Ain Shams University Microoptics

Faculty of Engineering Post Graduate

Communication Systems Fall 2016
Engineering

Exercise 4
Problem 1
A He-Ne laser source is emitting a Gaussian laser beam of 3 mW power at the wavelength 620
nm.
a) If the beam divergence angle is measured to be 4x10-4 rad, what is the beam waist?
b) How many photons are emitted from the source in one minute?

Problem 2
A He-Ne laser source is emitting a Gaussian laser beam at the wavelength 620 nm. To measure
the beam waist and its divergence angle, the optical intensity at the output of the laser source is
measured at the center of the beam (the beam axe at r = 0) at different positions from the source,
where the position is measured from the edge of the laser tube. The following readings have been
obtained:
Position (m) 1 2 3 5 7 9
Intensity (W/cm )
2
0.97 1 0.97 0.73 0.5 0.33

From the above readings find:

a) The minimum beam waist.
b) The beam divergence angle.
c) The position of the beam waist.

Problem 3
The light from a Nd:YAG laser at wavelength 1060 nm is a Gaussian beam of 1 W optical power
and beam divergence 2 = 1 mrad. Determine the beam waist radius, the depth of focus, the
maximum intensity, and the intensity on the beam axis at a distance z = 100 cm from the beam
waist.

Problem 4
A Gaussian beam of wavelength 10.6 m (emitted by a CO2 laser) has widths w1 = 1.699 mm and
w2 = 3.38 mm at two points separated by a distance d = 10 cm. Determine the location of the
waist and the waist radius.

Problem 5
To calculate the insertion loss between two fibers, the Gaussian
model could be used. For this purpose the single mode fiber could be
approximated by a Gaussian beam with a diameter 2wo and a beam
waist located at the fiber end. Use this approximation and the
overlap integral to calculate the losses between two fibers due to
a) Lateral misalignment d
b) Longitudinal misalignment L
c) Angular misalignment
Problem 6
A Gaussian beam is incident from air (n = 1) into a medium with a planar boundary and refractive
index n = 1.5. The beam axis is normal to the boundary and the beam waist lies at the boundary.
Sketch the transmitted beam. If the angular divergence of the beam in air is 1 mrad, what is the
angular divergence in the medium?

Problem 7
A positive lens of focal length f is placed at a distance d from the waist of a Gaussian beam of
waist spot size wo.
a) Derive an expression of the focal length (in terms of w0 and d) required so that the beam
leaving the lens has a plane wavefront.
b) Find the distance from the waist for which the shortest focal length lens is required to
collimate the beam.

Problem 8
The figure below shows the layout of a 2x2 optical switch designed to work at the wavelength
of 1550 nm. The switch consists of 4 identical lensed fibers. In the bar state of the switch the
light from fiber 1 goes to fiber 2 and from fiber 3 to fiber 4. The separation between fibers in
this state is 100 microns and the fiber used are lensed fibers selected such that the insertion
loss in this state is minimum (theoretically zero). The Cross stat is achieved by moving a
mirror between the fibers on the axis shown in figure. The mirror has a thickness of 10
microns and its central axis makes an angle of 45o with the fiber axis as shown in Figure.
Calculate:
1- The spot size of the lensed fiber to satisfy the required working distance.
2- The insertion loss of the cross state due to the finite mirror thickness.
3- To reduce the switch insertion loss, the optimized layout of Fig. 3-b is suggested with
an introduced shift in the fiber positions by a displacement (up for fiber 1 and to the
left for fiber 4). What is the optimum value of and what will be the insertion loss of
the switch (cross and bar states) in this case?

3 3
Mirror Mirror
m
axe axe
100
1
1 m 2 2

mirror 4 mirror 4

a- Symmetric layout b- Optimized layout