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3 3
1 ft 5 12 in 5 0.3048 m 1 ft 5 0.028317 m
1 mi 5 5280 ft 5 1609.344 m 1 U.S. gal 5 231 in3 5 0.0037854 m3
1 nautical mile (nmi) 5 6076 ft 5 1852 m 1 L 5 0.001 m3 5 0.035315 ft3
1 yd 5 3 ft 5 0.9144 m 1 U.S. fluid ounce 5 2.9574 E25 m3
1 angstrom () 5 1.0 E210 m 1 U.S. quart (qt) 5 9.4635 E24 m3
1 barrel 5 42 U.S. gal 5 0.15899 m3
Mass Area
2 2
1 slug 5 32.174 lbm 5 14.594 kg 1 ft 5 0.092903 m
1 lbm 5 0.4536 kg 1 mi2 5 2.78784 E7 ft2 5 2.59 E6 m2
1 short ton 5 2000 lbm 5 907.185 kg 1 acre 5 43,560 ft2 5 4046.9 m2
1 tonne 5 1000 kg 1 hectare (ha) 5 10,000 m2
1 U.S. ounce 5 0.02835 kg
Velocity Acceleration
1 ft/s 5 0.3048 m/s 1 ft/s 5 0.3048 m/s2
2
820
Conversion Factors 821
Pressure Force
2
1 lbf/ft 5 47.88 Pa 1 lbf 5 4.448222 N 5 16 oz
1 lbf/in2 5 144 lbf/ft2 5 6895 Pa 1 kgf 5 2.2046 lbf 5 9.80665 N
1 atm 5 2116.2 lbf/ft2 5 14.696 lbf/in2 5 1 U.S. (short) ton 5 2000 lbf
101,325 Pa 1 dyne 5 1.0 E25 N
1 inHg (at 208C) 5 3375 Pa 1 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz) 5 0.27801 N
1 bar 5 1.0 E5 Pa 1 poundal 5 0.13826 N
1 torr 5 (1/760)atm 5 133.32 Pa 5 2.7845 lbf/ft2
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm.pies/s2
Energy Power
1 ft ? lbf 5 1.35582 J 1 hp 5 550 ft ? lbf/s 5 745.7 W
1 Btu 5 252 cal 5 1055.056 J 5 778.17 ft ? lbf 1 ft ? lbf/s 5 1.3558 W
1 kilowatt hour (kWh) 5 3.6 E6 J
1 calorie 5 4.1868 J
1 therm 5 1 E5 Btu 5 1.0551 E8 J
*Although the absolute (Kelvin) and Celsius temperature scales have different starting points, the intervals are the same
size: 1 kelvin 5 1 Celsius degree. The same holds true for the nonmetric absolute (Rankine) and Fahrenheit scales:
1Rankine degree 5 1 Fahrenheit degree. It is customary to express temperature differences in absolute temperature units.
Appendix A
Physical Properties of
Fluids
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Castor oil
SAE 10 oil
0.1
0.06
Glycerin
0.04
0.03 SAE 30 oil
Crude oil (SG 0.86)
0.02
0.01
6
Absolute viscosity , N s / m2
4
Kerosene
3
Aniline
2
Carb Mercury
on t
1 10 3 etra
chlo
ride
6
4 Ethyl alcohol
3 Benzene Water
2 Gasoline (SG 0.68)
1 10 4
6
4
3 Helium
2
Carbon dioxide
Air
1 10 5
Hydrogen
5
Fig. A.1 Absolute viscosity of 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
common fluids at 1 atm. Temperature, C
808
Physical Properties of Fluids 809
1 10 3
8
6
4 Glycerin
3
Helium
2 SAE 10 oil
Hydrogen
1 10 4
8
6
SAE 30 oil
4
Kinematic viscosity , m2 / s
3 Air and oxygen
2
Carbon dioxide
1 10 5
8
6
Crude oil (SG 0.86)
4
3
2
Kerosene
Benzene
1 10 6
8 Ethyl alcohol
6
4 Water
3
Gasoline (SG 0.68) Carbon
2 tetrachloride
Mercury
1 10 7
Fig. A.2 Kinematic viscosity of 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
common fluids at 1 atm. Temperature, C
810 Appendix A
293 K
< exp c C a 2 1b d
20C TK
*The power-law curve fit, Eq. (1.27), /293K < (T/293)n, fits these gases to within 64 percent in the range 250 # T #
1000 K. The temperature must be in kelvins.
904 Tablas de propiedades, figuras y diagramas (unidades SI)
- - - - - -
TABLA A-1
Masa molar, constante de as ro iedades del unto crtico
Propiedades del punto crtico
Constante - -- -
Masa molar, de gas, Temperatura, Presi n, Volumen,
Sustancia Frmula M kg/kmol R kJ/kg K* K MPa m3/kmol
Agua H20 18.015 0.46 15 647.1 22.06 0.0560
Ai re 28.97 0.2870 132.5 3.77 0.0883
Alcohol etl ico C2H5 0H 46.07 0.1805 516 6.38 0.1673
Alcohol metl ico CH 30H 32.042 0.2595 513.2 7.95 0.1180
Amon iaco NH 3 17.03 0.4882 405.5 11.28 0.0724
Argn Ar 39.948 0.2081 151 4.86 0.0749
Benceno C5H5 78 .115 0. 1064 562 4.92 0.2603
Brom o Br2 159.808 0.0520 584 10.34 0.1355
n-Butano C4Ho 58. 124 0.1430 425.2 3.80 0.2547
Cloro Cl2 70.906 0.1173 417 7.71 0.1242
Cloroformo CHCl 3 119.38 0.06964 536.6 5.47 0.2403
Cloruro metlico CH 3CI 50.488 0. 1647 416.3 6.68 0.1430
Criptn Kr 83 .80 0.09921 209.4 5.50 0.0924
Diclorodifl uorometano (R- 12) CC l2 F2 120.91 0.06876 384.7 4.01 0.2 179
Diclorotluorometano (R -21) CHCl 2 F 102.92 0 .08078 451 .7 5.1 7 0.1973
Dixido de carbono C0 2 44.0 1 0.1889 304.2 7.39 0.0943
Dixido de sulfuro S0 2 64.063 0.1298 430.7 7.88 0.12 17
Etano C2H5 30.070 0.27 65 305.5 4.48 0.1480
Etileno C2H4 28.054 0.2964 282.4 5.12 0.1242
Helio He 4.003 2.0769 5.3 0.23 0.0578
n-Hexano C5H14 86.179 0.09647 507.9 3.03 0.3677
Hidrgeno (normal) H2 2.016 4.1240 33.3 1.30 0.0649
Meta no CH 4 16.043 0.5182 19 1. 1 4.64 0.0993
Monxido de carbono co 28.011 0.2968 133 3.50 0.0930
Nen Ne 20.183 0 .4119 44.5 2.73 0.0417
Nitrgeno N2 28.013 0.2968 126.2 3.39 0.0899
xido nitroso N20 44.013 0.1889 309.7 7.27 0.0961
Oxgeno 02 31.999 0.2598 154.8 5.08 0.0780
Propa no C3Ha 44.097 0. 1885 370 4.26 0.1998
Propileno C3H 6 42.081 0.1 976 365 4.62 0.1810
Tetracloru ro de carbono CCl4 153.82 0. 05405 556. 4 4.56 0.2759
Tetrafluoroetano (R- 134a) CF3 CH2 F 102.03 0.08 149 374.2 4.059 0.1993
Triclorof l uorometano (R-11) CC1 3 F 137.37 0.06052 471. 2 4.38 0.2478
Xenn Xe 131.30 0.06332 289.8 5.88 0.1186
* La unidad en kJ/kg . K es equivalente a kPa m 3/kg . K. La cons ante de gas se calc ula de R = R,,!M, donde R.= 8 .31447 kJ/kmol K y M es la masa
molar.
Fuente: K. A. Kobe y R. E.. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Rev1ew 52 (l 953), pp. 117-236: y ASHRAE. Handbook of Fundamentals (Al/an ta, GA: Sociedad America na
de Ingen ieros de Calefaccin, Refri geracin y Acondicionamient o de Aire, /ne ., 1993), pp. 16.4 y 36.1.
Apndice 1 905
TABLA A-2
Calores eseecficos de is ideal de varios gases com unes
a) A 300 K
Constante de gas, R cP Cv
Gas Frmula kJ/kg K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K k
Aire 0.2870 1.005 0.718 1.400
Argn Ar 0.2081 0.5203 0.3122 1.667
Butano C4H10 0.1433 1.7164 1.5734 1.091
Dixido de carbono C0 2 0.1889 0 .846 0.657 1.289
Etano C2He 0.2765 1.7662 1.4897 1.186
Eti leno C2H4 0.2964 1.5482 1.2518 1.237
Helio He 2.0769 5.1926 3.1156 1.667
Hidrgeno H2 4 .1 240 14.307 10.183 1.405
Metano CH 4 0. 5182 2.2537 l. 7354 1.299
Monxi do de carbono co 0.2968 1.040 0.744 1.400
Nen Ne 0.4119 1.0299 0.6179 1.667
Nitrgeno N2 0.2968 1.039 0.743 1.400
Octano CaH1s 0.0729 1.7113 1.6385 1.044
Oxgeno 02 0.2598 0.918 0.658 1.395
Propano C3 H8 0.1885 1.6794 1.4909 1.126
Vapor H20 0.4615 1.8723 1.4108 1.327
---
TABLA A-1E
Masa molar, constante de gas y propiedades del punto crt ico
Constante de gas, R Propiedades del punto crtico
Masa
molar, M Btu/ psia ft 3/ Tem peratu ra, Presin, Vo lumen,
Sustanc ia Frm ula lbmilbmol lbm R* lbm R* R psia ft 3/l bmol
Agua H2 0 18.015 0 .1102 0 .5956 1164.8 3200 0.90
Aire 28.97 0 .06855 0.3704 238.5 547 1.41
Alcohol etlico C2H50 H 46.07 0 .043 11 0.2329 929.0 9 26 2.68
Alcohol metl ico CH 30H 32 .042 0.06198 0.3349 923.7 1154 1.89
Amoniaco NH3 17 .03 0.1166 0 .630 1 729.8 1636 1.16
Argn Ar 39.948 0.04971 0 .2686 272 705 1.20
Benceno C5H5 78.115 0.02542 0 .1374 10 12 714 4.17
Bromo Br2 159.808 0.01243 0 .067 14 1052 1500 2.17
n-Butano C.: H10 58.124 0.03417 0.1 846 765 .2 55 1 4.08
Cloro Cl2 70.906 0.02801 0. 15 17 751 1120 1.99
Cloroformo CHCl3 119.38 0 .01664 0 .08988 965.8 794 3.85
Cloruro metl ico CH3CI 50.488 0.03934 0 .2125 749.3 968 2.29
Cri ptn Kr 83.80 0.02370 0 .1280 376.9 798 1.48
Diclorod ifluorometano (R- 12) CC1 2F2 120.91 0 .01643 0.08874 692.4 582 3.49
Di clorofluorometano (R-21) CHCl 2 F 102.92 0.0 1930 0 .1043 813.0 749 3.16
Dixido de carbono C0 2 44.01 0.04 513 0 .2438 547.5 1071 1.51
Dixido de sulfuro S0 2 64.063 0. 03 100 1.1 67 5 77 5.2 1143 1.95
Etano C2H6 30.020 0.066 16 0.3574 549.8 708 2.37
Eti leno C2H4 28.054 0.07079 0.3825 508.3 742 1.99
Helio He 4.003 0.4961 2.6809 9.5 33 .2 0.926
n-Hexano C6H1 4 86.178 0.02305 0. 1245 9 14.2 439 5.89
Hidrgeno (norma l) H2 2.0 16 0.9851 5.3224 59.9 188. l 1.04
Metano CH 4 16.043 0 .1238 0.6688 343.9 673 1. 59
Monxido de carbono co 28.011 0 .07090 0 .3831 240 507 1.49
Nen Ne 20.183 0.09840 0.53 16 80.1 395 0.668
Nitrgeno N2 28.0 13 0 .07090 0.3830 227.1 492 1.44
xi do nitroso N2 0 44.0 13 0 .0451 2 0.2438 557.4 1054 1.54
Oxgeno 02 31.999 0 .06206 0 .3353 278.6 736 1.25
Propano C3Hs 44.097 0.04504 0 .2433 665.9 617 3.20
Prop ileno C3H6 42 .081 0.047 19 0 .2550 656.9 670 2.90
Tet racloruro de carbono CC l4 153 .82 0.01291 0 .06976 1001.5 661 4.42
Tet rafluoroetano (R-1 34a) CF 3CH2 F 102.03 0.0 1946 0.1052 673.6 588.7 3.19
Tric lorofl uorometano (R- 11) CCl 3 F 137.37 0.0 1446 0 .078 11 848.1 635 3.97
Xenn Xe 13 1.30 0.01513 0.08172 521.55 852 1.90
*Calcu lada de R = RJM, donde R. = 1.98 588 Btu/lbmol R = 10.731 6 psia pie3/lbmol R y Mes la masa molar.
Fuente: K. A. Kobe y R. E. Ly n. Jr., Chemical Revew 52. 1953, pp. 117-236; y ASHRAE (Sociedad Ameri cana de Ingenieros de Calefaccin. Refrigeracin y
Acondic ionamiento de Aire), Handbook of Fundamentals, Allan ta , Georgia, American Soc iety of Heat1ng, Refrigeration and A1r-Conditioning Engineers. lnc.,
1993. pp. 16.4 y 36.1.
Apndice 2 955
TABLA A-2E
Calores especficos de gas ideal de varios gases comunes
a) A 80F
Constante de gas, R c. c.
Gas Frmula Btu/lbm R "
Btu/l bm R R- -- - k
Btu/lbm--
- - ---
Aire 0.06855 0 .240 0 .171 1.400
Argn Ar 0.04971 0.1253 0.0756 1.667
Buta no C4 H 1 0.03424 0.415 0.381 1.09
Dixido de carbono C0 2 0 .04513 0.203 0. 158 1.285
Etano C2 H6 0.06616 0.427 0.361 1.183
Et1 leno C7H4 0.07079 0.411 0.340 1.208
Helio He 0.4961 1.25 0 .753 1.667
Hidrgeno H2 0.9851 3.43 2.44 1.404
Meta no CH 4 0.1238 0.532 0.403 1.32
Monxido de carbono co 0.07090 0. 249 0.178 1.399
Nen Ne 0.09840 0. 246 0.1477 1.667
Nitrgeno Nz 0.07090 0.248 0. 177 1.400
Octano CRH1s 0.01742 0.409 0 .392 1.044
Oxgeno 02 0.06206 0.219 0. 157 1.395
Propano C3Ha 0.04504 0.407 0.362 1. 124
Vapor H?O 0 .1102 0.445 0 .335 1.329
Fuente: Gordon J. Van Wylen y Richard E. Sonn ag. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodyoamics, versin ingl~Si S I. 3a . ed ., Nueva York . Joh n Wiley &
Sons, 1986. p. 687 . Tabla A.SE .
812 Appendix A
Table B.1
Ma p/p0 /0 T/T0 A/A* Ma p/p0 /0 T/T0 A/A*
Isentropic Flow
ofa Perfect Gas, 0.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2.10 0.1094 0.2058 0.5313 1.8369
k51.4 0.10 0.9930 0.9950 0.9980 5.8218 2.20 0.0935 0.1841 0.5081 2.0050
0.20 0.9725 0.9803 0.9921 2.9635 2.30 0.0800 0.1646 0.4859 2.1931
0.30 0.9395 0.9564 0.9823 2.0351 2.40 0.0684 0.1472 0.4647 2.4031
0.40 0.8956 0.9243 0.9690 1.5901 2.50 0.0585 0.1317 0.4444 2.6367
0.50 0.8430 0.8852 0.9524 1.3398 2.60 0.0501 0.1179 0.4252 2.8960
0.60 0.7840 0.8405 0.9328 1.1882 2.70 0.0430 0.1056 0.4068 3.1830
0.70 0.7209 0.7916 0.9107 1.0944 2.80 0.0368 0.0946 0.3894 3.5001
0.80 0.6560 0.7400 0.8865 1.0382 2.90 0.0317 0.0849 0.3729 3.8498
0.90 0.5913 0.6870 0.8606 1.0089 3.00 0.0272 0.0762 0.3571 4.2346
1.00 0.5283 0.6339 0.8333 1.0000 3.10 0.0234 0.0685 0.3422 4.6573
1.10 0.4684 0.5817 0.8052 1.0079 3.20 0.0202 0.0617 0.3281 5.1210
1.20 0.4124 0.5311 0.7764 1.0304 3.30 0.0175 0.0555 0.3147 5.6286
1.30 0.3609 0.4829 0.7474 1.0663 3.40 0.0151 0.0501 0.3019 6.1837
1.40 0.3142 0.4374 0.7184 1.1149 3.50 0.0131 0.0452 0.2899 6.7896
1.50 0.2724 0.3950 0.6897 1.1762 3.60 0.0114 0.0409 0.2784 7.4501
1.60 0.2353 0.3557 0.6614 1.2502 3.70 0.0099 0.0370 0.2675 8.1691
1.70 0.2026 0.3197 0.6337 1.3376 3.80 0.0086 0.0335 0.2572 8.9506
1.80 0.1740 0.2868 0.6068 1.4390 3.90 0.0075 0.0304 0.2474 9.7990
1.90 0.1492 0.2570 0.5807 1.5553 4.00 0.0066 0.0277 0.2381 10.7188
2.00 0.1278 0.2300 0.5556 1.6875
813
814 Appendix B