), was implemented using the image and ground
coordinates of GPCs distributed uniformly over the orthoimage of Zonguldak testfield. Accuracy
results attainable by each transformation are reported and discussed individually with the detailed
analysis to show the effectiveness of KVR-1000 orthoimage for large-scale mapping applications.
In this case, automatic and manual feature extraction capabilities for different object in a view of
detection, identification and extraction on the KVR-1000 orthoimage were the main concern for this
paper.

RUSSIAN SPACE MAPPING SYSTEM KOMETA

Fig. 1 shows the Russian Space Mapping System KOMETA equipped with TK-350 and KVR-
1000 photographic cameras and the on-board devices including two star-trackers, laser altimeter
and the positioning system for the determination of external parameters. Comet Class Spacecraft
is launched periodically from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and orbit the Earth for
about 45 days collecting up to 10 million square km of images. The entire satellite returns to Earth
for film processing.

Fig. 1: Russian Space System KOMETA equipped with KVR-1000 and TK-350 film-based
cameras

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 3

In the case of high resolution KVR-1000 camera, exposure of the film is made by a moving slit
passing in front of the photographic film. This gives rise to a cylindrical imaging surface (Fig. 2) on
which each line is exposed from a different position in space with the possibility of varying tilt
values occurring between them. As a result of the panoramic geometry, large differences in scale
are experienced over the whole of the highly rectangular image format 18x72cm (40x160km on
the ground). These large-scale changes have resulted in only the central 18x18cm part of the
KVR-1000 photographic image being supplied to users in most cases in digital form after
undergoing a prior scanning operation. Focal length of KVR-1000 camera is 1m and supplies the
B/W panoramic imagery with the forward overlap of 6%-12% in the panchromatic band of of 058-
072 m . Ground resolution of such imagery is 1.56m with an image scale of 1:220,000.
Cylindirical
image

Ground

Flight
direction Plane view

Fig. 2: Panoramic distortion and its plane view.

Other imaging system in KOMETA is TK-350 camera allows the acquisition of stereo-images
during the same satellite pass with short time intervals. It has large film format of 300x450mm
(200x300km on the ground) with a 350mm focal length. Main application of photographs from TK-
350 system in SIS is to produce 1:50 000 and smaller scale topographic maps in addition to the
DEM generation for creating orthophotos from high resolution KVR-1000 images. Based on the
publications of SISs engineers, when no external ground control is used, the planimetric accuracy
of these maps is typically 20-25m, and the vertical accuracy is 10m. If GPS derived control points
are available, the accuracy of the maps increases to 15-20m horizontally and 5-7m vertically
(Chekaline and Fomtchenko, 2000; Lavrov, 1996 and 2000). However, Buyuksalih et al. (2004)
shows that the accuracy of about 10m in planimetry and 17m in height using the GCPs digitized
from the 1:25000 scale topographic maps is indeed possible. The results draw a contradiction with
the accuracy values found by SISs engineers.

EXPERIMENTAL AREA
The test site is Zonguldak and its close vicinity, located in Western Black Sea region of Turkey. It is
famous with being one of the main coal mining area in the world. Although losing economical
interest, there are several coal mines still active in Zonguldak. Area has a rolling topography, in
some parts, with steep and rugged terrain. While partly built city area is located alongside the sea
coast, there are some agricultural lands and forests inner regions. The elevation ranges roughly up
to 1800m. Fig. 3 shows the KVR-1000 orthoimage and the GCPs used in the accuracy evaluation
phase. Given orthoimage is in the size of 8885x8752 pixels as a 8-bit greyscale GeoTIFF file
referenced to the WGS84 ellipsoid and the UTM-zone 36 projection. Control points includes GPS
surveyed points originally acquired for restituting high resolution Ikonos Geo-product imagery of
the test area, the points from the aerial triangulation of 1:35000 scale aerial photographs of the test
area and the points from the 1:1000 and 1:5000 scale maps. Such combination of different group

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 4

of points provide the better control point distribution. Digital image coordinates for these GCPs
were measured manually using GCPWorks module of PCI system with sub-pixel point
determination.

Zonguldak
City

TURKEY

Fig 3: Study area.

In this test, image part from full panoramic KVR-1000 frame with frame number of 2252 and the
viewing date of October 17th, 2000 was implemented. As can be seen Fig. 4, Zonguldak testfield is
lying close to the left edge of this KVR-1000 datatake in which panoramic distortion can also be
expected. The first phase in the production of KVR-1000 orthoimages in SIS is the scanning of
hardcopy KVR-1000 photographs. This task was realised by the Zeiss SCAI scanner using 7 m
pixel size.

Fig. 4: Diagram of KVR-1000 frame location

For rectification of KVR-1000 images, the PC-based digital photogrammetric system called
Ortho/Z-Space developed by the cooperation of SIS and Russian Institute GosNIAS was used. In
this process, generally DEM from stereo TK-350 images or by the available mapping materials can
be used. In the given case, for ortho-image generation, DEM digitized from the topographic maps

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 5

of 1:100000 scale (with the height accuracy of 20m) was used (information from the e-mail
correspondence with Elena Molchinskina of SIS).

GEOMETRIC ACCURACY TESTS

Geopositional accuracy of KVR-1000 orthoimage was first analysed using the program Tran3D of
Hannover University. In this program, user is able to run several transformations in sequence. First
option in the program is the shift. For this, input to the program is the image and ground
coordinates of GCPs and the header file of orthoimage. Using the WGS84 coordinates of upperleft
corner of orthoimage and the pixel size supplied in the header file, image coordinates of GCPs
were transformed to the given coordinate system. Then, program can compare the computed and
given coordinates of GCPs and calculate the amount of shift to the specified coordinate system.
This shift was -100.89m in X and -80.10m in Y. After correction of shift in each direction, rmse
values were found to be 19.60m in X and 20.88m in Y-direction. This situation was improved by
the similarity transformation which also respects the scale and rotation. Then, rmse-X and Y values
were obtained as 16.67m and 15.36m respectively. However, application of affine transformation
brought the further improvement in the accuracy values with 13.46 in X and 12.86m in Y. These
are the points with higher elevation, indicating that the image orientation realised by SIS during the
orthorectification of KVR image was not optimal. Actually, GCPs digitized from 1:100000 scale
maps were used in the orientation of Zonguldak KVR-1000 image (information from the e-mail
correspondence with Elena Molchinskina of SIS). This can be corrected by the program
CORIKON. The resulted rmse values for X and Y were equal to the 10.20m and 12.41m in Y
respectively. As a result of the adjustment of the view direction, the error vectors of the elevated
points are now in the usual range after adjustment with CORIKON. The data set was also adjusted
with the satellite orbital modelling approach of PCI Geomatica system and produced nearly to the
same result like achieved with CORIKON. Accuracy values of 10.77m in X and 12.61m in Y
were acquired by this software.

EVALUATION OF THE INFORMATION CONTENTS OF KVR-1000 IMAGES

In order to extract information from the remotely-sensed image which is in raster form and has
unique radiometric characteristics, in the first phase, image should be converted to the vector form.
Although many methods are available for doing this step, most effective ways could be manual on-
screen digitizing and object-oriented approaches. In this study, these two methods are used
sequentially.

Object-Oriented Analysis
Object-oriented segmentation and following classification of KVR-1000 orthoimage was carried out
using eCognition V4.0 software package (Definiens, 2004). The result is shown in Fig. 5. Then,
different analyses have been realized by superimposing the segmented image onto the 1:1000
scale map in GIS environment (Fig. 6). During the experimental procedure, roads and buildings
were tried to be extracted separately, but this was not the case because of the almost same grey
values of both object groups. Best identification shown by the water structures, buildings, forest
and green object classes. Based on the analysis made by MAPINFO 7.0 software using object-
oriented approach, number of buildings extracted from the image remains as 752, it is equal to the
1059 in the case of 1:1000 scale maps.

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 6

Fig.5: Clasification of the test area from object-oriented segmentation.

Fig.6: Building segmented image superimposed onto the 1:1000 scale map in GIS environment
(black vectors from 1:1000 scale map, cells with red colour are result of object-oriented analysis)

On-screen Digitizing

On-screen digitizing of KVR-1000 ortho-image was realized by AutoCAD software package.

Obtained vectoral information was compared with the 1:1000, 1:5000 and 1:25000 scale maps. For
different information group, visual equality of the acquired on-screen digitizing results was
compared to those derived from maps and given in Fig.8. In addition to this, the level of
detectability and recognizability of the objects on KVR image were summarized in Table 1. As can
be seen from this table, the main interpretation parameters are detectability and recognizability.
According to STANAG 3769 (1998) the definition of detection is: In imagery interpretation the
discovering of the existence of an object, but without recognition of the object, the definition of
recognition is: The ability to fix the identity of a feature or object in imagery within a group type.
Also in this table objects are classified based on the their level of detection and recognition. In this
case, if object can be detected and recognized easily and sharply, then it is assigned as Perfect,

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 7

if the level was lower than, it is called as Good, if object only detected or recognized, then it is put
into the class of Medium, if the level was very low, then it is Poor and the object is not available
in the image, it is categorized as Not available (Samadzadegan, 2004). Apart from this, manually
extracted buildings were superimposed onto the 1:1000 scale maps in GIS environment with
different queries. While total number of buildings could be determined as 1059, only 78% of such
buildings was extracted manually.
Operator who undertakes the digitizing task has been considering the radiometric differences occur
in the orthoimage while he/she was digitizing the objects manually. In this respect, contrast range
and effective pixel size were ancillary parameters during the implementation. Gray value profil
analysis has been used in the determination of effective pixel size. Two different constructions at
some selected locations can be seen in Figure 7. At the constructions the edges depicted in green
are selected. The aim of the following analysis is to determine contrast of edges, especially
between white and dark areas. The dark areas can be the grass, water or ground, and the white
areas can be road or roof of the buildings etc. The edge analysis consists of taking profiles along
the edge itself. The profiles are chosen perpendicular to the edge. For all profiles, mean values of
the corresponding profile points are determined. Thus a graphic showing the trend of average
values is obtained. The differences of grey values between adjacent points are built and can be
seen visually. Both graphics can be seen underneath the cropped samples in Figure 7. Based on
the analysis made, effective pixel size for KVR-1000 image has been acquired as 2.7m (ahin et
all. 2004, Topan at all 2004). This shows that the operator was working with the 2 pixel not with 1
pixel which should be the case in the reality.

Average Differences Average Differences

1 132 * 1 -1 * 1 130 * 1 -4 *
2 131 * 2 -2 * 2 126 * 2 -2 *
3 129 * 3 -5 * 3 124 * 3 0*
4 124 * 4 -3 * 4 124 * 4 2 *
5 121 * 5 7 * 5 126 * 5 -1 *
6 128 * 6 22 * 6 125 * 6 3 *
7 150 * 7 36 * 7 128 * 7 14 *
8 186 * 8 25 * 8 142 * 8 29 *
9 211 * 9 7 * 9 171 * 9 36 *
10 218 * 10 0 * 10 207 * 10 22 *
11 218 * 11 2 * 11 229 * 11 5 *
12 220 * 12 6 * 12 234 * 12 -1 *
13 226 * 13 4 * 13 233 * 13 0 *
14 230 * 14 2 * 14 233 * 14 1 *
15 232 * 15 234 *

Fig.7: Grey value profiles of different edges.

CONCLUSION
In this study, manual and automatic object-oriented segmentation and classification performance of
KVR-1000 orthoimage was tested. Therefore, results are collected under two different headings;
For object-oriented automatic approach:

Some objects cannot be extracted separately, for instance, roads-buildings and green areas
with forest class. However, water structures can be identified successfully.
Only 71 of the buildings can be extracted using an approach based automatic object-oriented
classification. This is promising result for such imagery.
In order to extract water structures, buildings and forest areas individually using eCognition
software, scale factor should be assigned as 250.
Edge of buildings cannot be detected sharply using object-oriented approach. On the other
hand, buildings cannot be extracted with high success rate because they give same reflection
profile with roads.
Expected success rate could not be reached on the KVR-1000 ortho-image using eCognition
3.0 object-oriented image analysis software not enough contrast, monochromatic image, and
negative influence of DEM on orthoimage generation fails the segmentation phase, then the
following classification produce did not work as efficient as possible.

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 8

Table1: Summary of KVR -1000 image information content evaluation in different scale maps

Detectability Manual Recognizability

Excellent
Medium

Medium
Availble

Availble
Perfect

Good

Good
No Class Sub-Class

Poor

Poor
Not

Not
Road
Street
Road Square
1 & Free Way
Rail High Way
Bulvar
Rail
Building Block
Single Building
Mosque
2 Bulding Parking
Sport Building
Medical &
Educational
Military Area
Sports Area
Camping Area
3 Area
Cemetry
Park
Industrial Area
Waste & Coalwaste
Area
Power line
Public Reservoir
4
Services Pipe Line
Tel Line
Point Objects
5 Water Line Objects
Area objects
Fence
Tower
Bridge
6 Structure
Helipad
Wall
Dam
Orchard
Cultivate
Forest
7 Vegetation
Costline & Beach
Lawn & Grass
Single Tree
Coal preparation
plant
Band Conveyor
Mining
8 Sahft
Structure
Tower
Coal Washing pool
ventilation shaft

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004 9

For manual extraction:

Experimental procedure was realized by the operator who has knowledge of the test field and
capability of handling such imagery.
When on-screen digitizing was carried out on KVR-1000, radiometric changes should also be
taken into account.
Analysis shows that effective pixel size of KVR-1000 image is about 2.7m.
When compared to the automatic approach, manual extraction showed better performance in
digitizing the highway and railways.
Water structures can be detected and recognized sharply.
Classification of vegetation can be realized only as grass and trees and deeper analysis is not
possible with the available radiometric information.
Different types of buildings can be detected and recognized in the medium level.
From the GIS-based analysis, 78% of the buildings can be detected and recognized in the
image.
Theoretically, based on the ground pixel size of KVR image, it can stated that the mapping is
possible with the scale of 1:16000. However, practical works show that this image has more
information contents than the one available in 1:25000 scale maps, in most cases, it can used as a
base material in updating of 1:5000 scale maps.

REFERANCES

i. Buyuksalih G, M G Kocak, M Oruc, H Akcin, K Jacobsen, 2004. Accuracy Analysis, DEM

Generation and Validation Using Russian TK-350 Stereo-images, Photogrammetric
Record, 19(107).
ii. Chekaline V F and M M Fomtchenko, 2000. Russian concept of the space images digital
processing. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 33(4/1): 175-
179.
iii. Definiens, 2004. eCognation user manual.
iv. Doyle, FJ, 1984. Surveying and Mapping with Space Data A(4): 314-321, (ITC publication
Series).
v. Konency G, W Schrur, J Wu, 1982. Investigations of Interpretability of Images by Different
Sensors and Platforms for Small Scale Mapping, Proceedings ISPRS Commission IV
Symposium, Crystal City, 373-387.
vi. Li Z, 2000. High-resolution satellite images: past, present and future. Journal of Geospatial
Engineering, 2(2): 21-26.
vii. Petrie G, 1999. Characteristics and applications of high-resolution space imagery. Mapping
Awareness, 13(10): 33-37.
viii. Samadzadegan F, M Hahn, H Bagherzadeh & M Haeri, 2004. On the geometric accuracy
and information content of ikonos high resolution imagery for map revision. In: XX.
Congress of ISPRS, (stanbul, Trkey).
ix. Sovinformsputnik, 2004. Information from official web-site, (moscow, Russia).
http://www.sovinformsputnik.com (accessed 18 Feb. 2004).
x. Sahin H, H Topan, S Karak & A M Marangoz, 2004. Comparison of object oriented image
analysis and manual digitizing for feature extraction, XX. Congress of ISPRS, (stanbul,
Turkey).
xi. Topan H, G Byksalih, K Jacobsen, 2004. In: Comparison of nformation contents of high
resolution space images, Int. Arch. of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 34 (B?),
Istanbul, Turkey, 34-39.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is supported by TUBITAK, Turkey and the Julich Research Centre, Germany. The
authors wish to thank their German partner Dr. Karsten Jacobsen for his suggestions.

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
 KVR & 1:1000 scale map 1:5000 scale map 1:25000 scale map

EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004

Fig.8: On-screen digitizing of KVR-1000 ortho-image with compared to those
derived from different maps

Building blocks ( Green lines from KVR-1000 and red line from 1:1000 scale map)

Single buildings (white lines from KVR-1000 and red line from 1:1000 scale map)

hospital

10
Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
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 EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004
University Buildings
Fig.8 Continued.

Sport complex

Bridges

11
Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
 EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004
Port
Fig.8 Continued.

Industrial area (coal preparation plant)

12
Coal preparation plants

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
 EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004
Mosque (with dome)
Fig.8 Continued.

River lying in the canal

Dam

13
Roads (with their central lines)
Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
 EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004
Roundabout
Fig.8 Continued.

Railway type 1

14
Railway type 2

Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz
 EARSEL Workshop on Remote Sensing for Developing Countries, Cairo, 2004
Separation of rocky, grassy and forest parts
Fig.8 Continued.

Coastal line

Helipad

15
Information Content Analysis of KVR-1000 Ortho-Image Based on the Available, Topographic Maps in the GIS Environment
H. ahin, G. Byksalih, H. Akn, H. Topan, S. Karak, A. M. Marangoz