Five Myths About Syrian Refugees PDF

3/22/2017 FiveMythsAboutSyrianRefugees|ForeignAffairs
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SNAPSHOT March 22, 2017
FiveMythsAboutSyrianRefugees
SeparatingFactFromFiction
ByMaxAbrahms,DenisSullivan,andCharlesSimpson
TheSyrianrefugeecrisisistheworsthumansecuritydisasterothetwentyrstcentury.Beyondthe
deathtoll,whichstandsataround400,000,anestimated11millionSyriansabouthalthenational
populationhaveedtheirhomessincethebeginningotheconictinMarch2011.Priortothe
evacuationoeasternAleppoinlate2016,theUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees
(UNHCR)reportedthatoversixmillionSyriansweredisplacedinsidethecountry;aboutve
millionrefugeeshaveedtonearbyEgypt,Iraq,Jordan,Lebanon,andTurkey;andnearlyamillion
morehaverequestedasyluminEurope,mostlyinGermany.Thiscrisisisnotonlyamatterolifeand
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/20170322/fivemythsaboutsyrianrefugees?cid=soctwrdr 1/19
deathformillionsoSyriansbutisconsequentialtoSyriasimmediateneighborsandtomuchothe
restotheworld.
Yetalackodirectevidencefromtheeldhasspawnedspeculation,misinformation,andpoorly
informedpolicymaking.Inresponsetothisinformationaldecit,asevenpersonresearchteamfrom
NortheasternUniversitywasdeployedalongthewesternBalkanmigrationrouteintoEurope(see
mapbelow)tospeakwithSyrianmigrants,learnhowandwhytheyhavelefttheircountry,andstudy
theconsequencesotheirmigrationtothemselvesandtoEurope.Membersotheresearchteam
spokeArabic,werenativesoorhadspentsubstantialtimeinthecountriesinwhichtheyoperated,
andhadbeentrainedtointeractwithvulnerablemigrantcommunities.
ThewesternBalkanmigrantrouteintoEurope.
Unlikepreviousstudies,whichhavereliedonquestionnairesinasinglecountrysuchasLebanonor
Germany,ourteamconducteddetailed,comprehensiveinterviewsinnumerouslocationsalongthe
Balkanroute,albeitwithasmallernumberorefugees.Theinterviews,donemainlyduringthe
summerso2015and2016,wereconductedatrefugeecamps,bordercrossings,checkpoints,cities,
andsmugglerboatlaunchsitesindeparturecountries(Jordan,Turkey),transitcountries(Albania,
Bulgaria,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Macedonia,Serbia),anddestinationcountries(Belgium,Germany).
Oursampleo130Syrianrefugeesdoesnotpurporttoberepresentative,butitwascarefullyselected
toincludevariationwithrespecttoage,gender,socioeconomicbackground,formaleducationlevel,
religion,politicalaliation,regionoorigin,andtravellingvariablessuchasgroupsize,presenceor
absenceofamilymembers,andlocationonthemigrantroute.Foraddedcondence,information
fromtheseinterviewswastriangulatedwithethnographicnotesfromeachsite,thirdparty
governmentandNGOdatasets,andsupplementalmeetingswithaidworkers,securitypersonnel,
governmentrepresentatives,andlocalcommunityleaders.Theresultsothiseldworkchallengeve
commonlyheldmythsabouttherefugees.
MYTHONE:MOSTSYRIANREFUGEESAREFLEEINGASSAD
ConventionalwisdomholdsthatSyrianPresidentBasharalAssadholdsprimary,inotsole,
responsibilityfortherefugeecrisis.AlthoughtheIslamicState(ISIS)maygrabtheheadlines,the
WesternmediapresentstheAlawitedictatorastherealmenacetotheSyrianpeopleandtothe
armedoppositionthatisprotectingthem.AssadRegimeFansRefugeeCrisis,warnedTheWall
StreetJournalinSeptember2015.TheWashingtonPostsimilarlyexplainedtheexodusoSyriansfrom
theircountrybynotingthatIslamicStatehaskilledmanySyrians,butAssadsforceshavekilled
more.
YetdoesAssadreallybearalltheblamefortherefugeecrisis?NotaccordingtoSyrianrefugees.Most
refugeeswespoketosaidtheyfeltendangeredbyallpartiesghtinginthewar,notjustthe
government.InoursampleoSyrianrefugees,only16percentlaytheblameexclusivelywiththe
Assadregime,comparedto77percentwhosaidtheywereeeingfromboththeregimeandthe
armedopposition.ThispatternwasobservedineverycountryalongtheBalkanroute.
Only16percentofSyrianrefugeeslaytheblameexclusivelywiththeAssadregime,
comparedto77percentwhosaidtheywereeeingfromboththeregimeandthearmed
opposition.
TaketheexampleoAbdullah,a40yearoldinterviewedintheSerbiantownoHorgos,alongthe
borderwithHungary,whoaskedthathisrealnamenotbeused.Abdullahwasinitiallykidnappedin
DamascusbyJabhatalNusra(alsoknownasJabhatFatahalSham),alQaedasSyrianaliate.After
Nusrareleasedhim,theAssadgovernmentimprisonedhimforsuspectedcollusionwiththerebels.
Seeingthreatsfrombothsides,Abdullahedthecountrywithhiswifeandchildren.A30yearold
refugeeintheFatihneighborhoodoIstanbulsharedasimilarexperienceandsaid,Therewasno
onelefttotrust,whichiswhyIleft.Fearoallsideswasthenorm.Anotherrefugee,a34yearold
manwithwhomwespokeinDortmund,Germany,hadalsobeenkidnappedbyNusraandthen
arrestedbythegovernment.Torturewasmore[severe]underNusra,hesaid.A21yearoldstudent
fromAlepposaidthatshefeltunsafeonlyaftertheFreeSyrianArmytookcontrolo[her]area,
becauseshewasthenexposedtoadualhazard:harmfromtherebelsandthepossibilityoabombing
bytheSyrianairforce.Anotherrefugee,a31yearoldinterviewedinAthens,toldusohowgrateful
heandhisbrotherwerewhentheSyrianarmychasedISISfromtheirneighborhoodinDeirezZor,
butexplainedthatthesituationnonethelessremainedtoounstableforthemtocontinuelivingthere.
Insum,indepthconversationswithSyrianrefugeesalongtheBalkanrouteandwithintheEU
suggesttheyareeeingnotonly,orprimarily,fromAssad,butfromacomplexcivilwarwith
multiplebelligerentswhoallposeathreattothepopulation.TheblameAssadonlynarrativemay
resonate,butmostrefugeescounthimasoneoseveralculprits,alongsidetherebelsandISIS.
ArefugeewalksthroughagateatarefugeecampnearIdomeni,Greece,March2016.
MYTHTWO:ITSHARDFORSYRIANREFUGEESTOENTEREUROPE
PolicymakersintheEUandTurkeyassuretheircitizensthatnewsecuritymeasures,suchas
additionalborderfences,checkpoints,andlandandseapatrols,eectivelyblockrefugeesfrom
reachingEuropeillegally.Frontex,theEUbordersecurityagency,hascalleditsenhancedborder
securitymeasuresasuccess,andEUCouncilPresidentDonaldTuskhasgonesofarastosay,The
daysoirregularmigrationtoEuropeareover.ButwhatdoSyrianrefugeeshavetosayaboutthe
newsecurity?
RefugeesstressedhoweasyitistobypasstheEUsnewsecuritymeasures.Thereremainexpansive
swathsoruralterrainwhereSyrianscaneasilywalkacrossnationalboundaries;indeed,membersof
ourteamweretakentoseveralunmannedcrossingsalongtheTurkish,Greek,Bulgarian,
Macedonian,Serbian,andHungarianborders.Somerefugeesusecorneldstocovertheirmovement
andlowtechtoolssuchaswirecutterstogetthroughfences.Evenatheavilyfortiedareasalongthe
border,refugeesareoftenabletocrossafteraprocessotrialanderror.Butinoursample,75percent
otherefugeesinterviewedsaidthattheyhadcrossedintotheEUontheirrstattempt.Ocourse,
itspossiblethatalargeportionoSyrianrefugeesnevermakeitoutothecountryevenafter
multipleattempts.Buttherefugeeswhodidmakeitstressedtheeaseobypassingthenewsecurity
measures,especiallyforthosewhocanaordasmuggler.
75percentoftherefugeesinterviewedsaidthattheyhadcrossedintotheEUontheir
rstattempt.
Infact,60percentotherefugeeswespoketotravelledwithoutanyformodocumentationatall.A
a22yearoldmalerefugeeinAthenssaid,Noonelookedatmydocuments.A21yearoldmale
refugee,whopassedfromMacedoniaintoSerbiathroughthePresevocheckpoint,likewisenotedthe
lackoconcernfromtheborderguards.Theydontneedtoseeyourpassport,hesaid.Theydont
careaboutyourvisaoranything.InterviewswithPresevosecurityexpertssupporttherefugees
depictionotheborderclosuresaslargelysymbolic.
Evenwithouttraveldocuments,manyrefugeessaidthattheywereusuallyprocessedbyuntrained
policeorCoastGuardocersinundertenminutes.Backgroundquestionsputtorefugeeswere
perfunctory.A27yearoldSyrianrefugeeinFrankfurtdescribedhissecurityinterviewinGermany
assilly.Hewasaskedwhetherhehadkilledanyoneorparticipatedinpoliticalextremiststulike
ISISorwhatever.Hesaidthathehadrepliedwithalaugh,No,Ididntkillanyone.Im[an]angel.
Briberyatbordercrossingsisespeciallyrampant.A21yearoldrefugeeinFalkensee,Germany,told
usthatinSeptember2015,forteneurosperperson,heandhistravelingcompanionsfromSyria,
Iraq,andCentralAsiabribedSerbianpolicemenintogettingthemarideacrosstheborder.
AKurdishrefugeefromIraqhasherhairbrushedinaFrenchcampformigrantsinGrandeSynthe,December2016.
MYTHTHREE:REFUGEESMUSTBEPROTECTEDFROMSMUGGLERS
MostSyrianrefugeeswhoreachtheEuropeanUnionuseasmugglingnetwork.Interpol,Europol,
andtheEuropeanCommissionpromotethewidespreadviewthatbordersecuritypersonnelprotect
refugeesfromthesesmugglers,whoaregenerallycharacterizedaspredatory,inotdownrightevil.As
EuropolDirectorRobWainwrightputsit,EuropolhasbeenattheforefrontosupportingMember
Statesinghtingthecriminalnetworksthatexploitdesperatemigrants.Theinternationalmedia
contributetothisnarrativeaswell.TheNewYorkTimesranastorywiththeheadlineTheRefugee
CrisisHasProducedOneWinner:OrganizedCrime,andUSATodaytoldreadersthatgood
fortuneforthesmugglerscomesattheexpenseothemigrants.Lostinthisapparentconsensusis
whattherefugeessayaboutthesmugglers.
Insteadoseeingtheirsmugglersasexploiters,refugeestendedtoexpressgratitudetowardthem,
whiledescribingEuropeansecuritypersonnelascruelandoftenabusive.Inoursample,75percentof
refugeessaidtheywereeithersatisedorverysatisedwiththeirsmugglerexperience,compared
toonly16percentwhosaidtheywereeitherdissatisedorverydissatised.(Ninepercentwere
neutral.)AmiddleagedmotherwhocrossedtheSyrianTurkishandTurkishGreekborders
describedthemanwhohelpedherasveryhelpful.Sheadmittedbeingtakenadvantageointerms
omoney,butsaid,Iwasntmistreated.A20yearoldmalerefugeeinSerbialikewisesaidhis
smugglerwantedtograbsomemoney,butatnopointtriedtocheatorharmhimorhisdaughter.
Heinsuredhersafety,hesaid.Suchstorieswereretoldbymanyotherefugeeswhohadtravelled
alongtheBalkanroute.Ocourse,therearealsosomecasesoexploitation.Butmostrefugeesfrom
oursamplecharacterizedsmugglersfondlyandthankedthemforprovidingalifesavingservice.
Insteadofseeingtheirsmugglersasexploiters,refugeestendedtoexpressgratitudetoward
them.
Refugeeviewsosecuritypersonnel,bothinandoutsideoEurope,werefarworse.Anelderly
refugeeintheDiavatacampnearThessaloniki,Greece,recalledhowtheTurkishpolicehad
imprisonedherandshotatothermigrants.Anotherrefugee,alsointerviewednearThessaloniki,said
thatTurkishsoldiersbeatandthreatenedtokillSyrians.SimilarstoriesweretoldinEllinikoabout
theGreekauthorities.InSoa,Bulgaria,ourteamobservedgrotesqueconditions,suchasbroken
washroomfacilitiesandoodedhallwaysingovernmentadministeredcamps,whichwereessentially
rundownprisons.Refugeesreportedbeingattackedbyvigilantesinthesoutheastothecountry,
perhapswiththeblessingothegovernment.Thevigilanteswarnedthem,Rememberthenameof
thisplaceBulgaria!Andtellyourfriendsnottocomehere!FurtheralongtheBalkanroutein
Horgos,aSyrianrefugeetoldusohergroupbeingrobbedandbeatenbytheBulgarianpolice.
DetailedtestimoniesorefugeesalongtheBalkanroutethereforechallengetheconventionalwisdom
thatocialstendtoprotectthemfromraptorialsmugglers.Basedonourresearch,refugeesseemto
viewthesmugglersasallies,whilesecurityocialsaregenerallyseenascallous,hostile,andeven
dangerous.
RefugeesonaGreekCoastGuardvesseldockingontheislandofLesbos,March2016.
MYTHFOUR:CRACKINGDOWNONSMUGGLERSHELPSREFUGEES
Sincetheonsetotherefugeecrisis,theEUhasintroducedasuiteocountermeasuresagainst
smugglers,allegedlytohelpprotectSyrianrefugeesandtoblockpotentialterroristsfromentering
Europe.Bypatrollingsearoutesandbordercrossings,EUagencieslikeFrontexhavetriedtodeter
smugglersbyarrestingthem,seizingtheirboats,andotherwiseraisingthecostsoillegally
transportingSyriansintoEurope.
Ocially,thisstrategyhasprovedsuccessful.IntestimonytotheBritishParliament,Richard
Lindsay,thentheheadotheSecurityPolicyDepartmentotheUnitedKingdomsForeignand
CommonwealthOce,concludedthatthankstoEUcountermeasures,smugglingnetworkscan
nolongeroperatewithimpunity.Aspokespersonfromoneotheantismugglingoperations,
OperationSophia,hasechoedthisrosyassessment.Themainexternalityopunishingthesmugglers,
however,hasbeenasteepriseinthecostotheirservicesarisethatdisproportionatelyharmsthe
poorestrefugeesratherthancomparativelywealthyterrorists.Ourresearchteamfoundthatbetween
May2015andMay2016,theaveragepriceforanindividualSyrianrefugeetoeetoEurope
increasedbyabout488euros,andthepriceforafamilyincreasedby3,657euros.
Asaresultothispriceincrease,countlessdestituterefugeesnowcomplainaboutbeingstuckat
bordercrossingsalongthemigrantroute.Alackomoneyisnearlyalwaysthesoleimpedimentfor
refugeeslookingtoenterWesternEurope.AnddespitetighterEUsecurity,smugglersstillabound
forthosewhocanaordthem.Ourteamobservedthrivingsmugglerbusinessesinmajorcitiesin
Austria,Greece,Hungary,Serbia,andTurkey.InBasmane,asmugglinghubintheTurkishcityof
Izmir,a20yearoldSyrianrefugeelaughedwhenaskediithadbecomechallengingtond
smugglers.Therearehundreds,shesaid.Iyougotoeatatanyrestaurant,[smugglers]cometo
you[andask],DoyouwanttogotoEurope?
WithsupportfrommilitantgroupsfundedbytheGulstates,terroristsarelessaectedbythe
soaringcostsosmuggling.AformerNusraghterbasedinIzmirbraggedaboutcrossingtheSyrian
borderwithimpunity,takingrespiteinTurkeybeforereturningtothefrontlines.Aidworkersin
bordercitiescorroboratedtheseclaims,describingghterstravellingunencumberedacrossthe
SyrianTurkishborder.Smugglershaveevenadmittedtoloadingupterroristsonshipsboundfor
Europe,apointoprideinIslamicStatepropaganda.
AwomanprotestsU.S.PresidentDonaldTrump'sMuslimbaninLondon,February2017.
MYTHFIVE:CULTURALDIFFERENCESPREVENTINTEGRATION
AnalmythisthatSyrianrefugeescannotintegrateintoEuropebecauseotheircultural
dierences.Thecharge,bynowfamiliar,isthatthepredominantlyMuslimrefugeepopulationhas
illiberal,evendangerousculturalvalues,whichwillleadtorisingcrimeratesandthethreatof
terrorismandsexualviolenceinEurope.Rightwingpoliticianshaveplayedonthisfear,warningthat
theinuxoMuslimsintoEuropewillinevitablyleadtoaclashocivilizations.MarcVallendar,of
theGermanrightwingAlternativerDeutschlandparty,postedonFacebookinearly2017about
thefollyotakinginrefugees.Thereareplainlyandsimplyfundamentalculturaldierences
betweenEuropeandtheMiddleEast,hewrote.Notfornothingarethesecountriesallengulfedin
ames.AndMarineLePen,theFrenchleaderotheantiimmigrationNationalFront,haslikened
theinuxoSyrianrefugeestothebarbarianinvasionsthatdestroyedtheRomanEmpire.
Giventhatrefugeesindeedcamefromanotherculture,weexpectedthemtoexpressstrong
misgivingsaboutEuropeanditsculture.Twothirdsotherefugeesinoursampledidexpress
dissatisfactionwiththeirhostcountry,butusuallynotforculturalreasons.Therefugeeswereasked
todescribetheirmaindicultiesadjustingtolifeoutsideoSyria.Morespecically,theywere
promptedtoexplainhowtheirtransitionwasgoingandwhattheirbiggestimpedimentswere.Only
27percentdirectedtheirfrustrationstowardEuropeanculture,comparedto38percentwhose
complaintsfocusedonmistreatmentbyspecicEuropeangovernments,orelseonthepolicyfailures
omultinationalinstitutions,suchastheUNsinadequatedistributionorelieaid.
ManySyrianrefugeeswereemphaticthattheirproblemwithEuropeisnottheculture.A31yearold
refugeeinAnkarasDogantepeneighborhooddescribedhowmostSyriansareactuallyquiteusedto
embracingdiversity:Syrianpeoplearereally,really,reallyopenpeople.Theycanreallylivewithany
sect,withanyreligion,withChristian[s]orwhatever.Infact,ourteamfoundthatsomerefugees
weremostupsetwiththeethnicallyTurkish,Pakistani,andMoroccanMuslimocialsrunningthe
Europeancamps,becausetheirreadingoIslamwasseenastooradical.A25yearoldrefugeein
Mainz,Germany,toldusthattheissueisnottheEuropeanlifestyle,sinceevenhisChristian
refugeefriendsaremiserable.
Refugeesexhibitasophisticatedunderstandingowheretodirectblamefortheirhardships.For
instance,amiddleagedrefugeewaswrongfullydetainedasasmugglerbytheGreekCoastGuard,
buthecalmlyassailedtheEUpoliciesnottheGreeksmoregenerallyforthemistake.A25year
oldrefugeelamentedhisexperiencesinGreekandMacedoniancamps.Heblamedhismonthsof
sueringneitheronGreecenorMacedoniabutonBrusselsandGenevaforinsucientlysupporting
theeortsopoorBalkancountries.
Admittedly,afewrefugeescondedthattheyknewoothersstrugglingtointegrateduetocultural
dierences.OneyoungmaninBerlinacknowledged,forexample,thatsomerefugeesunfortunately
arenotwillingtobeopentotheplacetheycameto.Butwhenrefugeesbroughtupculture,itwas
usuallytocomplainodiscriminationatthehandsoEuropeans.EspeciallyinTurkey,refugeesare
targetsoxenophobia.A24yearoldmaleSyrianrefugeeinthemigrantdenseneighborhoodof
Fatih,Istanbul,saidthatsomeTurkishguardsarealittleracist,wefoundafew.Headdedlater,We
sueredasSyrians.Isueredpersonallyfromthisracism.Mostrefugeeswerequicktonote,
however,thatracismisnotaEuropewideproblembutoneoindividualcases.
Refugeesexpressednodesiretoretaliatewithviolence.Infact,theycomplainedhowterrorismwas
politicallycounterproductiveforMuslimsapointsubstantiatedincopiousempiricalstudieswithin
theterrorismliterature.ArefugeeinGermanysaid,Becauseocertainthingsthatarehappeningin
theworld,likethebombings,liketheextremists,therehadbeenabacklashagainsttherefugees.It
reallyaectstheimageoSyriansintheeyesoGermans,hesaid.Thereisresentmenttoward
Syrians,eventhoughatthebeginningtheywerereallywelcome.Butnow,thingsareabitdierent.
Thefearobeingwronglylabeledasaterroristissowidelyheldamongrefugeesthatmanysay
theirpeersinSyriaarestayingput.
POLICYIMPLICATIONS
Mythbasedpoliciesareseldomsuccessful,yetthatiswhattheEUhasoeredtodate.Having
debunkedvemythsaboutSyria,weoerseveralpolicyprescriptionsbasedontherealityuncovered
alongtheBalkanroute.
First,theinternationalcommunityshouldbeevenmoreselectiveaboutwhichmilitantgroupsit
backsinSyria.Westernsupportfortheoppositionhasexacerbatedthewar,fuellingacycleof
violencethathastrappedSyrianciviliansbetweenthegovernmentanditsadversaries.
Second,securityforcesshouldinvestinrefugeestohelpvetoutpotentialterrorists.Refugeesarean
underutilizedcounterterrorismresourcebecausetheyhaveastrongselfinterestinstoppingterrorism
andknowothersintheircohort.
Third,abusiveborderandsecurityocialsshouldbeidentiedandpunished.Balkancountrieshave
oversightadministratorsforthesepurposes.Buttheombudsocesaregenerallyunderstaedand
toothless.TheseadministratorsshouldbebackedupwithmoreEUobserverstocrediblythreaten
punishmentsagainstgovernmentsthatfailtocomplywithbasichumanitarianexpectations.
Fourth,governmentsshouldcoordinatewithprivatesectortransportationrmstoprovidesafer,less
expensivemigrationoptionsasanalternativetosmugglers.Thegoalshouldnotbetoincreasethe
numberorefugeesbuttohelpprotectthem.
Fifth,refugeeintegrationshouldfocusonovercomingpragmaticbarrierslikepoorhousingand
unemploymentratherthantheoverstatedculturalclash.Governments,forinstance,couldimplement
moreexiblehiringpracticesthatdonotrequirerefugeestopassdicultlanguagerequirements
whentheirexistingskillsetissucientforthejob.
ThiseldworkalongtheBalkanmigrantrouteshedsnewlightnotonlyonhowtheEUshouldadjust
itsresponsestotherefugeecrisisbutalsoonwhysomanyrefugeeshavebeencreatedintherst
place.
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