CE 322

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE
BODIES
Kristine May Maturan, CE
Cor Jesu College, Inc.

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 MODULE 1
TENSION, COMPRESSION, AND SHEAR

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NORMAL STRESS

o When the bar is stretched by the forces P,

the stresses are tensile stresses;
o If the bar is compressed, we obtain
compressive stresses.
o In as much as the stresses act in a direction
perpendicular to the cut surface, they are
called normal stresses. Thus, normal
stresses may be either tensile or Prismatic bar in tension:
compressive. (a) FBD of a bar segment

= (N/m2, lb/in2) (b) segment of the bar before

Sign convention: (+) tensile stress loading,
() compressive stress (c) segment of the bar after
loading, and
(d) normal stresses in the bar
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NORMAL STRAIN

o Strain, denoted by Greek letter , is the

elongation per unit length.

= (unit less)

o If the bar is in tension, the strain is called a

tensile strain, representing an elongation or
stretching of the material.
o If the bar is in compression, the strain is a Prismatic bar in tension:
compressive strain and the bar shortens. (a) FBD of a bar segment
(b) segment of the bar before
loading, and
(c) segment of the bar after
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

A short post constructed from a hollow

circular tube of aluminum supports a
compressive load of 26 kips. The inner and
outer diameters of the tube are d1 = 4.0 in.
and d2 = 4.5 in., respectively, and its length
is 16 in. The shortening of the post due to
the load is measured as 0.012 in.
Determine the compressive stress and
strain in the post. (Disregard the weight of
the post itself, and assume that the post
does not buckle under the load.)

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SOLUTION

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FIG. Tensile-test machine with automatic
data-processing system. (Courtesy of MTS
Systems Corporation) AY 2016 -2017 7
FIG. Rock sample being tested in
compression to obtain
compressive strength, elastic
modulus and Poissons ratio
(Courtesy of MTS Systems
Corporation)

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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS

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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS

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 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)

where:
k = E (Youngs Modulus of Elasticity)
Thus, E
ELASTIC LIMIT
It is the limit beyond which the material will no
longer go back to its original shape when the
load is removed, or it is the maximum stress
that may be developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the
load is entirely removed.

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 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is
called the elastic range. The region from P to R is
called the plastic range.
YIELD POINT
Yield point is the point at which the material will
have an appreciable elongation or yielding without
any increase in load.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram
is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
RAPTURE STRENGTH
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at
rupture. This is also known as the breaking
strength. AY 2016 -2017 12
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
It is the work done on a unit volume of material as the
force is gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/m3. This
may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain
curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the
shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the material
is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS
It is the work done on a unit volume of material as the
force is gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/m3. This
may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-
strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is
its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break.

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HOOKES LAW AND
POISSONS RATIO
o The linear relationship
between stress and strain for a
bar in simple tension or
compression is expressed by
the equation
= Hookes Law
Where:
= axial (normal) stress
E = constant of proportionality
known as modulus of
elasticity (often called as
Youngs modulus)
= axial strain

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HOOKES LAW AND
POISSONS RATIO

Axial elongation and lateral contraction of a

prismatic bar in tension: (a) bar before
loading, and (b) bar after loading. (The
deformations of the bar are highly
exaggerated.)

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 HOOKES LAW AND
POISSONS RATIO
o The lateral strain at any point
in a bar is proportional to the
axial strain at that same point if
the material is linearly elastic.
o The ratio of these strains is a
property of the material known
as Poissons ratio, (read as nu).

= =
Axial elongation and lateral contraction of a
prismatic bar in tension: (a) bar before
loading, and (b) bar after loading. (The The minus sign is inserted in the
deformations of the bar are highly equation to compensate for the fact
exaggerated.) that the lateral and axial strains
normally have opposite signs.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

o A steel pipe of length L = 4.0 ft, outside diameter d2 = 6.0 in., and
inside diameter d1 = 4.5 in. is compressed by an axial force P = 140 k.
The material has modulus of elasticity E = 30,000 ksi and Poissons
ratio = 0.30. Determine the following quantities for the pipe:
(a) the shortening ,
(b) the lateral strain ,
(c) the increase d2 in the outer diameter and the increase d1 in the
inner diameter, and
(d) the increase t in the wall thickness.

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SOLUTION

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

A high-strength steel bar used in a large crane has diameter d =2.00 in as

shown. The steel has modulus of elasticity E =29 x106 psi and Poissons
ratio =0.29. Because of clearance requirements, the diameter of the
bar is limited to 2.001 in. when it is compressed by axial forces. What is
the largest compressive load Pmax that is permitted?

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SHEAR STRESSES

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SHEAR STRESSES

Definition: Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the

resisting area.

1. Single Shear
There is only one (1) plane of shear and the shear force is equal to
the total load transmitted.
2. Double Shear
There two (2) planes of shear and the shear forces is equal to one-
half of the total load transmitted.
3. Bearing Stress
Is developed when two separate bodies press against each other.
The bearing area is defined as the projected area of the bearing
surface.

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 SHEAR STRESSES

Figure. Bolted connection in which the bolt is loaded in double shear

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 SHEAR STRESSES

Figure. Bolted connection

in which the bolt is loaded
in single shear

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NORMAL STRESS

The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force

P

A

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SHEARING STRESS

Forces are parallel to the area resisting the force

P

A

P

2A
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BEARING STRESS

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies.

Pb
b
Ab

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

A punch for making holes in steel plates is shown in the figure. Assume
that a punch having diameter d = 20 mm is used to punch a hole in an 8-
mm plate, as shown in the cross-sectional view. If a force P = 110 kN is
required to create the hole, what is the average shear stress in the plate
and the average compressive stress in the punch?

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A steel strut S serving as a brace for a boat hoist
transmits a compressive force P = 12 k to the deck
of a pier (Fig. a). The strut has a hollow square
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
cross section with wall thickness t = 0.375 in. (Fig.
b), and the angle between the strut and the
horizontal is 40. A pin through the strut transmits
the compressive force from the strut to two
gussets G that are welded to the base plate B. Four
anchor bolts fasten the base plate to the deck. The
diameter of the pin is dpin = 0.75 in., the thickness
of the gussets is tG = 0.625 in., the thickness of the
base plate is tB = 0.375 in., and the diameter of the
anchor bolts is dbolt = 0.50 in.
Determine the following stresses: (a) the bearing
stress between the strut, S and the pin, (b) the
shear stress in the pin, (c) the bearing stress
between the pin and the gussets, (d) the bearing
stress between the anchor bolts and the base
plate, and (e) the shear stress in the anchor bolts.
(Disregard any friction between the base plate and
the deck.)

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I. SIMPLE STRAIN ||WORKING
STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND
FACTOR OF SAFETY
o Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a
given loading. The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is
termed as the allowable stress.
o The allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the
proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to
determine accurately, the allowable tress is taken as either the yield
point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety.
o The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable
strength is called the factor of safety.

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