NGUYN TC CHUNG XY DNG

B CU HI

GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR FORMULATING QUESTIONS

GS. TS. L HONG NINH

1 ThS. L N Thanh Uyn
 MC TIU

M t c cc bc thc hin b
cu hi phng vn

Son c mt b cu hi phng
vn theo mc tiu

2
 NI DUNG CHNH
1. Pht trin cu hi kho st
Da trn kinh nghim thc hnh hay so snh vi cc
nghin cu khc
Da trn tm l hc nhn thc v cch tip cn vi cc
khi nim khc nhau
2. Cc tiu ch nh gi bng cu hi
S r rng
S cn bng
di ca cc cu hi
S ton din hay hn ch ca cc cu tr li
Cc hng dn c cung cp cho vic tr li cu hi
Cch sp xp v b tr cc cu hi trong b cu hi
3
 NI DUNG CHNH (tt)

3. Cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan v:

Cc bc cn thc hin trong vic xc nh hoc
thit k cc cu hi thc hin cuc kho st
Cc phng php tip cn l thuyt d on cc
sai lch trong cc cu hi
Hng dn chung cho pht trin cu hi v b cu
hi gim thiu sai st

4
 Cc bc s b trong chn
cu hi kho st
1. Da vo cu hi v mc tiu nghin cu la chn cu
hi
2. Khng nn c gng ti to li nhng cu hi c, nn tm
kim v tham kho nhng cu hi ca nghin cu khc
3. Kim tra tnh gi tr v tin cy ca b cu hi
4. Xc nh loi cu hi a ra cch hi ph hp (hnh
vi, thi , nhn thc, tnh trng sc khe)
5. Xc nh phng php phng vn (phng vn c nhn,
phng vn qua in thoi, cu hi qua mail)
6. D on cc li pht sinh v cch gim thiu hoc loi
b.
Li thng gp trong b cu hi kho st
Smith (1987): Kt qu kho st b mt, bin dng v
khng chnh xc c th do b cu hi c nh dng
mc cao, c cu trc v tiu chun ha, s dng
ngn ng chuyn ngnh kho st v xa ngn ng a
phng
Sudman v Bradbun (1974):
a ra khi nim hiu ng tr li trong kho st:
xc nh cu tr li cho cu hi ch quan hoc cu
hi thi s kh khn hn so vi cu hi v thc
t v cu hi khch quan.
Xc nh vai tr v nhim v ca ngi phng vn,
ngi tr li.
 ng gp ca Tm l hc nhn thc
trong thit k cu hi
Tourangeau (1984): 4 giai on chnh c xc nh
bi cc khun kh x l thng tin x hi ca tm l
hc nhn thc c th c s dng trong vic m t
cc bc tr li cu hi kho st:
1) Giai on hiu
2) Giai on phc hi (tm kim trong b nh cc
thng tin lin quan v ph hp vi cu hi)
3) Giai on c tnh, phn xt (nh gi thng tin
trong b nh, kt hp thng tin i n cu tr
li)
4) Giai on phn ng/tr li
 CC BC THC HIN BCH

1. Chun b ni dung

2. t cu hi

3. Sp xp cu trc b cu hi

4. Hnh thc b cu hi (v dch thut)

5. Phng vn th

6. nh gi tin cy ca b cu hi

7. Chnh sa v hon thin

8
 CC BC THC HIN BCH

Bc 1: CHUN B NI DUNG
Ni dung BCH da trn:
Cy vn

Tng quan y vn

Cc ti liu lin quan

9
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Bc 2: T CU HI
Cu hi m
S vic m nh nghin cu cn cha r
C tnh t pht: kin, tm hiu, thi , gi
Vn nhy cm
Cu hi ng
Tit kim thi gian
Cc la chn cng t cng tt, ton din, khng
trng lp v c cung cp trong PV
Cu hi na ng: xem nh cu hi m
10
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Cu hi trong b cu hi cn trnh
Khi chu b bnh b cho chu khm u?
Cu hi m h
Khi chu b ho b cho chu i khm u?
Cu hi gi
V chng b thch c bao nhiu con?
Cu hi 2 ni dung
ng c thng xuyn s dng khng vim
khng corticoid hay khng?
Cu hi chuyn mn
11
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Cu hi trong b cu hi cn trnh
ng/b khng ngh rng ph thai l bin php lm
gim dn s?
Cu hi ph nh
ng/b c cho rng khng chch BCG khng
phi l vn ca nc ta?
Cu hi 2 ln ph nh
Nu anh trng s, anh s lm g?
Cu hi gi nh
12
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Bc 3: SP XP CU TRC B CU HI
Phn gii thiu (mc ch, quyn t do, tnh b mt)

Thng tin nn (nhng ng qu nhiu)

Cu hi v s kin

Cc cu hi v kin

Cc cu hi nhy cm: thu nhp, chnh tr, hnh

vi tnh dc, bnh x hi

Phn kt thc

13
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Bc 4: HNH THC B CU HI
C ch , ngy, ni, ngi phng vn v m s
phiu
Cu hi cng ch i lin vi nhau
Cu hi m: cha ch
Cu hi ng: chn thng nht
Hng dn tr li r rng
V d: iu tra h gia nh
KAP ATGTB.
14
 THANG O NH GI

Mt dng t bo co, o lng chnh xc hn

b cu hi
nh gi bin s tm l (thi , kin) v
sinh l (au, bun nn, chc nng)
Cc mc trong thang o c th tng hp li
(thang o tng hp summated scale)

15
 THANG O LIKERT
Thang o Likert: nh tm l hc ngi M Likert pht minh
Xc nh kin hay thi
Bao gm mt s mnh tuyn b

Thang o nh gi (rating scale): Lit k mt lot cc

gi tr ca bin s, c gi nh c tnh lin tc
VD: Khi bc s gia nh trao i vi ti, ti mun vic i thoi
Hon ton l chuyn mn
Thoi mi
Thn thin nhng khng ni v cm gic
Ci m ni v nhng iu ti lo lng hay suy ngh

16
 THANG O LIKERT
Thang o Likert truyn thng: 1 mnh : 5
la chn
V d:
Anh/Ch c hi lng v thi ca bc s khi lm
vic?
Rt hi lng. (5)
Hi lng. (4)
Khng kin. (3)
Khng hi lng. (2)
Rt khng hi lng. (1)
17
 THANG O BUC LA CHN
Thang o 4 im buc la chn: 1 mnh : 4
la chn
V d:
Anh/Ch c hi lng v thi ca bc s khi lm
vic?
Rt hi lng. (4)
Hi lng. (3)
Khng hi lng. (2)
Rt khng hi lng. (1)

18
 Thang o nh gi au qua nt mt

19
19
 Thang o nh gi cm gic mt mi

20
 Thang o nh gi cm gic au

21
 THE PAIN SCALE
Pain free

hnh minh ha

22
0 Pain free.
Mild Pain Nagging, annoying, but doesn't really interfere with daily living activities.
1 Pain is very mild, barely noticeable. Most of the time you don't think about it. (vt
xt ngoi da...)
2 Minor pain. Annoying and may have occasional stronger twinges. (b xng rng chm
vo tay...)
3 Pain is noticeable and distracting, however, you can get used to it and adapt. (b
chm kim...) Moderate Pain Interferes significantly with daily living activities.
4 Moderate pain. If you are deeply involved in an activity, it can be ignored for a period
of time, but is still distracting.(t da u ngn tay do dao ct...)
5 Moderately strong pain. It can't be ignored for more than a few minutes, but with
effort you still can manage to work or participate in some social activities. (au bng i tiu...)
6 Moderately strong pain that interferes with normal daily activities. Difficulty
concentrating. (au bng kinh...)
Severe Pain Disabling; unable to perform daily living activities.
7 Severe pain that dominates your senses and significantly limits your ability to
perform normal daily activities or maintain social relationships. Interferes with sleep. (au khi
b tc rut...)
8 Intense pain. Physical activity is severely limited. Conversing requires great
effort. (cn au tht ngc...)
9 Excruciating pain. Unable to converse. Crying out and/or moaning uncontrollably.
(vim ty cp...)
10 Unspeakable pain. Bedridden and possibly delirious. Very few people will ever
experience this level of pain. (cn au qun thn, giun chui ng mt...)
23
 Thang o nh gi tnh trng stress

24
 Thang o nh gi tnh trng cn nng

BMI: theo WHO

25
 CC BC THC HIN BCH

Bc 4: HNH THC B CU HI (tt)

Nn t cc cu hi ca cng thang o trn 1 trang

B sung tiu cho cc thang o qu di

26
 CC BC THC HIN BCH

Nhn xt v mc hi lng ca BS

STT Cu hi Rt Hi Khng khng Rt ko

hi lng kin hi hi
lng lng lng

1 Thi phc v ca bc s 5 4 3 2 1
2 S hng dn ca bc s khi 5 4 3 2 1
k n
3 li khuyn ca bc s 5 4 3 2 1
phng bnh
4 Gii thch ca bc s khi bnh 5 4 3 2 1
nhn thc mc vi nhng ch
nh thc hin

27
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Bc 5: TH B CU HI (PILOT)

S lng i tng cn cho phng vn th?

Nhm i tng cn phng vn th?

Phn tch kt qu phng vn th?

28
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Bc 6: NH GI TIN CY CA B CU HI

Alpha Cronbach: xc nh tin cy ca cc cu hi

. alpha op1 op2 op3 op4, item

Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)

average
item-test item-rest inter-item
Item Obs Sign correlation correlation covariance alpha

op1 300 + 0.7807 0.5635 .4136722 0.6449

op2 300 + 0.7801 0.5644 .4148753 0.6444
op3 300 + 0.6696 0.4294 .5458002 0.7201
op4 300 + 0.7410 0.5319 .4688426 0.6653

Test scale .4607975 0.7309

Alpha Cronbach: nh gi tnh hng nh ni ti: (Note

that a reliability coefficient of .70 or higher is considered
"acceptable" in most social science research situations.)
29
 CC BC THC HIN BCH
Bc 7: CHNH SA V HON THIN BCH
1. Ni dung ph hp?

2. S thng hiu ca cu ch

3. S cn thit ca cu hi trong o lng vn

4. Cu trc b cu hi

5. Trnh by hnh thc b cu hi

6. Thi gian cn thit cho vic hon tt b cu hi

30
 CN XEM XT B CU HI

1. S dng cho mc ch g? (mc tiu, bin s )

2. S dng trn i tng no?

3. Trnh hc vn ca i tng?

4. Dng k thut?

5. C mu?.......

6. BCH s dng ngn ng khc (dch thut)

31
 CC SAI LCH CN XEM XT
Do cng c:
B cu hi:
Cu hi ng v ch cn t c bit
Cu hi m m khng c hng dn tr li
Cu hi m h, th t khng hp l
Nhiu cu b b trng (missing) hoc tr li khng bit
Cn khng c chnh ng, my c kq sai
Do ngi quan st: hun luyn
Xy ra trong quan st hay phng vn
Do tc ng phng vn - gii thiu NC, dnh thi gian
v m bo tnh ring t
Do thiu lng tin v nghin cu
32
 BIN PHP KHC PHC SL THNG TIN

Sai lch nh li (Hi tng)

Sai lch ca ngi phng vn
Sai lch ca ngi tr li
Khc Phc

Lm m
Cng c khch quan, chnh xc
Gii hn thi gian
Hu qu: xp Ln Nhm Khng Khc Bit
33
 TI LIU THAM KHO
DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING HEALTH SURVEYS (A
Comprehensive Guide) - Lu Ann Aday , Llewellyn J. Cornelius
(Foreword by Steven B. Cohen). Published by Jossey-Bass. A Wiley
Imprint, 3rd edition, 2006.

34