RAMConcept V8iSS7 Advanced TRN016350 1 0002

RAM Concept Advanced
RAM Concept V8i (SELECTseries 7)
Bentley Institute Course Guide
TRN016350-1/0002
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RAM Concept Advanced 2 Mar-13

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Table of Contents
Course Overview ____________________________________ 7

Course Description ____________________________________7
Target Audience_______________________________________7
Course Objectives _____________________________________7
Course Prerequisites ___________________________________8
Software Prerequisites _________________________________8
Course Modules_______________________________________8
Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs __________________ 9

Module Overview _____________________________________9
Module Prerequisites __________________________________9
Module Objectives_____________________________________9
Getting Started _______________________________________10
Pour Strips ________________________________________10
Design Strips _________________________________________12
Edit Spans Manually ________________________________19
Punching Shear _______________________________________21
Regenerate the Mesh __________________________________23
Modeling Post-Tensioned Tendons _____________________ 25

Module Overview _____________________________________25
Post-Tensioned Tendons ________________________________26
Tendon Parameters Layer____________________________27
Generated Tendon Layer ____________________________42
Manual Tendon Layer _______________________________44
Re-Generate the Mesh _________________________________52
Strip Wizard __________________________________________53
Post Tensioned Concrete Slab Design ___________________ 61

Module Overview _____________________________________61
Performing the Calculation ______________________________62
Mar-13 3 RAM Concept Fundamentals

Table of Contents
Troubleshooting Errors and Warnings __________________65

Reviewing the Results __________________________________67
Design Status______________________________________67
Rule Set Design ____________________________________69
Balance Loading ___________________________________71
Precompression Plans _______________________________72
Hyperstatic Reactions _______________________________74
Tendon Forces_____________________________________75
Using the Auditor______________________________________77
Load History Analysis ________________________________ 81

Module Overview _____________________________________81
Load History Deflection Calculations_______________________82
Load History Criteria ___________________________________82
Load History / ECR Options ______________________________83
Performing a Load History Analysis________________________85
Vibration Analysis ___________________________________ 89

Module Overview _____________________________________89
Structural Mass _______________________________________90
Vibration Calculation Options ____________________________90
Basic Options______________________________________91
Footfall Analysis Response Parameters _________________92
Response Type ____________________________________93
Resonant Response Options __________________________94
Excitation Nodes and Response Nodes__________________95
Performing a Vibration Analysis __________________________96
Vibration Frequency Table ___________________________97
Vibration Analysis Contour Plots ______________________98
Mode Shape Perspective Plans________________________101
Integration with RAM Structural System _________________ 103

Module Overview _____________________________________103
Modeling in RAM Structural System _______________________104
Model Criteria _____________________________________104
Model Geometry___________________________________106
Model Loading_____________________________________111
RAM Concept Fundamentals 4 Mar-13

Table of Contents
Integration with RAM Concept ___________________________118

Concrete Elements _________________________________119
Loading __________________________________________120
Update Options ____________________________________121
Updating the Reactions in RAM Structural System____________130
Integration with ISM _________________________________ 133

Module Overview _____________________________________133
Introduction to ISM ____________________________________134
Support Members __________________________________134
Section Shapes ____________________________________134
Slabs and Openings _________________________________135
ISM Load Cases and Loads ___________________________136
Creating a Repository _______________________________136
New From Repository __________________________________141
Updating a Repository __________________________________145
Update from a Repository _______________________________148
Course Summary ____________________________________ 151

Course Summary ______________________________________151
Appendix 1 - Direct Integration with RAM Structural System 153

Module Overview _____________________________________153
Modeling in RAM Structural System _______________________154
Model Criteria _____________________________________154
Model Geometry___________________________________156
Model Loading_____________________________________161
Importing from RAM Structural System ____________________168
Exporting Reactions to RAM Structural System ______________184
Exporting Geometry to RAM Structural System ______________187
Appendix 2 - Direct Integration with STAAD.Pro __________ 193

Module Overview _____________________________________193
Modeling in STAAD.Pro _________________________________194
Model Geometry___________________________________195
Self-Weight _______________________________________199
STAAD.Pro Advanced Slab Designer _______________________200
Self-Equilibrium Analysis ________________________________206
Mar-13 5 RAM Concept Fundamentals

Table of Contents
RAM Concept Advanced Assessment ____________________ 211

Questions ________________________________________211
Answers __________________________________________213
RAM Concept Fundamentals 6 Mar-13

Course Overview
Course Description
In this course, you will learn how to design post-tensioned concrete elevated slabs
in RAM Concept, perform a load history analysis and a vibration analysis, and
integrate a RAM Concept model with RAM Structural System, STAAD.Pro, and
ISM.
Target Audience
This course is recommended for the following audience(s):
Structural Engineers
Course Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able to:
Model and design a post-tensioned concrete slab in RAM Concept.
Perform a load history analysis in RAM Concept.
Perform a vibration analysis in RAM Concept.
Integrate model information between RAM Structural System and RAM
Concept.
Integrate model information between ISM and RAM Concept.
Integrate model information between STAAD.Pro and RAM Concept.
Mar-13 7 Course Overview

Course Prerequisites
Course Prerequisites
A basic understanding of Structural Engineering Principles
Fundamental knowledge of RAM Concept
Fundamental knowledge of RAM Structural System, STAAD.Pro, and ISM is
recommended
Software Prerequisites
This manual was created using the following software versions:
RAM Concept V8i (SELECTseries 7), Release 5.0.1, Oct 11, 2012 Build
RAM Structural System V8i (SELECTseries 5), Release 14.05.02.00
STAAD.Pro V8i (SELECTseries 3), Release 20.07.08.22
Structural Synchronizer V8i (SELECTseries 4), Release 08.11.09.130
Note: Later versions of RAM Concept may be used with this training manual, but you
may encounter slight differences in the user interface and/or exercises. This
training manual is not applicable to RAM Concept V8i (SELECTseries 4) or
earlier.
Course Modules
The following course modules are included in this training course:
Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs
Modeling Post-Tensioned Tendons
Post-Tensioned Concrete Slab Design
Load History Analysis
Vibration Analysis
Integration with RAM Structural System
Integration with ISM
Course Overview 8 Mar-13

Design Strips for Post-
Tensioned Slabs
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to generate and edit design spans, design
strips, and punching shear checks for a post-tensions concrete slab.
Module Prerequisites
Working knowledge of basic structural engineering principles
Fundamental knowledge of modeling principles in RAM Concept, including
modeling elements and generating mesh
Fundamental knowledge of generating design strips and punching shear
checks for reinforced concrete slabs
Module Objectives
After completing this module, you will be able to:
Specify span segment properties
Generate span segments and design strips automatically
Edit the span segments manually using the General and Layer Specific tools
Apply punching shear checks at column locations
Mar-13 9 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

Getting Started
Getting Started
For this course, we will be designing the following post-tensioned elevated slab in
RAM Concept:
Slab Depressions: Main Slab and Pour Strip:
Thickness: 6 inches {150 mm} Thickness: 8 inches {200 mm}
Surface Elevation: -2 inches {-50 mm} Surface Elevation: 0
Concrete Beams:
Thickness: 16 inches {400 mm}
Surface Elevation: 0
Loading:
Live (Reducible) Load: Area Load = 40 psf {2 kN/m2} Main Slab Only
Live (Unreducible) Load: Area Load = 100 psf {5 kN/m2} Slab Depressions Only
Pour Strips
Shrinkage, creep, and precompression due to post-tensioning cause axial
deformations. In the sample elevated slab, a pour strip has been modeled
between grid lines 5 and 6. Pour strips allow portions of the structure to undergo
partial (smaller) deformations, thus reducing the restraint forces. In addition,
pour strips can be used as stressing access where the slab is adjacent to an
existing building.
Note: Pour strips are typically located in a slab at the quarter span or the mid-span.
The pour strip width is typically 3'-0 {1 meter} for #5 bars or smaller. For bars
larger than #5, the pour strip width should be adjusted to account for the
additional required lap length.
Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 10 Mar-13

Getting Started
Modeling Pour Strips
RAM Concept has implemented orthotropic properties for slabs and beams. This
allows you to model one-way slabs, twist-free slabs, and torsion-free beams. The
Slab Area Properties dialog has two categories: general and behavior. The
Behavior tab allows you to specify how the slab or beam element behaves:
R-Axis: Defines an orientation for the slab. For a two-way slab, with identical
properties in all directions, the R-Axis is irrelevant. The R-Axis (the
counterclockwise angle from 3 o'clock) defines the span direction.
Behavior: Defines the slabs behavior as one of the following types:
Two-Way Slab: The slab is isotropic and behaves in the same manner in
all directions.
One-Way Slab: The slab has normal bending stiffness along the R-axis
and about the S-axis (Ms). The slab has only minimal bending stiffness
in the perpendicular direction (Mr).
No-Torsion 2-Way Slab: The slab behaves like a two-way slab, except
that it has only minimal torsional stiffness (Mrs).
Custom: All of the stiffnesses can be specified. This option can be used
to release the axial stiffness at the pour strip.
Note: For this model, a pour strip has been modeled at the quarter point
between grid lines 5 and 6. The following custom slab behavior
properties have been defined for the pour strip slab:
KMr: 1 KMs: 1 KMrs: 1

KFr: 0.001 KFs: 1 KVrs: 1

Design Strips
Design Strips
In RAM Concept, design strips and design sections are used to link finite element
analysis with concrete code rules and concrete design. RAM Concept uses the
span segment properties to determine the following:
Design Method
Design Strip Width and Cross Section Geometry
Appropriate Code Design Rules
Reinforcement
Live Load Reduction
In RAM Concept, design spans may be generated automatically or manually. In

most cases it would be convenient to generate design spans automatically, review
the results, and then manually edit the spans as necessary.
Hint: In the Standard toolbar, use the Generate Spans and the Generate Strips icons
to generate the design strips automatically.
Exercise: Generate the Span Segments in the Latitude Direction

1 Open PTDataset1.cpt in RAM Concept.
2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Strip > Latitude Design Spans
Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Span Segment icon.
4 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the General tab and enter the
following parameters:
Span Set: Latitude
Environment: Class U (corrosive)
Consider Net Axial Force in Strength Design: (checked)
Consider as Post-Tensioned: (checked)
Don't Reduce integrated M and V due to sign change: (checked)

Design Strips
Note: See the following notes for a description of the parameters above:
Span Set: These parameters will apply to the span segments in
the Latitude Direction. When we are ready to specify the
Longitude Design Strips, we will review and modify the
parameters in the Default Span Properties dialog as required.
Environment: This property is used to determine the class of
post-tensioned members. For the two-way slab, we have
selected Class U.
Consider Net Axial Force in Strength Design: It is generally
recommended to consider axial forces in strength design. For
sections with net axial compression, this will tend to reduce the
reinforcement demand. For sections with net axial tension, this
will typically increase the reinforcement demand.
Consider as Post-Tensioned: For this concrete slab, we will
design it as post-tensioned concrete slab.
Dont Reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change: With this
option selected, RAM Concept will perform five integrations of
the cross section forces for every loading and load pattern:
standard integration, maximum moment integration, minimum
moment integration, maximum shear integration, and
minimum shear integration.
5 Select the Strip Generation tab and enter the following parameters:
Span Width Calc: Automatic
Column Strip Width Calc: Full Width
Skew Angle: 0
Min Number of Divisions: 4
Max Division Spacing: 2.5 feet {0.75 meters}
Detect Supports and Edges Automatically: (checked)

Design Strips
Span Width Calc: For this exercise, we will perform an
Automatic generation of the strip widths. Once this process is
completed, we will review the strips generated and manually
edit them as required.
Column Strip Width Calc: The Full Width Column Strip
specification is typical for most two-way post-tensioned
concrete slabs.
Detect Supports and Edges Automatically: For this exercise,
RAM Concept will automatically detect the supports at the end
of each span segment.
6 Select the Column Strip tab and enter the following parameters:
CS Cross Section Trimming: Slab Rectangle
CS Inter Cross Section Slope Limit: 0.25
CS Top Bar: #5 {16M}
CS Bottom Bar: #5 {16M}
CS Shear Bar: #4 {13M}
CS Top Cover: 1.5 inches {40 mm}
CS Bottom Cover: 1.5 inches {40 mm}
CS Legs in Shear Reinforcement: 2
CS Torsion Design: None
CS Design System: Two-Way Slab
CS Span Detailer: Code
CS Code Min Reinforcement Location: Elevated Slab
CS Min Top Reinforcement Ratio: 0
CS Min Bottom Reinforcement Ratio: 0

Design Strips
Cross Section Trimming: This concrete slab does not contain
any beams in the latitude direction, so the slab rectangle
specification is appropriate.
Design System: In the latitude direction, we will design the slab
as a two-way slab.
Span Detailer: The Code span detailing options use the
applicable code rules for continuous and end spans. If we had
selected user defined, the detailing rules would be controlled
by the Detailing Rules Criteria.
Note: Since we had defined the column strip width calc as Full Width, we
will not modify the Middle Strip parameters.
7 Select the Live Load Reduction tab and enter the following parameters:
Max Live Load Reduction: 40%
8 In the Default Span Properties dialog, click OK.
9 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Spans or select the Generate
Spans icon in the Standard toolbar.
10 In the Generate Spans dialog, enter the following parameters:

Spans to Generate: Latitude
Consider Spans in other direction as Supports: (unchecked)
Minimum Span Length: 2 feet {0.75 meters}
Ignore Holes Smaller Than: 1 feet {0.5 meters}
Orientation: X-Axis Orientation
Max Orientation Deviation: 20 degrees
Click OK.

Design Strips
11 In the Span Generation dialog, click OK.
Note: RAM Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce
acceptable span segments and design strips. You will need to review the
generated spans, determine if they are reasonable, and make any
necessary changes.
12 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Strips or select the Generate
Strips icon in the Standard toolbar.
13 In the menu bar, select File > Save. Keep this model open for the next
exercise.

Design Strips
Exercise: Generate Longitude Design Spans and Design Strips

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise.
2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Strip > Longitude Design Spans
Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Span Segment icon.
4 In the Default Span Properties dialog, select the General tab and modify
the following parameter:
Span Set: Longitude
5 Select the Column Strip tab and modify the following parameters:
CS Top Cover: 0.75 inches {20 mm}
CS Bottom Cover: 0.75 inches {20 mm}
Click OK.
6 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Spans or select the Generate
Spans icon in the Standard toolbar.
7 In the Generate Spans dialog, modify the following parameters and then
click OK.
Spans to Generate: Longitude
Orientation: Y-Axis Orientation

Design Strips
exercise.

Design Strips
Edit Spans Manually

In RAM Concept, design spans may be generated automatically or manually. In the
previous section, we generated design spans and design strips automatically.
After the design spans and strips are generated, you should always review the
layout and manual adjust them, as necessary based on the geometry of the slab
system.
Span segment properties can be edited after they are generated. To edit the
properties, select the span segments and then right click and select Selection
Properties from the pop-up menu.
Hint: Use the Selection icon or Selection Filter icon to assist in selection.
The following tools are available to manipulate the design segments:

Manipulate the Design Segments: In the General Tools, use the tools to move,
stretch, rotate, or mirror the span segments.
The Utility tool, located below the Selection tool in the General Tools, is a
multi-purpose tool used for selecting, move, and stretching objects.
Draw Span Segments: In the Layer Specific Tools, use the Design Section, Span
Segment, and Span Segment Polyline tools to manually draw span segments.
Define Span Segment and Strip Widths: In the Layer Specific Tools, use the
Span Boundary Polyline and the Column Strip Boundary Polyline tools to
manually define span segment and strip widths.
Adjust the Span Orientation: In the Layer Specific tools, use the Orient Span
Cross Section tool to modify the span orientation.

Design Strips
Note: In this training, we will not manually modify the design strips in either
direction. Instead, a dataset model has been provided with a suggested
configuration that will produce an acceptable finite element mesh for the
elevated post-tensioned slab.
In the latitude direction, span segments have been added and modified at the
slab depressions and at the pour strip.
In the longitude direction, the span segment properties at the concrete beams
have been modified to correctly reflect the geometry.
Hint: The RAM Concept Fundamentals course contains a complete discussion on

manually editing design strips.

Punching Shear
Punching Shear
RAM Concept can calculate punching failure planes and the punching shear
stresses due to column reactions.
Note: Defining punching shear checks for a post-tensioned slab is similar to a

reinforced concrete slab.
Exercise: Define the Punching Shear Checks

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Punching Shear Check icon.
4 In the Default Punching Shear Check Properties dialog, select the General
tab and enter the following parameters:
Maximum Search Radius: 10 feet {3 meters}
Cover to CGS: 2.125 inches {54 mm}
Angle: 0
Number of Desired Sections per Zone: 4
Edge Treatment: Failure Planes
Connection Type: Auto
SSR System: 3/8 SSR {9.5mm SSR}
Max Slab Overhang Factor: No limit d
Align Punch Check Axis with Rectangular Columns: (checked)
Design SSR is Necessary: (checked)
Align SSR with Punch Check Axis: (checked)
Click OK.

Punching Shear
5 In the Active Window, draw a fence around the entire plan to assign a
punching shear check to all columns.
6 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Calc Options

7 In the Calc Options dialog, enter the following parameter and then click
OK:
Include tendon component in punch check reaction: (checked)
8 In the menu bar, select File > Save.

Regenerate the Mesh
Regenerate the Mesh

Once all of the design strips have been generated and edited, the finite element
mesh can be re-generated. Previously, when we had generated the mesh after the
structure was defined, the mesh appeared somewhat random. At this stage, the
mesh should be re-generated to produce a more refined and orthogonal finite
element model.
Exercise: Regenerate the Mesh

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Element > Standard Plan.
Note: Previously, we generated the mesh after modeling the structure, but
before we modeled the design strips. The generated mesh appeared
somewhat random.
3 In the menu bar, select Process > Generate Mesh or select the Generate
Mesh icon in the Standard toolbar.

Regenerate the Mesh
4 In the Generate Mesh dialog, set the parameters as follows and then click
Generate.
Element Size: 3 feet {1 meters}

Modeling Post-Tensioned
Tendons
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to generate and edit tendons for a post-
tensioned concrete elevated slab in RAM Concept.
checks in RAM Concept
Module Objectives
Utilize the Tendon Parameters, Generated Tendon, and Manual Tendon Layers
to model post-tensioned tendons
Investigate a preliminary tendon layout using the Strip Wizard
Mar-13 25 Modeling Post-Tensioned Tendons

Post-Tensioned Tendons
The RAM Concept Layer menu contains two folders, Latitude Prestressing and
Longitude Prestressing, for modeling post-tensioned tendons in each orthogonal
direction. Each folder contains the following three layers:
Tendon Parameters Layer
Generated Tendon Layer
Manual Tendon Layer
Tendons can be created by specifying objects on the Tendon Parameters Layer,

resulting in generated tendons on the Generated Tendon Layer, or by drawing
individual tendons directly in the Manual Tendon Layer. When the calculation is
performed, all tendons modeled on the generated and manual tendon layers will
be considered.
These tendon generation schemes support a number of workflows to model

tendons, but the most common are as follows:
All tendon definition is done on the Tendon Parameters Layer
Most tendon definition is done on the Tendon Parameters Layer
All tendon definition is done on the Manual Tendon Layer
There is no unique quantity or layout of post-tensioning that provides a

satisfactory PT Design. Since RAM Concept is a three dimensional program with
the possibility of random support locations, it is necessary for you to define the
tendons and tendon properties.
Hint: The RAM Concept Strip Wizard is a useful tool to assist you in determining the
preliminary behavior of a post-tensioned slab or beam system. For additional
information on using the Strip Wizard, refer to the Strip Wizard Section at the
end of this module.
Modeling Post-Tensioned Tendons 26 Mar-13

Tendon Parameters Layer

On the Tendon Parameters Layers, high level objects are defined and used for the
generation of individual tendons. This layer facilitates a production quality
presentation of high level tendon layout information.
Modeling Tendons
The following objects can be modeled on the Tendon Parameters Layer and used
to generate individual tendons:
Banded Tendon Polyline: A polyline representing a specification for the
generation of a group of tendons at a fixed spacing and parallel to the polyline
segments.
Distributed Tendon Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral representing a specification
for the generation of an array of tendons at a specified angle within the shape.
Tendon Void: A polygon shape that represents an area where no tendons are
to be generated. Typical usage might be stressing blockouts or small slab areas
that are too short for tendons to get stressed.
Exercise: Define the Distributed Tendon Properties in the Latitude Direction

1 Continue with the model from the previous module (PTDataset2.cpt).
2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Latitude Prestressing > Latitude Tendon
Parameters > Standard Plan.
3 In the Standard toolbar, select the Visible Objects icon.
4 In the Visible Objects dialog, select the Dwg Import tab and then select
the Grid checkbox. Click OK.
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Distributed Tendon
Quadrilateral icon.

6 In the Default Distributed Tendon Parameter Properties dialog, enter the

Tendon Orientation Angle: 0 degrees
Tendon Specification Type: Strands
Number of Strands: 0.5 / foot {1.5 /meter}
Tendon Spacing: 3 feet {1 meter}
PT System: 1/2 Unbonded {12.7mm Unbonded}
Inflection Point Ratio: 0.2
Note: In RAM Concept, you have the option to specify the number of strands
or effective force. See the following for further explanation on these
two options:
Effective Force: For banded tendon polylines, this value
represents the total effective force to be generated in the
banded group. For distributed tendon quadrilaterals, this
represents the effective force per unit width of slab to generate
in the distributed tendon array.
Number of Strands: For banded tendon polylines, the value
represents the total number of strands to be generated in the
banded group. For distributed tendon quadrilaterals, this
represents the number of strands per unit width of slab to
generate in the distributed tendon array.
Note: The Inflection Point Ratio is the ratio of the distance x, the distance
from end 1 to the point where the tendon curvature changes sign, to
the distance from end 1 to end 2. A common used value is 0.2, which
places the inflection point 10% of the span distance from end 1, if end 2
is at midspan.
x Profile Point at End 1
(high point)
Distance from End 1 to End 2 Profile Point at End 2

(low point)
x
Inflection Point Ratio = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Distance from End 1 to End 2

7 In the Default Distributed Tendon Parameter Properties dialog, click OK.

8 In the Active Window, use your cursor to draw a box around the entire
slab.
9 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Distributed Tendon

Quadrilateral icon.
10 In the Default Distributed Tendon Parameter Properties dialog, modify the

following parameter:
Number of Strands: 0.167 / foot {0.5 / meter}
Click OK.
11 In the Active Window, use your cursor to draw a box at the following
locations:
Between grid lines A and C
Between grid lines F and G

12 In the Layer Specific Tools, click the Tendon Void icon.
13 In the Active Window, use your cursor to draw a rectangle corresponding

to the corners of the pour strip between grid lines 5.1 and 5.2.
Note: Tendon void polygons can be defined in areas where generated tendons
are not desired. For the sample model, the tendons will terminate at
each side of the pour strip and the moment and shears within the pour
strip are resisted solely by reinforced concrete.
exercise.

Exercise: Define the Banded Tendon Properties in the Longitude Direction

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Longitude Prestressing > Longitude
Tendon Parameters > Standard Plan.
Note: For this model, we will define banded tendon polylines along grid lines
4, 5, and 6 on the Tendon Parameters Layer. The remainder of the
banded tendon polylines will be modeled on the Manual Tendon Layer.
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Banded Tendon Polyline
icon.
6 In the Default Banded Tendon Polyline Properties dialog, enter the

Tendon Specification Type: Strands
Number of Strands: 30
Max Strands/Tendon: 20
Layout Type: Spacing
Tendon Spacing: 1.5 feet {0.5 meters}
Tendon Type: Primary
Added Tendon Generation: Span Fraction
Added Tendon Span Fraction: 0.25
Harped: (unchecked)

Note: See the following notes for a description of the properties we defined:
Max Strands/Tendon: Defines the maximum number of strands
to put into a single generated tendon.
Layout Type/Tendon Spacing: If the number of strands exceeds
the maximum strands/tendon, you can generate the additional
banded tendons by specifying a width or tendon spacing.
Harped: Specifies the tendon segment as having a straight
profile, as opposed to a parabolic profile.
Note: For banded tendon polylines, the tendons can be defined as ether
primary or added. In RAM Concept, the number of strands along a
continuous tendon cannot change. If you would like to intentionally
change the number of strands between one span and an adjacent span,
model the continuous tendons as primary. The discontinuous tendons
will be defined as added tendons, as seen in the figure below:
L
Added Span Length, or
Added Tendon Span Fraction
Added Tendons
Primary Tendons
7 In the Default Banded Tendon Polyline Properties dialog, click OK.
8 In the Active Window, use the cursor to add a banded tendon polyline
along grid line 4 as follows:
Click on grid line 4, south of the edge of slab
Click on grid line 4, north of the edge of slab
Right-click and select Enter from the pop-up menu.

9 Repeat this process to model banded tendon polylines along grid lines 5
and 6.
10 In the Layer Specific Tools, click on the Segment Banded Tendon Polylines
icon.
Note: The segment banded tendon polyline tool is used to segment previously
created banded tendon polylines where they cross the defined
segmentation line.

11 In the Active Window, use your cursor to click at the following locations:
Click at grid intersection E-3
Segment Banded
Tendon Polyline
12 In the General Tools, activate the Selection icon and select the banded
tendon polylines along grid lines 4, 5 and 6 (north of grid line E).
13 In the Active Window, right-click and select Selection Properties... in the

pop-up menu.
14 In the Edit 3 Selected Items dialog, modify the following parameter and
then click OK:
Number of Strands: 20
exercise.

Modeling Profile Polylines
Profiles for distributed and banded tendons are determined by creating profile
polylines on the Tendon Parameters Layer. Tendon half spans are created
wherever a generated tendon intersects a profile polyline. The profile points can
reference the following elevations:
Absolute: Elevation relative to the zero datum.
Above Soffit: The elevation is measured from the soffit to the elevation to the
CGS of the tendon.
Above Surface: The elevation is measured from the surface elevation to the
CGS of the tendon. The values is almost always negative.
Top Cover: The elevation is measured from the surface elevation to the CGS of
the tendon. The value is always positive.
Bottom Cover: The elevation is measured from the soffit elevation to the CGS
of the tendon. The value is always positive.
Profile polylines can be created using the following methods:

Drawing them manually using the Profile Polyline tool.
Generating span and support polylines for the entire floor in one span
direction using the Generate Profile Polylines tool.
Note: The Generate Profile Polylines tool will automatically generate support
polylines that coordinate with the location of the span segments
modeled on the opposite Design Spans Plan layers. It is important that
the design spans and strips are generated prior to generating profile
points.
Generating span polylines from already defined support polylines using the
Generate Span Polylines tool.

Exercise: Define the Distributed Tendon Profile Points

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Latitude Prestressing > Latitude Tendon
Parameters > Standard Plan.
3 In the main menu, select Process > Generate Profile Polylines or select
the Generate Profile Polylines in the Standard toolbar.
Note: Using the Generate Profile Polylines tool on the Latitude Tendon
Parameters layer will automatically generate support polylines that
correspond to the span segments modeled on the Longitude Design
Spans Plan layer.
4 In the Generate Profile Polylines dialog, enter the following parameters:
Polylines to Generate: Latitude
Generate Support Polylines: (checked)
Elevation Reference: Top Cover
Elevation: 1.25 inches {30 mm}
Generate Span Polylines: (checked)
Elevation Reference: Bottom Cover
Span Orientation Angle: 0 degrees
Click OK.

Note: The support profile polylines are solid lines, while the span profile
polylines are dashed.
5 In the General Tools, activate the Selection icon and select the support
profile polylines generated at the following locations:
Along grid line 1

Along grid line 3, between grid lines A and C
Along grid line 7, between grid lines A and C
Along grid line 9
Hint: In the General Tools, use the Selection Filter icon to ensure only the
Profile Polylines have been selected.
6 In the Active Window, right-click and select Selection Properties... from

the pop-up menu.
then click OK:
Elevation: 4 inches {100 mm}
Note: When tendons intersect a slab edge, the tendon is automatically

profiled to the mid-depth of the slab at that location. If the tendons
adjacent to the slab edge are at a different elevation, you will most
likely receive a warning that the minimum radius of the tendons has
been violated. The minimum radius criteria can be adjusted in the
Materials Criteria.
8 With the Selection icon still active, select the Span Profile Polylines
adjacent to the slab depressions at the following locations:
Between grid lines C and D, between grid lines 1.9 and 2
Between grid lines F and G, between grid lines 1.9 and 2
Between grid lines C and D, between grid lines 8 and 8.1
Between grid lines F and G, between grid lines 8 and 8.1
9 In the Active Window, right-click and select Selection Properties... from
the pop-up menu.

then click OK:
Note: Since these tendons are continuing to a slab depression, we have

increased the cover to ensure the tendons are within the depth of the
slab at all areas. If a profile point is outside the slab at any location, you
will receive a warning when the calculation is performed.
11 With the Selection icon still active, select the Span Profile Polylines at the
following locations:
Between grid lines 1 and 2
then click OK:
13 With the Selection icon still active, select the Span Profile Polylines at the
following locations:
then click OK:

Exercise: Define the Banded Tendon Profile Points

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Longitude Prestressing > Longitude
Tendon Parameters > Standard Plan.
3 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Profile Polyline icon.
4 In the Default Profile Polyline Properties dialog, enter the following

parameters:
Elevation Reference: Top Cover
Profile Location: Support
Click OK.
Click at grid intersection A-3
Click at grid intersection A-7
Right click and then select Enter from the pop-up menu
7 In the Default Profile Polyline Properties dialog, modify the following
parameter:
Click OK.
Click at grid intersection G-3
Click at grid intersection G-7
10 In the Default Profile Polyline Properties dialog, modify the following
parameter:
Click OK.

12 In the General Tools, activate the Selection icon and select the support
profile polylines.
13 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Generate Span Polylines for Selected
Support Polylines icon.
14 In the Generate Span Polylines dialog, enter the following parameters:

Elevation Reference: Bottom Cover
Span Orientation Angle: 90 degrees
Span Ratio: 0.5
Click OK.

Note: After the span profile polylines are generated, it may be necessary to
stretch the polylines to ensure they intersect the banded tendons.
exercise.

Generated Tendon Layer

The Generated Tendon Layers contain the individual tendons generated from the
objects modeled on the Tendon Parameters Layer. The generated individual
tendons cannot be edited, but can be selected and copied to the Manual Tendon
Layer for further manipulation.
Exercise: Generate the Program Tendons

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise, or open
PTDataset3.cpt.
2 In the Standard toolbar, select the Generate Program Tendons icon.
3 In the menu bar, select Layers > Latitude Prestressing > Generated
Latitude Tendon > Standard Plan.
Note: The generated individual tendons cannot be edited, but they can be
copied to the Manual Tendon Layer for further manipulation.

4 In the menu bar, select Layers > Longitude Prestressing > Generated
Longitude Tendon > Standard Plan.
Note: Notice that RAM Concept has automatically generated added tendons
along grid lines 4, 5, and 6.
exercise.

Manual Tendon Layer

The Manual Tendon Layers contain individual tendons drawn or otherwise
manipulated manually by the user. In the Manual Tendon Layers, layer specific
tools are available for the modeling of banded and distributed tendons.
Exercise: Move the Longitude Tendons to the Manual Tendon Layer

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Longitude Prestressing > Manual
5 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Tendon Polyline icon.
6 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog, select the General tab and enter
the following parameters:
Stands per Tendon: 12
Elevation Value at end 1: 1.25 inches {30 mm}
Elevation Reference at end 1: Top Cover
Elevation Value at end 2: 1.25 inches {30 mm}
Elevation Reference at end 2: Bottom Cover
Harped: (unchecked)
7 Click the Advanced tab and enter the following parameter:
Position Profile Point 2 for equal balance loads: (unchecked)

Note: If this option is selected, the low point (point 2) will be moved on plan
to equilibrate the uplift during an analysis calculation. Do not select this
option when the end 1 and end 2 profiles are at the same elevation; the
segment would have zero uplift and the formula will not work.
8 Click OK.
9 In the Active Window, use the cursor to click on grid intersection D-1 and
then click on grid intersection F-1. Right click and select Enter from the
pop-up menu.
10 With the Tendon Polyline tool still active, use the cursor to click on each of
the grid intersections indicated below:
Tendon 1: C.1-1.9 D-2 F-2 F.9-1.9 Right click and select Enter from
the pop-up menu.
Tendon 2: C.1-8.1 D-8 F-8 F.9-8.1 Right click and select Enter from
the pop-up menu.
Tendon 3: D-9 F-9 Right click and select Enter from the pop-up menu.
11 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Tendon Polyline icon.
12 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog, modify the following parameters
and then click OK:
Strands per Tendon: 18
13 In the Active Window, use the cursor to click on each of the grid
intersections indicated below:
Tendon 1: A.1-2.9 C-3 E-3 G-3 Right click and select Enter from
the pop-up menu.
Tendon 2: A.1-7.1 C-7 E-7 G-7 Right click and select Enter from
the pop-up menu.

14 In the General Tools, activate the Selection icon and select all of the
terminated tendon segments.
15 In the Active Window, right click and select Selection Properties... In the
Edit 11 Selected Items dialog, modify the following parameter and then
click OK.
Elevation Value at end 1: 4 inches {100 mm}
Note: The profile points at the terminated tendons are now at the mid-depth
of the slab.

Hint: To model distributed tendons, follow the steps below:

In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Full Span Tendon Panel or Half
Span Tendon Panel icons to define the properties.
In the Active Window, use the cursor to create the distributed tendon
quadrilateral A-B-C-D.
C D
B A
In the Tendon Panel dialog, enter the distributed tendon parameters:

Layout: Parallel (to first edge) or Splayed
Tendon Spacing: Equal (not to exceed maximum) or Auto Connect
(based on last edge)
Skip Start or End Tendon

Balanced Loads
Too much uplift in a tendon can cause deflection reversals that may crack the slab.
The tendon profiles may be adjusted manually in the Manual Tendon Layers in
order to have the amount of uplift, or balanced load, consistent between spans.
Exercise: Modify the Latitude Tendons for Balance Loading

3 In the General Tools, activate the Selection icon and select the tendon
along grid line 2, between grid lines D and F.
Selection
4 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Calc Profile icon.
5 In the Calc Tendon Profile dialog, notice the current balanced load and
then click Cancel.
6 With the Selection icon still active, select the tendon along grid line 2,
between grid lines C and D.

7 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Calc Profile icon. In the Calc Tendon
Profile dialog, enter the following parameters and then click Calc.
Desired Balance Load: -1.3 kips/ft {-19 kN/m}
Selection
Note: Notice that the profile point has been adjusted.

between grid lines C and E.
9 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Calc Profile icon.
10 In the Calc Tendon Profile dialog, notice the current balanced load and
then click Cancel.
between grid lines A and C.
12 In the Layer Specific Tools, select the Calc Profile icon. In the Calc Tendon
Profile dialog, enter the following parameters and then click Calc.
Desired Balance Load: -1.96 kips/ft {-28.5 kN/m}
13 With the Selection icon still active, select all of the short span segments at
the following locations:
Along grid line 2, between C and D Along grid line 2, between F and G
Along grid line 2, between A and C Along grid line 7, between A and C
Along grid line 8, between C and D Along grid line 8, between F and G

14 In the Active Window, right click and select Selection Properties In the
Edit 12 Selected Items dialog, modify the following parameter and then
click OK.
Elevation Value at end 2: 4 inches {100 mm}
Jacks
RAM Concept can calculate the force losses in a tendon if jacks are modeled at live
(stressing) ends using the Jack icon in the Layer Specific Tools.
Note: If a jack is modeled on a Manual Tendon layer, all tendons on that layer must
have at least one jack attached.
The Jack properties that may be defined are as follows:

Jacking Stress: The stress in the stand at the jack at jacking.
Anchor Friction Coefficient: Loss of stress due to friction in the anchorage.
Wobble Friction Coefficient: The product of the angle friction coefficient and
the accidental angular change per unit length.
Angle Friction Coefficient: Loss due to deliberate curvature.
Seating Distance: The distance that the wedges recede into the anchorage.
Long Term Losses: The sum of losses such as creep and shrinkage of concrete,
and relaxation of strand.
RAM Concept will utilize the fse value specified for the PT System from the
Material criteria if jacks are not assigned to the tendons.
Note: We will not model jacks in this sample model.

Note: In RAM Concept, you will receive an error if a tendon has a different number of
strands than an adjacent tendon. If a span does not require as many strands as
an adjacent span, terminate the adjacent strands according to one of the
following methods:
Jacks are defined: Terminate the additional strands using the half span tendon
tool as indicated below. The industry standard is to fork the additional
strengths over a length of a quarter of the span and terminate them at the
slab centroid.
L
L/4
Jacks are not defined: Model the tendon lines separately as indicated below.
This industry standard is to extend the tendon over a length of a quarter of
the span and anchor it at the centroid of the slab.
L1 L2
L1/4 L2/4
Jacks

Re-Generate the Mesh
Re-Generate the Mesh

Before the calculation is performed, the finite element mesh should be re-
generated to produce a more refined mesh.
Exercise: Regenerate the Mesh

Generate.
Element Size: 3 feet {1 meter}

Strip Wizard
Strip Wizard
In RAM Concept, the Strip Wizard is a useful tool to determine the preliminary
behavior of a post-tensioned slab or beam system. The following structural data
may be entered into the Strip Wizard:
General Parameters
Span Data
Support Data
Loading
Post-Tensioning Criteria
Reinforcement Criteria
Once all of the structural data is defined, the Strip Wizard will build a RAM
Concept model containing one design strip and a preliminary tendon layout. The
RAM Concept model can then be modified as necessary.
Note: The Strip Wizard is a useful tool to evaluate a preliminary tendon layout by
assisting to determine the number of strands and appropriate profile points for
one design strip. It is recommended to model the complete elevated post
tensioned slab in RAM Concept for your final design.
Exercise: Use the Strip Wizard to Build a Preliminary Model

1 Open RAM Concept.
2 In the menu bar, select File > Strip Wizard
3 In the New File dialog, select the following parameters and then click OK.
Structure Type: Elevated Floor
Code and Units: ACI 318-05 / US Units {ACI 318-05 / SI Units}
4 In the Strip Wizard dialog, click the Next > button.
5 In the Strip Wizard dialog, select the following parameters and then click
Next >.
Structure Type
Structural System: Beam
Post-Tensioned: (checked)

Strip Wizard
Spans
Number of Spans (excluding cantilevers): 2
Cantilevers: Start and End
Asymmetric Strip: (not checked)
Concrete Mixes:
Slabs and Beams: 5000 psi {35 MPa}
Support: 5000 psi {35 MPa}
Next >.
Length W Depth W Width F Depth F Start F End

Width Width
Typical 36 in 8 in 27 ft 27 ft
{915 mm} {200 mm} {8.25 m} {8.25 m}
Start 1 ft 16 in
Cantilever {0.305 m} {400 mm}
Span 1 45 ft 16 in
{13.7 m} {400 mm}
Span 2 30 ft 8 in
{9.14 m} {200 mm}
End 1 ft 8 in
Cantilever {0.305 m} {200 mm}
Note: Note the following parameters:

Length: Length of Span.
W Depth: Depth of the web of the beam, including the slab thickness.
W Width: Width of the web of the beam.
F Depth: Depth of the flange of the beam, slab thickness.
F Start Width: Total width of the flange of the beam at the start of the
span.
F End Width: Total width of the flange of the beam at the end of the
span.

Strip Wizard
7 In the Strip Wizard dialog, select the following parameters for the
Supports Above and the Supports Below and then click Next >.
Depth Width Height Bottom Fixity Top Fixity

Typical 24 in 36 in 12 ft Fixed Fixed
{610 mm} {915 mm} {3.65 m}
Support 1
Support 2
Support 3
Next >.
Dead Area Dead Line Live Area Live Line

Load Load Load Load
Typical 40 psf
{2 kN/m2}
Start
Cantilever
Span 1
Span 2
End
Cantilever
Loadings to Use:
Dead: Other Dead Loading
Live: Live (Reducible) Loading
Next >.
PT System: Unbonded {12.7mm Unbonded}
Stressing: Start
Min P/A: 125 psi {0.9 N/mm2}
Balance Load
Min Balance Load Percentage: 80%
Balance Load Considers: Self-Dead Load

Strip Wizard
Profiling
Straight Profile Distance at Supports: 0 inches {0 mm}
Round Profiles to Nearest: 0 inches {0 mm}
Next >.
Reinforcing Bar
Top: #6 {19M}
Bottom: #6 {19M}
Shear: #4 {13M}
Reinforcement Clear Cover
Top: 0.75 inches {20 mm}
Bottom: 0.75 inches {20 mm}
11 In the Strip Wizard dialog, click the Save... button. Navigate to a
convenient location and save as PTStripWizard.cptstrip.
12 In the Strip Wizard dialog, click the Finish button.
13 In the menu bar, select File > Save As Navigate to a convenient location
and save as PTStripWizard.cpt.

Strip Wizard
Exercise: Edit the Strip Wizard File

Generate.
Note: The mesh generated at this stage appears somewhat random. This is
normal. The mesh will be more refined and orthogonal once we specify
the design spans.
Note: The Strip Wizard is largely for the assessment of two-dimensional

behavior. Since RAM Concept is a three dimensional program, line
supports are automatically included along the edge of the model that
allow for deflection but no rotation. This closely simulates two-
dimensional behavior.
Plan.

Strip Wizard
6 With the Selection icon, select the end design strips (the strips from the
centerline of each end column to the slab edge). Right click and select
Delete from the pop-up menu.
End Span:
Centerline of
column to slab
edge (type of 2)
Note: To extend the slab edges and beams to the outside face of the
perimeter columns, we defined cantilevers equal to half the depth of
the columns in the Strip Wizard. RAM Concept has generated design
spans for the cantilevers, but the design sections will not be able to be
generated for these spans.
7 With the Selection icon, select the shorter span. Right click and select
Selection Properties from the pop-up menu.
Selection: Two Way Slab
8 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, select the General tab and modify the
Environment: Class U (corrosive)
Note: This actually has no effect because ACI 318 requires two-way post-
tensioned slabs to be designed as Class U.

Strip Wizard
9 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, select the Column Strip tab. Modify the
following parameters and then click OK.
CS Cross Section Trimming: None
CS Design System: Two-Way Slab
11 In the menu bar, select Layers > Element > Standard Plan or navigate to
this layer through the Report Sections Window.
Generate.
14 In the menu bar, select Layers > Latitude Prestressing > Manual Latitude
Tendon > Standard Plan.
Note: RAM Concept has developed a preliminary tendon layout, including the
recommended number of strands and profile points.

Strip Wizard

16 In the Calc Options dialog, modify the following parameter and then click
OK.
Live Load Reduction: IBC 2003
17 In the menu bar, select Process > Calc All or select the Calc All icon in the
Standard toolbar.
18 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Status Plan.
Note: The preliminary tendon layout has passed the design checks.

Post Tensioned Concrete Slab
Design
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to design a post-tensioned concrete elevated
slab in RAM Concept.
checks in RAM Concept
Fundamental knowledge of generating tendons in RAM Concept
Module Objectives
Perform a design for a post-tensioned slab in RAM Concept
Review the design status and results
Mar-13 61 Post Tensioned Concrete Slab Design

Performing the Calculation

In RAM Concept, a calculation may be preformed at any stage during the design
process to review the progress and check for modeling errors. In RAM Concept,
two types of errors can occur when performing a calculation: fatal and non-fatal.
If a fatal error occurs, a complete analysis cannot be performed and the
calculation will stop. An example of this would be if instability occurs in the
model and RAM Concept cannot resolve the forces.
If a non-fatal error occurs, you will have the option to continue the calculation
or stop and adjust the model. An example of this would be if a point load was
not located on the structure. You would have three options: continue the
analysis and ignore the point load; fix the problem and continue the
calculation; or stop the analysis.
Note: RAM Concept will generate an Analysis Error message if an error occurs. The
Calc All icon will be grayed out after the calculation if the model was analyzed
successfully with no errors.
In RAM Concept, the design calculations can be performed on the entire model or
on part of the model.
The Calc Partial command can be performed to several different levels on the
RAM Concept Model:
Through Analysis: Includes the global slab analysis and the strip and section
forces.
Through Design: Includes the design of the strips, sections, and punching
shear checks, along with the Through Analysis results.
Through Layout: Includes the layout of the reinforcement layers, along with
the Through Design results.
All: Includes the detailing of reinforcement into individual bars, along with the
Through Layout results.
Post Tensioned Concrete Slab Design 62 Mar-13

Exercise: Calculate the Results

3 In the Calc Options dialog, review the General criteria and set the
parameters as follows:
Auto-stabilize structure in X and Y directions: (unchecked)
Create viewable self-deal loading: (unchecked)
Include supports above the slab in self-dead loading: (unchecked)
Check capacity of longitude user reinforcement without designing
additional program reinforcement: (unchecked)
Matrix Solver: Default (Pardiso)
4 In the Calc Options dialog, review the Codes criteria and set the
Design: ACI 318-05
Live Load Reduction: IBC 2003
Note: See the following notes for a description of the criteria we defined:
Design: The design code can be modified in the Calc Options
dialog.
Live Load Reduction: For this model, we had specified a
reducible live area load over the main slab. If we do not select a
live load reduction code in the Calc Options dialog, the live load
reduction will not be considered in the calculations.
Warning: RAM Concept will not automatically update the load factors when
the design code is changed. If a different design code is selected,
you will have to re-build the load combinations prior to performing
the calculation.
5 In the Calc Options dialog, review the Zero-Tension Iterations criteria and
set the parameters as follows:
Iterations to use: 6
Accelerator Power: 1
Max Acceleration: 1.5

6 In the Calc Options dialog, review the Reinforcement Layout and Detailing
Parameters criteria and set the parameters as follows:
Bar Rounding Length: 0.5 feet {0.1 meters}
Bar End Cover: 1 inch {25 mm}
Bar Length Cost: 1
Bar Group Length Cost: 1
Bar Callout Cost: 1
7 In the Calc Options dialog, click OK to accept the criteria and return to the
Active Window.
Standard toolbar.
9 When performing the calculation, you will notice the following analysis
warnings:
Strip _______ has different configuration that the previous segment in
the same span.
Note: RAM Concept is indicating that the design strips between grid lines 5
and 6 have different properties. As you may recall, at the pour strip
locations, the tendons were terminated at each side. The moments and
shears within the pour strips are resisted by reinforced concrete.
Click Continue in each Analysis Warning dialog.
exercise.

Troubleshooting Errors and Warnings

The following is a list of typical errors and warning you may receive when
performing the calculation on a post-tensioned slab in RAM Concept:
Tendon has a radius that is less than the minimum allowable: Within the PT
Systems Materials Criteria (Criteria > Materials), the minimum radius for each
PT System is specified. Tendons with a large drape, Profile Point 1 minus
Profile Point 2, relative to their length will have a small radius. To rectify this
warning, you can ignore the warning, adjust the profile of the tendon, or
change the radius specified in the Materials Criteria.
A tendon is harped, and hence violates the minimum allowable radius: This
error is reported when a tendon is specified as harped, a tendon having a
straight profile as opposed to a parabolic profile. Since a harped tendon is
straight, the radius is zero at the profile points. To rectify this warning, add a
new PT System into the Materials Criteria with a minimum radius of zero and
specify this system for the harped tendons.
Cannot auto-position profile point due to profile point value: By selecting the
Position Profile Point 2 for Equal Balance Loads option, the plan position of
Profile Point 2 will be moved so that the uplift is equal for both tendon
segments. When the drape is zero for one or more segments, there is no uplift
in part of the tendon and the tool will not work. To rectify this error, adjust the
Profile Points 1 and 2 so they are not at the same elevation or remove the
Position Profile Point 2 for Equal Balance Loads option.
A tendon is out of the slab: This error is generated when a tendon extends
beyond the slab edge. To rectify this error, modify the tendon so its end falls
slightly inside the slab edge.
Hint: There is also an automatic fix which is offered when the message comes up.
A non-external tendon is out of the slab in a design strip: This error is typically
associated with tendons that have a profile point outside of the slab. Review
all of the tendon's profile that fall within the listed design strip. Another
possibility is to check the cross section trimming for the design strip at this
location. When there are multiple slab thicknesses under one design strip,
ensure that you specify the cross section trimming to ignore the depth of the
thickened slabs that project below the main slab.
An error has occurred while trying to calculate a profile. A profile point is not
within the slab vertically: If a profile point is located over a thickened slab,
such as a drop cap or beam, then the distance must be given in reference to
the soffit of the thickened slab.

Hint: Review the rendering of the tendons with respect to the slab soffit on the
tendon perspective drawings.
An error has been found where two banded span segments overlap Revise
the tendons so that their end points are at the exact same location: This
error can also occur when you have two of the exact same span segments on
top of one another. To rectify this error, delete one of the spans.
Tendon not connected to any jacks: RAM Concept assumes that you will want
to use jacks for all or none of your tendons in a single direction. If some of
your tendons have jacks and others do not, RAM Concept assumes you have
made an error. To rectify this error, ensure that jacks are modeled on all of
your tendons in one direction. Or, ensure that jacks are not modeled on any of
the tendons in one direction.

Reviewing the Results

The calculations results can be viewed in table format, on plans, or on
perspectives in the following layers:
Loadings
Load Combinations
Rule Set Designs
Design Status
Hint: To view various results in RAM Concept, it is important to navigate to the

appropriate layer first.
Design Status
In concrete design, it is possible for a concrete member to fail or exceed code
limitations regardless of the amount of reinforcement provided. For example, if
the shear demand in a concrete member exceeds the code allowed shear
capacity, RAM Concept will report a code violation. Such code violations can be
viewed on the Design Status Layers.
Note: There is no consideration of deflection limits in the status report.
Exercise: Review the Design Status Plans

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Punching Shear Status
Plan.
Note: Notice that RAM Concept has performed a punching shear check at
each location we specified. All of the punching shear checks have
passed.

3 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Latitude Status Plan.
Note: The latitude design strips comply with all code rules.
4 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Longitude Status Plan.
Note: The longitude design strips comply with all code rules.
exercise.

Rule Set Design

In addition to reviewing the Design Status Plans, the bending moment maximum
capacity and maximum demand can be viewed on the Rule Set Design layers.
Exercise: Review the Rule Set Design Plans

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > New Plan
3 In the Create New Plan dialog, enter the following information and then
click OK.
Name: Moment
Layer: Strength Design
4 In the Visible Objects - [Moment Plan] dialog, click OK.
5 In the menu bar, select View > Plot or select the Plot icon in the
Standard toolbar.
6 In the Plot Setting dialog, select the Section Analysis tab and then select
Active: (checked)
Value: Bending Moment
Maximum Demand: (checked)
Minimum Demand: (unchecked)
Maximum Capacity: (checked)
Minimum Capacity: (unchecked)
Min Frame #: 1
Max Frame #: 999
Left: (checked)
Center: (checked)
Right: (checked)
Show Values: (checked)
Click OK.

7 In the Active Window, the Maximum Capacity is in blue and the Maximum
Demand is shown in red. Notice that the capacity exceeds the demand in
all areas.
exercise.

Balance Loading
Post-tensioning tendons and anchors apply internal loads to the concrete
structure, which can cause deflection reversals that may crack the slab. In RAM
Concept, this set of loads is referred to as the Balance Loading since post-
tensioning is typically designed to balance, or offset, the dead loading applied to
the slab.
Hint: The Balance Loading Percentages can be a useful tool to determine which areas
of the initial post-tensioned layout would require adjustment.
Exercise: Review the Balance Loading

Plan.
4 In the Design Strip tab of the Visible Objects dialog, select the Balanced
Load Percentages checkbox and then click OK.
Note: At each latitude span segment strip, the DL Balanced Load Percentage is
listed.
Plan.
7 In the Design Strip tab of the Visible Objects dialog, select the Balanced
Load Percentages checkbox and then click OK.
Note: At each longitude span segment strip, the DL Balanced Load Percentage
is listed.
exercise.

Precompression Plans
Precompression plans can be useful for viewing the level of tendon prestress and
the effect of restraining supports.
Note: To comply with ACI 318-05, Section 18.12.4, we will review our precompression
plans to ensure that we have provided a minimum average effective
precompression of 125 psi.
Hint: The Precompression Plan can be a useful tool to determine areas to adjust an
initial post-tensioned layout.
Exercise: Review the Precompression Plans

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Balance Loading > Fx
Precompression Plan.
On the Fx Precompression Plan, contour lines are indicated with the

precompression stress values. Note the following results:
The majority of the plan is indicating precompression stress values in
excess of 200 psi.
Isolated areas along the edge of slab and over the concrete beams are
indicating precompression stress values of 100 psi.
Note: The precompression plan is indicating that the average effective

prestress is greater than 125 psi.

3 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Balance Loading > Fy
Precompression Plan.
On the Fy Precompression Plan, contour lines are indicated with the

precompression stress values. Note the following results:
The entire plan is indicating precompression stress values in excess of
250 psi.
Note: The precompression plan is indicating that the average effective

prestress is greater than 125 psi, so our tendon layout for this direction
is acceptable.
exercise.

Hyperstatic Reactions
The hyperstatic loading is a theoretical loading that considers the restraining
effect of the supports on the structures as it tries to deform due to the application
of post-tensioning. RAM Concept automatically calculates the effects of the
hyperstatic loading on all objects, according to the following formula:
Fh = Fb Fp
Fh = the hyperstatic forces and moments

Fb = the balance loading forces and moments
Fp = the primary forces and moments in the object
For objects that do not contain any tendons, Fp is zero, and therefore the
hyperstatic forces and moments would be equivalent to the balance loading and
forces.
Note: The hyperstatic reactions are indicated on the Hyperstatic Loading Layer. This
layer, along with the Self-Dead Load and the Balance Loading Layers, are
automatically populated by RAM Concept. These layers cannot be edited or
deleted.
Exercise: Review the Hyperstatic Reactions

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Hyperstatic Loading > Std
Reactions Plan.
Note: RAM Concept has reported the Forces and Moments at each support, in
each direction. The columns and walls do not contain any post-
tensioned tendons, so the balanced load reactions are equivalent to the
hyperstatic load reactions for these elements.
exercise.

Tendon Forces
RAM Concept can calculate the force losses in a tendon if jacks are modeled at live
(stressing) ends. RAM Concept performs friction loss calculations considering the
curvature of the tendons, the horizontal kinks in the tendon, and the jacking and
friction parameters. The stress in the tendon is assumed to vary linearly along
each tendon segment.
Exercise: Review the Tendon Forces in Each Direction

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Latitude Prestressing > Generated
Latitude Tendon > Standard Plan.
4 In the Tendons tab of the Visible Objects dialog, select the Tendon Forces
checkbox and then click OK.
5 At each latitude tendon, the tendon forces are constant. Since there are
no jacks modeled on the latitude or longitude tendons, the tendon forces
are determined according to the Material Criteria.
The force in the tendons is as follows:
F = Fse x (# tendons) x Aps F = Fse x (# tendons) x Aps

F = 175 ksi x (1.5 tendons) x 0.153 in2 F = 175 ksi x (2 tendons) x 0.153 in2
{1200 N/mm2 x (1.5 tendons) x 98.7 mm2} {1200 N/mm2 x (2 tendons) x 98.7 mm2}
F = 40.2 kips {178 kN} F = 53.6 kips {237 kN}
Note: For this model, the latitude tendons are Unbonded Strands.
According to the Material Criteria:
Fse = 175 ksi {1200 N/mm2}
Aps = 0.153 sq. in. {98.7 mm2}

Note: If jacks had been modeled on the tendons, the tendon forces would
vary along the length of the tendon. The friction losses in the tendons
would be calculated as follows:
Along each tendon, the following formula is used:
P2 = P1 x exp - (mu x theta + k x L)
At the joints between tendon segments, the following formula is used:
P4 = P3 x exp - (mu x angle)
P1 = the known stress at one end of a tendon segment
P2 = the unknown stress at the other end of a tendon segment
P3 = the known stress in the previous tendon segment (or the
jack stress)
P4 = the unknown stress in the next tendon segment
Mu = the angular fiction coefficient (1/radians)
Theta = the total angular change along the tendon segment
K = the wobble coefficient (1/length)
L = the tendon segment length
Angle = the total change at the tendon profile point (includes
both horizontal and vertical kinks)
exercise.

Using the Auditor
Using the Auditor

In RAM Concept, the Auditor is a tool that displays information that could be
useful for:
Checking input data such as reinforcement bar cover.
Checking calculated data such as the elevation of the center of a
reinforcement bar.
Review the rule set designs.
Checking the envelope of resultants.
Revising the number of strands in a tendon to satisfy code stress limits.
Layer Specific Tools are available to audit cross sections and punching shear
checks.
In RAM Concept, the design process is divided into three steps, as shown below:
Step 1 (Pass 1): RAM Concept selects, and summarizes, the reinforcement
required for each rule set.
Step 2 (Pass 2): RAM Concept selects, and summarizes, the reinforcement
required, in addition to the reinforcement required in Step 1, for each rule set.
Note: For some rule sets, such as shear and ductility design, the results for Step 1 are
required prior to performing the design.
Step 3 (Final Check): RAM Concept performs a final check for each rule set
considering the reinforcement results determined in Step 1 and Step 2.
The results of each step are indicated in the Auditor results.
Exercise: Use the Auditor to Review the Design

Plan.

Using the Auditor
3 In the layer specific tools, select the Audit Cross Section icon and then
select the strip shown below.
4 The Cross Section Audit Results dialog will appear on screen. The
information displayed is for a single cross section of one span segment
strip, or a design section.
Within the Auditor, the following rule sets are checked for each pass:
Code Minimum Design
User Minimum Design
Initial Service Design
Service Design
Sustained Service Design
Strength Design
Ductility Design
For each pass indicated below, the designs are performed and the results
are summarized for each rule set design:
Starting Pass 0 Design
Starting Final Design Check

Using the Auditor
At the end of the Auditor, notice the following:

Final Status: No Failures
5 Click the X in the top right hand corner of the auditor to return to the
Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan.
7 In the layer specific tools, select the Audit Punch Check icon and then
select column at grid intersection E-5.
Note: As you may recall, the design status plan indicated that this column did
not require SSR reinforcement.
8 The Punching Check Audit Results dialog will appear on screen. The
information displayed is for a punching check at a single column.
Within the Auditor, the following rule set is checked:
Strength Design
Within the Final Design Check, notice the following results in the Strength
Design Rule Set:
Analyzing 1 Column Sections
Maximum Absolute Stress < Allowable Stress
Unreinforced Stress Ratio < 1.0
Status: OK (non-standard section)
9 Click the X in the top right hand corner of the auditor to return to the
Design Strip: Punching Checks Plan.
exercise.

Using the Auditor

Load History Analysis
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to perform a time history analysis on an
elevated concrete slab.
Fundamental knowledge of the RAM Concept Graphical User Interface
Module Objectives
Enter the load history criteria in RAM Concept.
Enter the load history calculation options.
Perform a load history analysis in RAM Concept and review the results.
Mar-13 81 Load History Analysis

Load History Deflection Calculations
Load History Deflection Calculations

Accurate deflection calculations for thinner, more efficient concrete slabs utilizing
concrete with a relatively high compressive strength can be difficult to determine.
For any realistic concrete slab, the deflection can be affected by a number of
factors including creep, shrinkage, cracking, tension stiffening, and load history.
In RAM Concept, a comprehensive load history deflection can be calculated to

incorporate the effects of the following:
Creep
Shrinkage
Cracking
Tension Stiffening
The load history calculation can include any sequence of specified load for any
duration.
Load History Criteria

The Load History Criteria is used in RAM Concept to define the load history. Each
load history step represents an applied load combination for a specified duration
of the time.
Exercise: Specify the Load History / ECR Options

1 Open LHDataset.cpt in RAM Concept.
2 In the menu bar, click Criteria > Load History.
3 In the Load History Criteria, review the parameters for each load history
step as follows:
Maximum Short Term Load: 30 days duration
Sustained Load: 5000 days duration
4 Keep this model open for the new exercise.
Load History Analysis 82 Mar-13

Load History / ECR Options

In RAM Concept, the load history and effective curvature ratio calculation options
can be customized per your project requirements through the Load History / ECR
tab in the Calc Options dialog.
Initial Load Application: The time of application of the initial loads. This
becomes the start time of the first load history step specified in the Load
History Criteria page.
Moist Cure Duration: The duration of the moist cure period. This is used in the
calculation of shrinkage strains.
Convergence Tolerance: The maximum specified difference in calculated
deflection between iterations in order to consider RAM Concept to have
converged upon the solution.
Ageing Coefficient: The coefficient that accounts for various behaviors in the
calculation of sustained loads.
Shrinkage Restraint: A percentage of the free shrinkage strain to consider as
externally restrained. The shrinkage restraint is used to calculate a
hypothetical tension strain which is included in the tension stiffening
calculations. A normal range for this value will be 0% to 20%.
Iterations to Use: The maximum number of iterations to use to calculate
instantaneous or sustained portion of a unique load history step.
Accelerator Power: A value that determines how much weight to give newly
calculated curvatures in an iteration compared to the average curvatures from
the previous iteration. A value of 1.0 instructs RAM Concept to give the newly
calculated curvature equal weight as the previous average curvature. A value
of greater than 1.0 will give the newly calculated curvature more weight than
the previous average curvature.
Creep Factor: The concrete design creep factor. ACI 209 reports the value of
3.35 as an average creep value.
Shrinkage Strain: The design shrinkage value use to determine long-term
curvature in cross sections.

Exercise: Specify the Load History / ECR Options

2 In the menu bar, click Criteria > Calc Options...
3 In the Calc Options dialog, select the Load History / ECR tab. Then, enter
Initial Load Application: 3 days
Moist Cure Duration: 7 days
Convergence Tolerance: 0.05 inches
Ageing Coefficient: 0.8
Shrinkage Restraint: 10%
Iterations to Use: 10
Accelerator Factor: 1
Creep Factor: 3.35
Shrinkage Strain: 0.0004
Then, click OK.
4 In the menu bar, click File > Save.

Performing a Load History Analysis
Performing a Load History Analysis

Once all of the load history calculation options are entered, the model can be
analyzed for load history deflections using the Process menu.
Exercise: Perform a Load History Analysis

2 In the menu bar, click Process > Calc Load History Deflections... or click on
the Calc Load History Deflections icon in the Standard toolbar.


The results for each load history step are available in the load history folder in the
report tree. The results stored on each load history step represent the state of the
structure at the end of the load history step. Additional load history steps can be
added at any desired interval in order to calculate results at any particular age of
interest.
Exercise: Review the Load History Deflection Results

2 In the menu bar, click Layers > Load History Deflections > Maximum Short
Term Load > Std Deflection Plan.

3 In the menu bar, click Layers > Load History Deflections > Sustained Load
> Std Deflection Plan.
4 Keep this model open for the next exercise.


Vibration Analysis
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to perform a vibration analysis on an elevated
concrete slab.
Module Objectives
Enter the vibration calculation options.
Perform a vibration analysis in RAM Concept and then review the results.
Mar-13 89 Vibration Analysis

Structural Mass
Structural Mass
Free vibration of undamped structures occurs when the structure is displaced to
an initial displacement, released, and then allowed to vibrate freely. It is related
only to the stiffness and mass in the structure. In RAM Concept, the self-weight of
the structure will automatically be included in the vibration analysis. If a structure
contains additional dead load that is permanently attached to the structure, you
can consider it in the calculations for frequency and mode shapes if it is modeled
on the Additional Mass Loading Layer (within the Vibration folder). On this layer,
the loads can be modeled as point loads, line loads, or area loads and the tools
work the same as on the Loadings Layers.
Vibration Calculation Options

In RAM Concept, the vibration calculation options can be customized per your
project requirements through the Vibrations tab in the Calc Options dialog. We
will explore each of these options through the next series of exercises.
Vibration Analysis 90 Mar-13

Basic Options
In RAM Concept, the following basic vibration analysis options can be entered
through the Calc Options dialog:
Number of Modes: In a vibration analysis, it is important to calculate enough
modes to capture the complete dynamic response. This generally would
include modes with frequencies up to about 12 - 15 Hz. By default, the
number of modes is set to 25 in the Calc Options dialog. In the following
exercise, we will keep the default value. Then, after we perform the vibration
analysis, we will verify that enough modes were considered in the vibration
analysis through the Vibration Frequencies Table.
Dynamic Concrete Modulus Factor: The Dynamic Concrete Modulus Factor
represents the ratio of the dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete to the
static modulus of elasticity. The Dynamic Modulus affects the stiffness of the
structure. In RAM Concept, the default value for the Dynamic Concrete
Modulus Factor is 1.2, which we will assume in the next exercise.
Stiffness Matrix: In RAM Concept, you can choose to use either the Global
Stiffness Matrix or a Load History Matrix (maximum short term load, sustained
load, or final instantaneous load). If a Load History Matrix is selected, a load
history analysis should be performed prior to performing the vibration
analysis.
Exercise: Enter the Basic Vibration Options

1 Open VibDataset.cpt in RAM Concept.
2 In the menu bar, click Criteria > Calc Options...
3 In the Calc Options dialog, select the Vibrations tab and then enter the
following basic information:
Number of Modes: 25
Dynamic Concrete Modulus Factor: 1.2
Stiffness Matrix: Global Stiffness Matrix
4 Keep the Calc Options dialog open for the next exercise.

Footfall Analysis Response Parameters

In RAM Concept, when a Footfall Analysis Response is requested during the
vibration analysis, you will be asked to enter the minimum and maximum footstep
frequency expected and the damping ratio of the structure:
Footstep Frequency: RAM Concept calculates the footfall response of
structures using assumed dynamic loadings that were derived from a large
number of experimentally measured footfall force time histories. These
studies also showed that normal walking rates range from about 1.5 to 2.5
steps per second. We will use this as a basis for entering the minimum and
maximum footstep frequencies expected in this structure.
Damping Ratio: RAM Concept uses a constant damping ratio in the calculation
of all modes. Typical damping ratios for concrete structures range from about
0.01 to 0.02 for bare concrete floors and 0.02 to 0.035 for concrete floors with
a typical fit out.
Exercise: Enter the Footfall Analysis Parameters

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise. The Calc Options
dialog should still be open.
2 In the Calc Options dialog, enter the following footfall parameters:
Footfall Analysis Response: (checked)
Minimum Footstep Frequency: 1.5 Hz
Maximum Footstep Frequency: 2.5 Hz
Damping Ratio: 0.03

Response Type
When the natural frequency of a structure is low, it is possible for the dynamic
response to increase over time and resonance of the structure can result. This is
most likely to occur when the natural frequency of the structure closely matches
the excitation frequency.
When the natural frequency of a structure is high (larger than about 12 - 15 Hz),
the dynamic response of each footfall tends to dissipate almost entirely before
the next footfall. This type of response is referred to as impulsive since the
buildup of response due to resonance is not likely in this frequency range.
In RAM Concept, you can consider both the Resonant Response and the Impulsive
Response when performing a vibration analysis and both types of response can be
individually selected through the Calc Options dialog. If the Resonant Response is
activated, some additional resonant response options will be available for input.
Exercise: Enter the Response Type

2 In the Calc Options dialog, enter the following response type parameters:
Resonant Response: (checked)
Impulsive Response: (checked)

Resonant Response Options

In RAM Concept, when a Resonant Response is requested, the following options
are available for input through the Calc Options dialog:
Analysis Type: Select either the Simplified (fast) Calculation or the Modal
Analysis. The Simplified Analysis method uses a fast calculation technique that
is generally suitable for day to day design where RMS velocity values are not
required. The Modal Analysis method uses a comprehensive dynamic modal
superposition analysis which is suitable for structures that are vibrationally
sensitive or if RMS velocity values are required.
Duration and Time Increment: The duration and time increment fields define
the number of time points that are used to calculate the modal analysis. The
duration should generally be set to capture at least 30 cycles of forcing and
the time increment should be set to at least 10 times shorter than the 4th
harmonic of the fastest walking frequency. (Only applicable when the Modal
Analysis option is selected.)
Weight of Person: Enter the static weight of the person walking. For the
following exercise, we will assume a static weight of 200 lbs.
Max Natural Frequency: Defines the maximum natural frequency that is used
in the dynamic analysis for the resonant response.
Exercise: Enter the Resonant Response Options

2 In the Calc Options dialog, enter the following resonant response
parameters:
Analysis Type: Simplified (fast) Calculation
Weight of Person: 200 pounds
Max Natural Frequency: 15 Hz

Excitation Nodes and Response Nodes

In RAM Concept, there are a number of different combinations of excitation and
response nodes available for your analysis. For excitation nodes, the following
options are available:
Excitation at All Nodes
Excitation at Critical Nodes: RAM Concept will consider excitation only at
nodes where the expected response factor is greater than or equal to the
Excitation Response Factor Threshold.
Excitation at Specified Nodes: RAM Concept will consider excitation only at
nodes indicated on the Excitation Areas Plan. The Excitation Areas Plan is
available in the Layers > Vibrations > Vibration Analysis > Excitation Areas
Plan menu. Use the Excitation Area icon to select nodes.
For response nodes, the following options are available:

Response at all DOF at all Nodes
Response at Vertical DOF at all Nodes
Response at Vertical DOF at only Excited Nodes
Exercise: Enter the Resonant Response Options

2 In the Calc Options dialog, enter the following node parameters:
Excitation Nodes: All Nodes
Response Nodes: Vertical DOF at only Excited Node
Then, click OK.

Performing a Vibration Analysis
Performing a Vibration Analysis

After the vibration calculation options are entered, the vibration analysis can be
performed. If a load history stiffness matrix was selected, however, the load
history analysis should be performed prior to preforming the vibration analysis.
Exercise: Perform a Vibration Analysis

2 In the menu bar, click Process > Calc Vibration Analysis... or click on the
Calc Vibration Analysis icon in the Standard toolbar.
3 When the Footfall Analysis dialog appears, click OK to acknowledge that

the simplified resonant response calculations do not calculate RMS
velocity.
Note: The analysis may take several minutes.


After a vibration analysis is performed, the following types of results are available:
Vibration Frequency Table
Vibration Analysis Contour Plots
Mode Shape Perspective Plans
Vibration Frequency Table

After the vibration analysis is performed, you can review the Vibration Frequency
Table for the calculated frequency of the structure for each mode requested
through the calculation. This table can be used to assess whether or not enough
modes were included in the calculation.
Exercise: Review the Vibration Frequencies

2 In the menu bar, click Layers > Vibrations > Vibration Analysis > Tables >
Vibration Frequencies Table.
3 In the Vibration Frequencies Table, notice that RAM Concept has
calculated the frequency of the structure at each mode. As you may recall,
we requested 25 modes in the Calc Options dialog, which is sufficient for
this structure since all of the modes with frequencies up to 12 - 15 Hz were
included.

Vibration Analysis Contour Plots

After a vibration analysis is performed in RAM Concept, vibration analysis contour
plots will be available to display the maximum RMS Velocities, the maximum RMS
Accelerations, and the Maximum Response Factors. These plots represent the
envelope at each node of all calculated cases which include resonant response
calculations and the impulsive response calculation for the critical excitation
frequency.
Note: The following tables lists some common response factor limits mentioned in BS
6472 and ISO 2631-2 for some different environments:
Environment Response Description of Use

Factor Limit
Workshops, Office 8 - 10 Perceptible vibration, suitable for non-
sensitive areas.
Residential 4-8 Possible perceptible vibration, suitable
for sleep areas in most cases.
Operating Rooms 1-4 Near the threshold of perception,
suitable for sensitive sleep areas and in
most instances for microscopes to 100x
and other low sensitivity equipment.
Sensitive Equipment 0.0625 - 1 Suitable for sensitive equipment,
Rooms electron microscopes, etc.

Exercise: Review the Vibration Analysis Results Plans

2 In the menu bar, click Layers > Vibrations > Vibration Analysis > Max RMS
Velocity Plan.
3 In the menu bar, click Layers > Vibrations > Vibration Analysis > Max RMS
Acceleration Plan.

4 In the menu bar, click Layers > Vibrations > Vibration Analysis > Max
Response Factor Plan.
Note: According to the Max Response Factor Plan, this structure would be
acceptable for most uses except in areas requiring sensitive equipment.

Mode Shape Perspective Plans

Each mode of vibration has a characteristic deflected shape and an associated
vibration frequency. To view the deflected shape at each mode, review the Mode
Shape Perspective Plans, available in the Vibrations folder.
Exercise: Review the Mode Shape Perspective Plans

2 In the menu bar, click Layers > Vibrations > Vibration Analysis > Mode
Shape 1 Perspective.
Note: Refer to the legend in the upper left hand corner of your screen for
some additional information about this mode shape, including the
maximum deflection and the calculated frequency.
Note: The mode shape perspective graphics can be customized using the layer
specific toolbar.

3 In the Standard toolbar, click on the Plot icon.
4 In the Plot Settings dialog, click on the Vibration tab and notice that the
following fields can be customized:
Value Plotted: In these fields, you can specify what value you want
plotted (vertical mode shape, lateral RMS velocity, etc.), the vibration
model (select from any of the vibration modes that were included in
the calculation) and the axis (X or Y).
Content: You can plot the maximum or minimum deflection values.
Plot Type: Select the plot type (intensity or contour) and select the
resolution.
Magnitudes: Enter custom magnitude values to focus on.
Animation Control: Enable the animation controls, if desired.
5 In the Plot Settings dialog, modify the following parameters:
Enable Animation: (checked)
# Frames: 10
Then, click OK.
6 In the Animation toolbar, click on the Play icon to animate the mode
shape.

Integration with RAM
Structural System
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to send model information from an analyzed
RAM Structural System model to RAM Concept.
Fundamental knowledge of modeling and design principles in RAM Concept
Fundamental knowledge of RAM Structural System is recommended
Module Objectives
Prepare a RAM Structural System model for integration with RAM Concept.
Send model information from RAM Structural System to RAM Concept.
Update model loading in RAM Structural System from RAM Concept.
Mar-13 103 Integration with RAM Structural System

Modeling in RAM Structural System

In this module, we will send the Second Floor elevated slab for the following RAM
Structural System model to RAM Concept for analysis.
Second Floor
Model Criteria
The Criteria menu in the RAM Manager contains criteria for the current model.
When preparing a model for integration with RAM Concept, it is important to
ensure the member loads and self-weight criteria in RAM Structural System are
specified correctly.
Member Loads
In RAM Structural System, live loads on the roof can have one of two
classifications: roof live load or snow load. Internally, snow loads are assigned to
the roof live load type and it is not possible to consider both simultaneously.
RAM Concept can import roof live load, but not snow load from RAM Structural
System. When you are preparing a RAM Structural System model for integration
with RAM Concept, define all of the live load on the roof as roof live load instead
of snow load.
Integration with RAM Structural System 104 Mar-13

Self-Weight
RAM Structural System has the ability to automatically calculate and apply the
self-weight of structural components including beams, columns, walls, and slabs/
decks.
RAM Concept always automatically includes the self-weight of the structure.

When you are preparing a RAM Structural System model for integration with RAM
Concept, the self-weight should be included to maintain constancy between the
two programs.
Note: Any items modeled in RAM Structural System that are not real elements, such
as dummy beams added for stiffness, should have 0.0 self-weight.
Exercise: Specify the Loading Criteria in RAM Structural System

1 Open RSSDataset1.rss in RAM Structural System.
2 In the RAM Manager, select the main menu item Criteria > Member
Loads or select the Live Load Reduction icon in the Criteria toolbar.
3 In the Criteria - Member Loads dialog, ensure the following parameter is

selected and then click OK:
Snow vs. Roof Live Load: Consider Roof Live Loads, Ignore Snow Loads
4 In the main menu, select Criteria > Self-Weight or select the Self Weight
icon in the Criteria toolbar.
5 In the Self-Weight dialog, ensure the following Member Dead Load

elements are selected and then click OK:
Beams: (checked)
Columns: (checked)
Walls: (checked)
Slabs/Deck: (checked)
6 In the main menu, select File > Save.

Model Geometry
In RAM Structural System, steel tables are predefined in the RAM Manager
criteria and can be assigned to members in the RAM Modeler. Concrete tables are
not predefined and must be added to the property table prior to being assigned to
concrete beams and columns.
Concrete Members
Concept, it is important to enter the properties for each member appropriately.
Exercise: Review the Second Floor Concrete Members

2 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Model or select the Modeler icon
in the Design toolbar.
3 In the main menu, select Material > Concrete.

4 In the main menu, select Second from the Layout pull down menu.

5 Review the concrete columns at this level. Most of the properties assigned
to the concrete columns in RAM Concept will be exported correctly from
RAM Structural System. In addition, it is important to understand how the
following properties are assigned:
Stiffness Factors: The Bending Stiffness Factor in RAM Concept will be
based upon the Flexural Cracked Section Factor in the RAM Structural
System Property Table. The Axial and Torsion Cracked Section Factors
defined in RAM Structural System are not imported into RAM Concept.
Roller at Far End: Defaults to False in RAM Concept, except above mat
foundations. Columns above mat foundations are pinned at the top,
regardless of the setting in RAM Structural System.
Compressible: Defaults to True in RAM Concept.
Fixed Near or Fixed Far: Lateral concrete columns modeled as pinned
along both the major or minor axes in RAM Structural System will be
imported into RAM Concept as pinned in both directions. All other
lateral and gravity columns will be imported into RAM Concept as fixed
in both directions.
Note: Only concrete columns will be imported from RAM Structural System.
Steel columns will not be imported, but the appropriate concentrated
load will.
6 Review the concrete beams at this level. Most of the properties assigned
to the concrete beams in RAM Concept will be exported correctly from
RAM Structural System. In addition, it is important to understand how the
Surface Elevation: Defaults to 0 inches in RAM Concept.
Axial, Flexural, and Torsion Cracked Section Factors defined in RAM
Structural System will not be imported into RAM Concept.
Note: If a concrete beam is defined as a T-Section in RAM Structural System,

only the web properties will be imported into RAM Concept.
Note: Beam elements are modeled as plate elements in RAM Concept and
beam end fixity is not considered. Therefore, the assigned end fixity for
pinned concrete beams will not be imported from RAM Structural
System.

7 Review the concrete walls at this level. Most of the properties assigned to
the concrete walls in RAM Concept will be exported correctly from RAM
Structural System. In addition, it is important to understand how the
Shear Wall and Compressible: Defaults to True in RAM Concept.
Fixed Near and Fixed Far: Defaults to False in RAM Concept.
Note: Walls of varying height modeled in RAM Structural System will be

imported into RAM Concept as walls with a constant height equal to the
average height.
Note: RAM Frame can consider out-of-plane wall stiffness and end releases to
be fixed, but these properties will not be imported into RAM Concept.
Note: Wall openings and cracked section factors defined in RAM Structural
System will be ignored in RAM Concept.
8 Keep this model open for use in the next exercise.

Concrete Slabs
Concept, the slab edge also defines the import perimeter. Within the import
perimeter, the following structural members can be imported from RAM
Structural System into RAM Concept:
Slabs: All slabs of the selected slab type.
Beams: All concrete beams from the selected story.
Openings and Penetrations: All openings and penetrations within the import
perimeter.
Columns: All columns above or below the selected slab whose center point
lies inside the import perimeter.
Walls: All walls above or below the selected slab whose centerline is
contained by or crosses any part of the import perimeter.
Grids: All orthogonal and radial grids lines. Grid labels will not import.
Note: All structural elements are imported into RAM Concepts Mesh Import layer.
Grid lines are imported into the Drawing Import layer. Grid labels are not
imported.
Exercise: Review the Second Floor Concrete Slabs

3 Review the concrete slabs at this level. The RAM Concept properties listed
below for each slab will be imported from RAM Structural System as
follows:
Surface Elevation: Defaults to 0 in RAM Concept.
Behavior: Defaults to Two-Way Slab in RAM Concept.

Slab Depression Drop Caps

(14 in {355.6 mm}) (24 inches {609.6 mm})
Main Slab
(16 inches {406.4 mm})
Note: The concrete slabs must be defined as a Concrete Slab System in RAM
Structural System. Do not model the slab as a Composite Floor System.
Note: The slab thickness and slab edge geometry are imported from RAM
Structural System. Both of these can be modified in RAM Concept.
Note: The cracked section factors (bending and diaphragm) defined in RAM
Structural System are not imported into RAM Concept.

Model Loading
The following structural loads can be imported into RAM Concept from RAM
Structural System:
Direct Gravity Loads
Transfer Gravity Loads
Lateral Member Loads
The following loading assumptions are applied to an imported RAM Concept

model:
All loads are applied to the surface of the slab.
Wall member forces are applied as two point loads at the endpoint of the wall
that are statically equivalent to the wall forces and moments.
Direct Gravity Loading
Direct gravity loads include point, line, and area gravity loads modeled directly on
the concrete slab in RAM Structural System.
Exercise: Review the Direct Gravity Loading


3 Review the Direct Gravity Surface Loads applied at this level.
4 Review the Gravity Line Loads applied at this level.
5 In the main menu, select File > Exit to return to the RAM Manager.

Transfer Gravity Loading
Transfer gravity loads are loads imposed on the slab in RAM Structural System due
to members supported by the slab. This includes the member self-weight and the
transferred gravity loads.
When transferred loads are imported into RAM Concept, they are imported into
Transfer load layers to separate them from the direct gravity loads.
Roof
Typical Floor
Typical Floor
Transfer Level
Note: RAM Concept does not export Transfer loading reactions to RAM Structural
System. When analyzing a building with a transfer slab, RAM Structural System
uses its own internal distribution of the transfer forces in the slab rather than
the forces from RAM Concepts floor analysis.

Exercise: Perform the Gravity Analysis

2 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Design > RAM Steel Beam or
select the Beam Design icon in the Design toolbar.
3 In the Framing Table Options dialog, enter the following parameter and
then click OK.
Perform Design All Automatically After Framing: (checked)
5 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Design > RAM Steel Column or
select the Column Design icon in the Design toolbar.
6 In the main menu, select Process > Design All or select the Design All icon.
8 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Design > RAM Concrete or select
the Concrete Design icon in the Design toolbar.
Note: The RAM Concrete Design Module generates the finite element model,
calculates the loads, and determines the column and beam design
forces. The member forces are imported into RAM Concept.
Note: The concrete design code specified in RAM Concrete will control what
Design Rules are established in RAM Concept when the model
information is transferred.
9 In the main menu, select Process > Analyze or select the Analyze icon.
10 Click Close to acknowledge that the analysis was completed successfully.

11 In the main menu, select Process > Results > Vertical Reactions... or select
the View Vertical Reactions icon.
12 In the Vertical Reactions dialog, enter the following parameters and then
click Apply:
Story: Third Floor
Load Case: DL1
Note: The columns along grid lines D.3 and E.7 are supported on the second
floor two way concrete slab. The vertical reactions for these columns
will be imported into RAM Concept as transfer loads.
13 In the Vertical Reactions dialog, click Close.
15 In the main menu, File > Save.

Lateral Loading
The following RAM Structural System lateral load types can be imported into RAM
Concept:
RAM Structural System RAM Concept Load Type RAM Concept Loading
Load Case Forced Level (Limit State)
Wind Wind Service
Seismic Seismic Ultimate
User Defined Story Force Seismic Ultimate
Notional Ignored
Dynamic Ignored
Center of Rigidity Ignored
Virtual Work Ignored
RAM Concept will only import the vertical reactions and moments from the
columns above and below the imported slab. The actual story forces and column
shear reactions do not currently import.
Note: Only gravity loading (load types) modeled in RAM Structural System will
transfer back from RAM Concept to RAM Structural System. Lateral load
reactions in RAM Structural System will be taken from the RAM Frame analysis.
Self-Equilibrium Analysis
In RAM Concept, lateral loads imported from RAM Structural System are
automatically assigned to a self-equilibrium loading analysis type, Lateral SE, in
the loading criteria. Self-equilibrium loads produce moments and forces in the
structure, but the total loads acting upon the structure are in force and moment
equilibrium. The self-equilibrium analysis is used to verify that the load path in
the RAM Concept model is consistent with the load path from the RAM Frame
lateral analysis.

Exercise: Perform the Lateral Analysis

2 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Design > RAM Frame or select the
Frame Design icon in the Design toolbar.
3 In the Meshing Process Status dialog, click Close.

4 In the main menu, select Process > Analyze... or select the Perform
Analysis icon in the Mode toolbar.
Note: For this model, the wind and seismic lateral loads have been defined
according to ASCE 7-05 / IBC 2006.
5 In the Analyze dialog, click the Select All button and then click OK.
6 In the Analysis Status dialog, click OK after the analysis is complete.
7 In the main menu, select File > Exit RAM Frame to return to the RAM
Manager.
9 In the main menu, select File > Exit to close RAM Structural System.

Integration with RAM Concept

In RAM Concept, a file may be created by importing an elevated concrete slab or
mat foundation from a RAM Structural System model. In RAM Structural System,
each floor level may contain two types of floor systems: elevated slabs or mat
foundations. When importing the database from RAM Structural System into
RAM Concept, you will have the option to import either type of slab if both are
defined for the same floor level.
When RAM Concept is invoked from RAM Structural System, the RAM Concept
model is included as part of the RAM Structural System model. This means that
the model of the slab system in RAM Concept can only be accessed through RAM
Structural System and not as a standalone application. (You will notice that the
Save As command in RAM Concept will not be available through this workflow.)
Exercise: Start the Process to Export Model Information to RAM Concept

2 In the main menu, click Design > RAM Concept... or click on the RAM
Concept icon in the Design toolbar.
3 In the RAM Concept dialog, enter the following parameters:

Choose Story: Second Floor
Slab Type: Elevated Slabs
4 Keep the RAM Concept dialog open for the next exercise.

Concrete Elements
The model information for the following concrete element types can be sent to
RAM Concept from RAM Structural System:
Concrete Slabs and Mat Foundations
Concrete Beams
Slab Openings and Penetrations
Grid Lines
Concrete Columns above and below the Slab
Concrete Walls above and below the Slab
In most cases, all of the element types should be selected when RAM Concept is
invoked from RAM Structural System. If, however, a RAM Structural System slab
has already been exported to RAM Concept and the structural elements were
modified in RAM Concept, you may want to exclude those elements in
subsequent exports.
Exercise: Select the Concrete Element Types to Send to RAM Concept

2 In the RAM Concept dialog, select the following structural objects:
Slab/Mat Areas: (checked) Columns Above Slab: (checked)

Beams: (checked) Walls Above Slab: (checked)
Openings and Penetrations: (checked) Columns Below Slab: (checked)
Grids: (checked) Walls Below Slab: (checked)

Loading
The following loading information can be sent to RAM Concept from RAM
Structural System:
Lateral Loading
In addition, the transfer gravity loads can be imported into RAM Concept from the
following RAM Structural System Design Modules:
RAM Concrete: Performs a more elaborate analysis of concrete structures for
gravity loads. Every member is considered in the analysis, and concrete gravity
members will now be analyzed using the assigned end fixity.
RAM Frame: Performs a full 3-dimensional analysis. The reactions of gravity
members being supported by lateral members are calculated as in the Steel
modules. The gravity members are completely ignored in the RAM Frame
Analysis.
RAM Steel: Performs a simple tributary analysis. The reactions are calculated
based on the assumption that all members are simply-supported, determinate
members with exactly two supports.
Exercise: Specify the Loading Information to Transfer to RAM Concept

2 In the RAM Concept dialog, select the following load types:
Direct Gravity Loads: (checked)
Transfer Gravity Loads: (checked)
Lateral Analysis Loads: (checked)
3 Then, specify the following RAM SS Gravity Force Preferences:
1st Choice: RAM Concrete / RAM Concept
2nd Choice: RAM Frame
3rd Choice: RAM Steel

Update Options
When RAM Concept is invoked directly from RAM Structural System, you will have
the following update options available to you:
Update Forces Automatically
Prompt Before Update
Do not Update
After a structural concrete slab is analyzed in RAM Concept, you may want to
update the forces in the RAM Structural System model. This information will only
be considered in the design of the concrete columns in the RAM Concrete Design
Module. For post-tensioned slabs or any slab in which the model loading is
critical, it is recommended to update the RAM Structural System model with the
forces from the RAM Concept model.
Note: For each slab in the model, you can review the last time the slab was sent to
RAM Concept and the last time the forces were updated from RAM Concept in
the RAM Concept dialog.
Exercise: Specify the Update Options and then Export the Model
2 In the RAM Concept dialog, select the following update option:
Column and Wall Forces sent back from Concept: Update Forced
Automatically
3 In the RAM Concept dialog, click OK to export the model and automatically
open RAM Concept.
4 Keep the RAM Concept open for the next exercise.

Exercise: Review the RAM Concept Model

1 Continue with the RAM Concept model from the previous exercise.
2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan.
3 Review the imported elements of the structure and compare to the
properties we defined in RAM Structural System:
Concrete Beams:
Defined in RAM Structural System Imported into RAM Concept

Fc 5000 psi 5000 psi Concrete Mix
{34.47 N/mm2} {34.47 N/mm2}
Depth 24 inches 24 inches Thickness
{609.6 mm} {609.6 mm}
Web Thickness 24 inches 24 inches Width
{609.6 mm} {609.6 mm}
Concrete Columns (the properties for the concrete column at grid

intersection C-1 are indicated below):

{34.47 N/mm2} {34.47 N/mm2}
Height 12 feet 12 feet Height
{3.658 m} {3.658 m}
H (or Diam) 18 inches 18 inches Width
{457.2 mm} {457.2 mm}
B 18 inches 18 inches Depth/Diameter
{457.2 mm} {457.2 mm}
Angle 0 degrees 0 degrees Angle
Flexural Cracked 0.7 0.7 Bending Stiffness
Section Factor Factor
Note: Notice that the Roller at Far End is False by default. Notice that the
Fixed Near, Fixed Far, and Compressible are True by default.
Hint: All gravity columns will be imported into RAM Concept as fixed in both
directions. To pin gravity columns in the RAM Structural System
Concrete Design Module, select Criteria > Analysis in the main menu.

Concrete Walls:

{34.47 N/mm2} {34.47 N/mm2}
Wall Thickness 12 inches 12 inches Thickness
{304.8 mm} {304.8 mm}
Note: Notice that the Shear Wall and Compressible are True by default. Notice
that the Fixed Near and Fixed Far are False by default.
Concrete Slabs:

Thick 16 inches 16 inches Thick
(Main Slab) {406.4 mm} {406.4 mm} (Main Slab)
Thick 14 inches 14 inches Thickness
(Slab Depressions) {355.6 mm} {355.6 mm} (Slab Depressions)
(Drop Caps) {609.6 mm} {609.6 mm} (Drop Caps)
Note: Notice that the Priority for the slab depression and drop caps is higher
than the main slab. Notice that the Surface Elevation is set to zero by
default for all slab systems.
Note: The slab behavior defined in RAM Structural System does not import
into RAM Concept. The behavior defaults to Custom in RAM Concept.

Exercise: Modify the Imported Geometry

2 In the General tools, use the Selection icon to select the slab depression.
Selection
3 In the Active Window, right click and select Selection Properties from
the pop-up menu.
then click OK.
Surface Elevation: -2 inches {-50.8 mm}
Hint: Import a CAD background to review the slab edges and beams modeled
in RAM Structural System. Slabs and beams can be modified or
enhanced in RAM Concept to achieve a more accurate design.
6 In the Visible Objects - [Standard Plan] dialog, select the Static Loadings
tab. Then, highlight the Dead Load (transfer) layer and then enter the
Point Loads: (checked)
Icons: (checked)

7 Highlight the Wind(Wind_IBC09_1_X) layer and then enter the following

parameters:
Icons: (checked)
8 Click OK.
Note: Loads are independent of the finite element mesh and have no effect
on the automatic mesh generation. For heavy point loads, the loads
should be located at finite element mesh nodes.
Hint: To locate point loads at the finite element mesh nodes, model pinned
columns above the floor at the heavy point load locations.
9 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Column icon.
10 In the Default Column Properties dialog, enter the following parameters

and then click OK.
Concrete Mix: 5000 psi (2) {34 N/mm2}
Height: 12 feet {3.65 m}
Support Set: Above
Width: 0 inches
Depth/Diameter: 12 inches {305 mm}
Angle: 0 degrees
Bending Stiffness Factor: 0.7
Roller at Far End: (unchecked)
Fixed Near: (unchecked)
Fixed Far: (unchecked)
Compressible: (unchecked)
11 In the Active Window, click on each of the Dead Load (transfer) and
Wind(Wind_IBC09_1_X) point loads, not already located at a column.

Hint: Activate the Snap to Point icon.
Column at Transfer Loading (typical)
Column at Lateral Loading (typical)

14 In the Generate Mesh dialog, enter the following parameter and then click
Generate.
Note: Notice that each of the transfer and lateral point loads now coordinate
with a finite element mesh node.

Exercise: Review the Model Loading

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Dead Load > All Loads Plan.
Note: The direct superimposed dead load has been imported successfully into
RAM Concept.
3 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Dead Load (transfer) > All
Loads Plan.
Note: The transfer dead load, due to the steel columns supported by the two
way slab, have been imported successfully into RAM Concept.

4 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Seismic(EQ_IBC09_Y_-E_F) >
All Loads Plan.
Note: The lateral seismic loads have been imported successfully into RAM
Concept.
Note: At this point, you can continue to define design strips and tendons, if
required, in each orthogonal direction. This step, however, is not
necessary prior to exporting reactions back to RAM Structural System.

Updating the Reactions in RAM Structural System

After an elevated slab is sent to RAM Concept through the interface within RAM
Structural System, the column and wall reactions can be sent back to RAM
Structural System after the slab is analyzed in RAM Concept.
Hint: To consider the effects of post-tensioning on the support elements, analyze the
model in RAM Concept and update the reactions back to RAM Structural
System.
RAM Concept will only export the reactions for the ends of walls or columns that
are in contact with the elevated slab. The axial loads in those elements are not
affected as the loads are imposed by the structure above, as modeled in RAM
Structural System. When reactions are exported from RAM Concept, consider the
following loading types:
Gravity Loading: Only gravity loading (load types) modeled in RAM Structural
System will export reactions from RAM Concept. New loadings (load types)
created in RAM Concept will not export.
Lateral Loading: Lateral load reactions will not export from RAM Concept.
Self-Weight: RAM Concept adds the self dead load reactions to the dead load
reactions during the export. Since RAM Concept automatically calculates and
applies the self-weight, the criteria in RAM Structural System should also be
specified to automatically calculate the self-weight.
Balanced Loading: RAM Concept exports the balanced loading reactions to a
hyperstatic load case that is only visible in RAM Concrete. Balanced and
hyperstatic loads will be the same.
Note: The imported gravity loading layers cannot be deleted in RAM Concept. The
imported gravity loading can be modified in RAM Concept.
After the reactions are updated in RAM Structural System model, they will be
available in RAM Concrete, but they will only be considered in the analysis if you
specify to use them in RAM Concrete.

Exercise: Update the Reactions in RAM Structural System

2 In the RAM Concept menu bar, click Process > Calc All or click on the Calc
All icon in the Standard toolbar.
3 After the analysis is performed, click File > Save in the menu bar or click
on the Save icon.
4 In the menu bar, click File > Exit to close the RAM Concept model and
return to RAM Structural System.
Note: When RAM Concept is invoked from RAM Structural System, the RAM
Structural System model and design modules will not be available when
RAM Concept is open.
Note: Since we had selected the Update Forces Automatically option when
the model information was sent from RAM Structural System to RAM
Concept, the forces will be updated automatically when the RAM
Concept model is closed. Only the reactions from the Direct Gravity
Loading will be exported back to RAM Structural System.
the Concrete Design icon to the left of the RAM Manager screen.
6 In the Story Column Force Source dialog, click OK.

7 In the main menu, select Criteria > Column Forces
8 In the Column Design Forces dialog, enter the following parameters and
then click OK:
Select the Use RAM Concept Analysis Forces at Selected Levels radio
button.
Select the Second Floor Checkbox
9 In the main menu, select Process > Analyze. In the dialog, click the Close
button once the analysis is completed successfully.
10 In the main menu, select Reports > Concept Column Forces > Single. Use
the cursor to select a 2nd floor column to review the forces.


Integration with ISM
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn the basic skills to synchronize a RAM Concept model
with an Integrated Structural Model (ISM) repository.
A basic understanding of Structural Engineering Principles
Fundamental knowledge of Bentley's Integrated Structural Model (ISM) is
recommended
Module Objectives
Create an ISM Repository from a RAM Concept model
Create a RAM Concept model from an ISM Repository
Update an ISM Repository after changes are made in RAM Concept
Update a RAM Concept model after changes are made to an ISM Repository
Mar-13 133 Integration with ISM

Introduction to ISM
Introduction to ISM
Bentleys Integrated Structural Model (ISM) is a technology for sharing structural
engineering project information among structural modeling, analysis, design,
drafting and detailing applications. In RAM Concept, the following commands can
be issued to synchronize your model with ISM:
Create a Repository
New from Repository
Update Repository
Update from Repository
While integrating a RAM Concept model with an ISM repository, it is important to

understand how elements are considered in each product. We will explore the
differences in the next few sections.
Support Members
RAM Concept and ISM consider support members differently, as described below:
In RAM Concept, vertical supporting members only extend to the next slab
above or below the slab that is being analyzed. In addition, walls must be
rectangular and RAM Concept does not support wall openings.
In ISM, vertical supporting members can extend through all stories and can
connect to members on each story. Walls are modeled as surface members
and can contain wall openings. Walls and columns can be sloped.
Section Shapes
In RAM Concept, concrete beams must be defined as solid rectangular sections
and concrete columns must be defined as solid rectangular or circular sections. In
ISM, concrete beams and columns can be defined as many different shapes. RAM
Concept will convert the ISM shapes to equivalent sections as required.
Note: When updating an ISM repository, the RAM Concept approximate shapes will
appear as changes. You can specify to always reject these changes to prevent
the ISM sections from being replaced.
Integration with ISM 134 Mar-13

Introduction to ISM
Slabs and Openings

RAM Concept and ISM considered slab areas and openings differently, as
described below:
In RAM Concept, slab areas and openings are defined by a series of polygons
that can overlap. The priority defined for each area determines which has
precedence when they overlap.
Opening (Priority = 20)
Slab Depression Main Slab

(Priority = 3) (Priority =1)
Concrete Beam (Priority = 2)
In ISM, slab areas and openings are defined by a series of polygons that
cannot overlap. Each parent surface member can contain a number of
surface member modifiers that lie inside the parent surface member. The
surface member modifiers always take precedence over the parent surface
member. Surface member modifiers can overlap and are given an integer
priority to determine which takes precedence.
Opening (Priority = 20)
Slab Depression Main Slab

(Surface Member (Priority =1)
Modifier)
Concrete Beam (Priority = 2)

Introduction to ISM
ISM Load Cases and Loads

ISM load cases objects and their load cause property are analogous to RAM
Concept loading and their load type property.
Note: Balanced loading is not exported from RAM Concept to ISM by default. You can,
however, choose to export it, but it may significantly increase the size of the
ISM repository.
Creating a Repository
Within RAM Concept, you can generate a new ISM repository from a structure
modeled in RAM Concept. All of the information modeled in RAM Concept will be
saved in the Repository. The following describes how slabs, supporting members,
and loads are exported from RAM Concept to ISM:
Slabs: When RAM Concept exports slab areas to ISM, the slab geometry and
priorities are modified to ISM surface members with modifiers. The slab area
in RAM Concept with the lowest priority will become the parent slab, while
the overlapping areas will become the surface modifiers. RAM Concept slabs
that are not overlapping will be converted directly to ISM surface members.
Supporting Members: Pairs of matching support members at the same
location and with the same properties will be merged when exporting from
RAM Concept to ISM. If the properties are not identical, the members will be
exported as two different members. In addition, support members exported
from RAM Concept are adjusted so their heights are relative to the center of
the slab or beam that the supporting member passes through.
Warning: When updating a model in RAM Concept that was modified in ISM,
you may want to reject the changes to the RAM Concept support
member geometry.
Loads: Balanced loading is not exported from RAM Concept to ISM by default.
You can, however, choose to export it, but it may significantly increase the size
of the ISM repository.

Introduction to ISM
Exercise: Create a Repository

1 Open ISMDataset1.cpt in RAM Concept.
Note: Notice that the slab depressions, concrete beams, openings and pour
strip have a higher priority than the main slab.
3 In the General tools, select the Selection icon and double click on the
main slab.
Selection

Introduction to ISM
the pop-up menu.
5 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, select the General tab and notice the
following structural information has been defined for this slab:
Concrete Mix: 5000 psi {35 MPa}
Thickness: 8 inches {203.2 mm}
Surface Elevation: 0 inches {0 mm}
Priority: 0
6 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, click Cancel.
7 In the menu bar, select File > Sync ISM > Options.
8 In the ISM Options dialog, enter the following parameter and then click
OK.
Update Support Members in ISM Repository: (checked)
Export Balance Loading (may make the ISM Repository very large):
(unchecked)
9 In the menu bar, select File > Sync ISM > Create Repository.
10 In the ISM Repository to Create from File dialog, navigate to a convenient
location and save as ISMDataset1.ism.dgn.
11 In the Export Story dialog, enter the following information and then click
OK.
Name: Floor
Open Structural Synchronizer: (checked)
Note: Structural Synchronizer should open automatically with the candidate

repository. To officially create the repository, we must first select which
objects to accept/reject.
12 In the Objects pane, click on the Select All button and then click Accept.
13 In the Properties pane, click on the Update Repository button to officially
create the repository.
14 In the Design History dialog, click OK to proceed.

Introduction to ISM
Exercise: Review the ISM Repository

1 Using the ISM Viewer, open the ISM Repository we created in the previous
exercise (ISMDataset1.ism).
Note: In this exercise, we will review the surface members to ensure they
were transferred from RAM Concept correctly.
2 In the ISM Data dialog, select the following items from the appropriate
pull down menus:
Types: Surface Member
Units: Imperial {SI}
In the Objects window, select the Slab Surface Member checkbox.

Introduction to ISM
3 In the Properties Window, notice the following information for the surface
member has been exported correctly by RAM Concept.
Material: 5000 psi {35 MPa}
Offset: 0 inches {0 mm}
Note: Notice that the main slab has been defined as a surface member. This is
the ISM parent surface member. The surface member modifiers and
surface member openings will take priority over the parent surface
member in overlapping areas.
4 In the Types pull down menu, deselect Surface Member and then select
Surface Member Modifier.
Note: Notice that the slab depressions and the concrete beams have each
been defined as a Surface Member Modifier. The material, thickness,
and offset for each member are consistent with the RAM Concept
model.
5 In the Types pull down menu, deselect Surface Member Modifier and
then select Curve Member to review the concrete columns.
6 In the ISM Viewer, click Close to exit.

New From Repository
New From Repository

Within RAM Concept, you can generate a new RAM Concept model from an ISM
repository that was created from another application. All of the structural
information in the repository will be retained by RAM Concept. The following
describes how slabs, supporting members, and loads are exported from RAM
Concept to ISM:
Slabs: ISM surface members, surface member modifiers, and surface openings
are converted directly to RAM Concept slab areas and openings. The priorities
given to each slab area and opening are indicated below:
Surface Member (Parent Surface Member): Priority = 0
Surface Member Modifiers: Priority = 10 x ISM Priority to allow
additional intermediate slab areas to be modeled in RAM Concept
Surface Openings: Priority is given a number significantly higher than
the surface member modifiers to ensure that it controls in overlapping
locations.
Support Members: RAM Concept will only import support members that are
connected to the imported slab. If a support member is sloped in ISM, RAM
Concept will model the length of the column as the sloped length, not the
difference in elevation.
Section Shapes: RAM Concept imports ISM column and beam sections as
follows:
Hollow and Solid Circular Columns: RAM Concept will replace the
shape with a solid circular section with the same approximate area.
Other Column and Beam Shapes: RAM Concept will replace the shape
with a solid rectangular section with the same approximate area.
Custom Shapes: RAM Concept will replace the shape with a solid
square section with the same approximate area.
Built-Up Sections: RAM Concept will replace the shape with a solid
square section with the same approximate area as the sum of the built
up sections.

New From Repository
Exercise: Import an ISM Repository

1 Open Structural Synchronizer V8i.
2 In the ISM Repository to View dialog, navigate to the dataset that was
supplied with this training and open ISMDataset2.ism.dgn.
Selection
pull down menus:
members has been exported correctly by RAM Concept.
Material: 3000 psi {20 MPa}

New From Repository
6 Open RAM Concept.

7 In the menu bar, select File > Sync ISM > New from Repository.
8 In the ISM Repository to Create File From dialog, navigate to the dataset
that was supplied with this training and open ISMDataset2.ism.
9 In the New File dialog, enter the following parameters and then click OK:
ISM Story: Floor
Open Structural Synchronizer: (unchecked)
Note: Notice that the priorities for each slab area are as expected.
main slab.
Concrete Mix: 3000 psi {20 MPa}
In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, click Cancel.

New From Repository
Generate.
16 In the menu bar, select File > Save As Navigate to a convenient location
and save as ISMDataset2.cpt.

Updating a Repository
If changes are made in RAM Concept, you can coordinate some or all of those
changes with an existing ISM repository.
Note: Support member geometry is sometimes adjusted in while synchronizing a

RAM Concept model with an ISM Repository. When updating a repository, you
may want to reject the changes to the RAM Concept support member
geometry.
Exercise: Update a Repository

1 Open RAM Concept.
2 In the menu bar, select File > Open Navigate to the dataset that was
supplied with this training and open ISMDataset3.cpt.
Note: This model is identical to ISMDataaset1.cpt.

main slab.
Selection
the pop-up menu.

6 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, select the General tab and modify the
7 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, click OK.
8 In the menu bar, select File > Sync ISM > Options.
9 In the ISM Options dialog, enter the following parameter and then click
OK:
Update Support Members in ISM Repository: (unchecked)
10 In the menu bar, select File > Sync ISM > Update Repository.
11 In the File Not Found dialog, click OK to select the ISM Repository.
Note: The link between ISM and RAM Concept maintains the entire path of
the original ISM file. Since this dataset may be stored at a different
location on your machine, RAM Concept cannot verify the original
repository. Follow the step below to re-establish the link to the ISM
Repository.
12 In the Select ISM Repository dialog, navigate to the dataset that was
supplied with this training and select ISMDataset3.ism.dgn. Click Open.
13 In the Objects Window, select Surface Member from the Types pull down
list. Then, select the Slab surface member.

14 In the Objects Window, select the modified surface member and then click
Accept.
15 In the Choose Changes to Make to ISM Repository dialog, click the Update
Repository button.
16 In the Warning dialog, click OK.
17 In the Design History dialog, enter the following information:
Change Description: Main Slab thickness increased to 10 inches
Major Change: (checked)
18 In the Design History dialog, click OK.

Update from a Repository

If changes are made it a model in another application, you can update the RAM
Concept model with some or all of those changes from the ISM repository.
Note: Support member geometry is sometimes adjusted in while synchronizing a

RAM Concept model with an ISM Repository. When updating a repository, you
may want to reject the changes to the RAM Concept support member
geometry.
Exercise: Update from a Repository

1 Open Structural Synchronizer V8i.
2 In the ISM Repository to View dialog, navigate to the dataset that was
supplied with this training and open ISMDataset4.ism.dgn.
Note: This repository is identical to ISMDataset2.ism.dgn, except the main

floor slab thickness has been increased to 12 inches {304.8 mm}.

pull down menus:
members has been exported correctly by RAM Concept.
6 Open ISMDataset4.cpt in RAM Concept.
main slab.
11 In the menu bar, select File > Sync ISM > Update from Repository.
12 In the File Not Found dialog, click OK.
Note: The link between ISM and RAM Concept maintains the entire path of
the original ISM file. Since this dataset may be stored at a different
location on your machine, RAM Concept cannot verify the original
repository. Follow the step below to re-establish the link to the ISM
Repository.
13 In the Select ISM Repository dialog, navigate to the dataset that was
supplied with this training and select ISMDataset4.ism.dgn. Click Open.
14 In the Objects Window, select Surface Member from the Types pull down
list. Then, select the Slab surface member.
15 In the Objects Window, select the modified slab surface member and then
click Select All and then Accept.
16 In the Choose Changes to Make to Application dialog, click the Update
Application button.

main slab.

Course Summary
Course Summary
Now you will be able to:
Model and design a post-tensioned concrete slab in RAM Concept.
Perform a load history analysis in RAM Concept.
Perform a vibration analysis in RAM Concept.
Integrate model information between RAM Structural System and RAM
Concept.
Integrate model information between ISM and RAM Concept.
Integrate model information between STAAD.Pro and RAM Concept.
Mar-13 151 Course Summary

Course Summary
Course Summary 152 Mar-13

Appendix 1 - Direct Integration
with RAM Structural System
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to import model loading and geometry from an
analyzed RAM Structural System model into RAM Concept. You will also learn how
to export reactions and geometry to RAM Structural System from RAM Concept.
Fundamental knowledge of modeling and design principles in RAM Concept
Fundamental knowledge of RAM Structural System is recommended
Module Objectives
Import model geometry and loading from a RAM Structural System model
Export column and wall reactions from RAM Concept back to the RAM
Structural System model, for use in RAM Concrete
Export geometry from RAM Concept to RAM Structural System
Mar-13 153 Appendix 1 - Direct Integration with RAM Structural
System

In this module, we will import the Second Floor elevated slab for the following
RAM Structural System model into RAM Concept.
Second Floor
Model Criteria
The Criteria menu in the RAM Manager contains model-specific criteria that are
particular to the current model only. When preparing a model for integration with
RAM Concept, it is important to ensure the member loads and self-weight criteria
in RAM Structural System are specified correctly.
Member Loads
In RAM Structural System, live loads on the roof can have one of two
classifications: roof live load or snow load. Internally, snow loads are assigned to
the roof live load type and it is not possible to consider both simultaneously.
RAM Concept can import roof live load, but not snow load from RAM Structural
System. When you are preparing a RAM Structural System model for integration
with RAM Concept, define all of the live load on the roof as roof live load instead
of snow load.
Appendix 1 - Direct Integration with RAM Structural System 154 Mar-13

Self-Weight
RAM Structural System has the ability to automatically calculate and apply the
self-weight of structural components including beams, columns, walls, and slabs/
decks.
RAM Concept always automatically includes the self-weight of the structure.

Concept, the self-weight should be included to maintain constancy between the
two programs.
Note: Any items modeled in RAM Structural System that are not real elements, such
as dummy beams added for stiffness, should have 0.0 self-weight.
Exercise: Specify the Loading Criteria in RAM Structural System

2 In the RAM Manager, select the main menu item Criteria > Member
Loads or select the Live Load Reduction icon in the Criteria toolbar.
3 In the Criteria - Member Loads dialog, ensure the following parameter is

selected and then click OK:
Snow vs. Roof Live Load: Consider Roof Live Loads, Ignore Snow Loads
4 In the main menu, select Criteria > Self-Weight or select the Self Weight
icon in the Criteria toolbar.
5 In the Self-Weight dialog, ensure the following Member Dead Load

elements are selected and then click OK:
Beams: (checked)
Columns: (checked)
Walls: (checked)
Slabs/Deck: (checked)

System
Model Geometry
In RAM Structural System, steel tables are predefined in the RAM Manger criteria
and can be assigned to members in the RAM Modeler. Concrete tables are not
predefined and must be added to the property table prior to being assigned to
concrete beams and columns.
Concrete Members
Concept, it is important to enter the properties for each member appropriately.
Exercise: Review the Second Floor Concrete Members

2 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Model or select the Modeler icon
in the Design toolbar.


5 Review the concrete columns at this level. The RAM Concept properties
listed below for each column will be imported from RAM Structural
System as follows:
Concrete Mix: Based upon the f'c defined in RAM Structural System.
Height: Based upon the story heights defined in the Story Data.
Width: Based upon the Height (H) in the Property Table.
Depth/Diameter: Based upon the Width (W) in the Property Table.
Angle: Based upon the Orientation defined in RAM Structural System.
Bending Stiffness Factor: Based upon the Flexural Cracked Section
Factor in the Property Table.
Note: The Axial and Torsion Cracked Section Factors defined in RAM Structural
System are not imported into RAM Concept.
Roller at Far End: Defaults to False in RAM Concept, except above mat
foundations. Columns above mat foundations are pinned at the top,
regardless of the setting in RAM Structural System.
Fixed Near or Fixed Far: Lateral concrete columns modeled as pinned
along both the major or minor axes in RAM Structural System will be
imported into RAM Concept as pinned in both directions. All other
lateral and gravity columns will be imported into RAM Concept as fixed
in both directions.
Note: Only concrete columns will be imported from RAM Structural System.
Steel columns will not be imported, but the appropriate concentrated
load will.
6 Review the concrete beams at this level. The RAM Concept properties
listed below for each beam will be imported from RAM Structural System
as follows:
Thickness: Based upon the depth defined in the Property Table.
Width: Based upon the width defined in the Property Table.
Note: If a concrete beam is defined as a T-Section in RAM Structural System,

only the web properties will be imported into RAM Concept.

System
Note: Beam elements are modeled as plate elements in RAM Concept and
beam end fixity is not considered. Therefore, the assigned end fixity for
pinned concrete beams will not be imported from RAM Structural
System.
Note: Axial, Flexural, and Torsion Cracked Section Factors defined in RAM
Structural System will not be imported into RAM Concept.
7 Review the concrete walls at this level. The RAM Concept properties listed
below for each wall will be imported from RAM Structural System as
follows:
Height: Based upon the story heights defined in the Story Data.
Thickness: Based upon the thickness defined.
Shear Wall and Compressible: Defaults to True in RAM Concept.
Fixed Near and Fixed Far: Defaults to False in RAM Concept.
Note: Walls of varying height modeled in RAM Structural System will be

imported into RAM Concept as walls with a constant height equal to the
average height.
Note: RAM Frame can consider out-of-plane wall stiffness and end releases to
be fixed, but these properties will not be imported into RAM Concept.
Note: Wall openings and cracked section factors defined in RAM Structural
System will be ignored in RAM Concept.

Concrete Slabs
Concept, the slab edge also defines the import perimeter. Within the import
perimeter, the following structural members can be imported from RAM
Structural System into RAM Concept:
Slabs: All slabs of the selected slab type.
Beams: All concrete beams from the selected story.
Openings and Penetrations: All openings and penetrations within the import
perimeter.
Columns: All columns above or below the selected slab whose center point
lies inside the import perimeter.
Walls: All walls above or below the selected slab whose centerline is
contained by or crosses any part of the import perimeter.
Grids: All orthogonal and radial grids lines. Grid labels will not import.
Note: All structural elements are imported into RAM Concept's Mesh Import layer.
Grid lines are imported into the Drawing Import layer. Grid labels are not
imported.
Exercise: Review the Second Floor Concrete Slabs

3 Review the concrete slabs at this level. The RAM Concept properties listed
below for each slab will be imported from RAM Structural System as
follows:
Concrete Mix: Based upon the concrete compressive strength defined
in the Deck/Slab Property Table.
Thickness: Based upon the thickness in the Deck/Slab Property Table.
Surface Elevation: Defaults to 0 in RAM Concept.
Behavior: Defaults to Two-Way Slab in RAM Concept.

System
Slab Depression Drop Caps

(14 in {355.6 mm}) (24 inches {609.6 mm})
Main Slab
(16 inches {406.4 mm})
Note: The concrete slabs must be defined as a Concrete Slab System in RAM
Structural System. Do not model the slab as a Composite Floor System.
Note: The slab thickness and slab edge geometry are imported from RAM
Structural System. Both of these can be modified in RAM Concept.
Note: The cracked section factors (bending and diaphragm) defined in RAM
Structural System are not imported into RAM Concept.

Model Loading
The following structural loads can be imported into RAM Concept from RAM
Structural System:
Direct Gravity Loads
Transfer Gravity Loads
Lateral Member Loads
The following loading assumptions are applied to an imported RAM Concept

model:
All loads are applied to the surface of the slab.
Wall member forces are applied as two point loads at the endpoint of the wall
that are statically equivalent to the wall forces and moments.
Direct gravity loads include point, line, and area gravity loads modeled directly on
the concrete slab in RAM Structural System.
Exercise: Review the Direct Gravity Loading


System
3 Review the Direct Gravity Surface Loads applied at this level.
4 Review the Gravity Line Loads applied at this level.

Transfer gravity loads are loads imposed on the slab in RAM Structural System due
to members supported by the slab. This includes the member self-weight and the
transferred gravity loads.
When transferred loads are imported into RAM Concept, they are imported into
Transfer load layers to separate them from the direct gravity loads.
Roof
Typical Floor
Typical Floor
Transfer Level
Note: RAM Concept does not export Transfer loading reactions to RAM Structural
System. When analyzing a building with a transfer slab, RAM Structural System
uses its own internal distribution of the transfer forces in the slab rather than
the forces from RAM Concepts floor analysis.

System
Exercise: Perform the Gravity Analysis

2 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Design > RAM Steel Beam or
select the Beam Design icon in the Design toolbar.
3 In the Framing Table Options dialog, enter the following parameter and
then click OK.
Perform Design All Automatically After Framing: (checked)
5 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Design > RAM Steel Column or
select the Column Design icon in the Design toolbar.
6 In the main menu, select Process > Design All or select the Design All icon.
the Concrete Design icon in the Design toolbar.
Note: The RAM Concrete Design Module generates the finite element model,
calculates the loads, and determines the column and beam design
forces. The design code and member forces are imported into RAM
Concept.
9 In the main menu, select Criteria > Code
10 In the Code Criteria dialog, select the ACI 318-05 radio button and then
click OK.
Note: When this model is imported into RAM Concept, the Design Rules will
automatically be set to ACI 318-05.

11 In the main menu, select Process > Analyze or select the Analyze icon.
12 Click Close to acknowledge that the analysis was completed successfully.

13 In the main menu, select Process > Results > Vertical Reactions... or select
the View Vertical Reactions icon.
14 In the Vertical Reactions dialog, enter the following parameters and then
click Apply:
Story: Third Floor
Load Case: DL1
Note: The columns along grid lines D.3 and E.7 are supported on the second
floor two way concrete slab. The vertical reactions for these columns
will be imported into RAM Concept as transfer loads.
15 In the Vertical Reactions dialog, click Close.

System
Lateral Loading
The following RAM Structural System lateral load types can be imported into RAM
Concept:
RAM Structural System RAM Concept Load Type RAM Concept Loading
Load Case Forced Level (Limit State)
Wind Wind Service
Seismic Seismic Ultimate
User Defined Story Force Seismic Ultimate
Notional Ignored
Dynamic Ignored
Center of Rigidity Ignored
Virtual Work Ignored
RAM Concept will only import the vertical reactions and moments from the
columns above and below the imported slab. The actual story forces and column
shear reactions do not currently import.
Note: Only gravity loading (load types) modeled in RAM Structural System will export
reactions from RAM Concept back to RAM Structural System. Lateral load
reactions in RAM Structural System will be taken from the RAM Frame analysis.
In RAM Concept, lateral loads imported from RAM Structural System are
automatically assigned to a self-equilibrium loading analysis type, Lateral SE, in
the loading criteria. Self-equilibrium loads produce moments and forces in the
structure, but the total loads acting upon the structure are in force and moment
equilibrium. The self-equilibrium analysis is used to verify that the load path in
the RAM Concept model is consistent with the load path from the RAM Frame
lateral analysis.

Exercise: Perform the Lateral Analysis

2 In the RAM Manager main menu, select Design > RAM Frame or select the
Frame Design icon in the Design toolbar.
3 In the Meshing Process Status dialog, click Close.

4 In the main menu, select Process > Analyze... or select the Perform
Analysis icon in the Mode toolbar.
Note: For this model, the wind and seismic lateral loads have been defined
according to ASCE 7-05 / IBC 2006.
5 In the Analyze dialog, click the Select All button and then click OK.
6 In the Analysis Status dialog, click OK after the analysis is complete.
7 In the main menu, select File > Exit RAM Frame to return to the RAM
Manager.
9 In the main menu, select File > Exit to close RAM Structural System.
Note: The RAM Structural System model must be closed prior to importing
into RAM Concept.

System
Importing from RAM Structural System

In RAM Concept, a file may be created by importing an elevated concrete slab or
mat foundation from a RAM Structural System model. The following information
can be imported from RAM Structural System into RAM Concept:
Concrete Elements: Including beams, columns, walls, slabs, and slab openings.
Model Loading: Including gravity and lateral loads.
In RAM Structural System, each floor level may contain two types of floor systems:
elevated slabs or mat foundations. When importing the database from RAM
Structural System into RAM Concept, you will have the option to import either
type of slab if both are defined for the same floor level.
Exercise: Import an Analyzed RAM Structural System Model

1 Open RAM Concept.
2 In the menu bar, select File > Sync RAM Structural System > New from
RAM Structural System
3 In the Open RAM Structural System Database dialog, navigate to the
dataset that was supplied with this training and open RSSDataset2.rss.
4 In the RAM Structural System Import dialog, enter the following
parameters:
Slab Type: Elevated Slabs
5 Select the following structural information:
Slab/Mat Areas: (checked) Columns Above Slab: (checked)

Beams: (checked) Walls Above Slab: (checked)
Openings and Penetrations: (checked) Columns Below Slab: (checked)
Grids: (checked) Walls Below Slab: (checked)

6 Select the following loading information:

Direct Gravity Loads: (checked)
Transfer Gravity Loads: (checked)
Lateral Analysis Loads: (checked)
RAM SS Gravity Force Preference:
1st Choice: RAM Concrete / RAM Concept
2nd Choice: RAM Frame
3rd Choice: RAM Steel
Note: The transfer gravity loads can be imported into RAM Concept from the
following RAM Structural System Design Modules:
RAM Concrete: Performs a more elaborate analysis of concrete
structures for gravity loads. Every member is considered in the
analysis, and concrete gravity members will now be analyzed using the
assigned end fixity.
RAM Frame: Performs a full 3-dimensional analysis. The reactions of
gravity members being supported by lateral members are calculated as
in the Steel modules. The gravity members are completely ignored in
the RAM Frame Analysis.
RAM Steel: Performs a simple tributary analysis. The reactions are
calculated based on the assumption that all members are simply-
supported, determinate members with exactly two supports.
7 Click OK to import the database.
8 In the RAM Import Status dialog, review the results of the import and then
click OK.
Note: In the RAM Manger, if the Member Loads Criteria is set to consider
snow loads and ignore roof live loads, you will received a warning
indicating that RAM Concept is not currently able to import direct snow
loads. This will occur whether or not snow loads had been modeled.

System
10 Review the imported elements of the structure and compare to the

properties we defined in RAM Structural System:
Concrete Beams

{34.47 N/mm2} {34.47 N/mm2}
Depth 24 inches 24 inches Thickness
{609.6 mm} {609.6 mm}
Web Thickness 24 inches 24 inches Width
{609.6 mm} {609.6 mm}
Concrete Columns (the properties for the concrete column at grid

intersection C-1 are indicated below):

{34.47 N/mm2} {34.47 N/mm2}
Height 12 feet 12 feet Height
{3.658 m} {3.658 m}
H (or Diam) 18 inches 18 inches Width
{457.2 mm} {457.2 mm}
B 18 inches 18 inches Depth/Diameter
{457.2 mm} {457.2 mm}
Angle 0 degrees 0 degrees Angle
Flexural Cracked 0.7 0.7 Bending Stiffness
Section Factor Factor
Note: Notice that the Roller at Far End is False by default. Notice that the
Fixed Near, Fixed Far, and Compressible are True by default.
Hint: All and gravity columns will be imported into RAM Concept as fixed in
both directions. To pin gravity columns in the RAM Structural System
Concrete Design Module, select Criteria > Analysis in the main menu.

Concrete Walls

{34.47 N/mm2} {34.47 N/mm2}
Wall Thickness 12 inches 12 inches Thickness
{304.8 mm} {304.8 mm}
Note: Notice that the Shear Wall and Compressible are True by default. Notice
that the Fixed Near and Fixed Far are False by default.
Concrete Slabs

Thick 16 inches 16 inches Thick
(Main Slab) {406.4 mm} {406.4 mm} (Main Slab)
(Slab Depressions) {355.6 mm} {355.6 mm} (Slab Depressions)
(Drop Caps) {609.6 mm} {609.6 mm} (Drop Caps)
Note: Notice that the Priority for the slab depression and drop caps is higher
than the main slab. Notice that the Surface Elevation is set to zero by
default for all slab systems.
Note: The slab behavior defined in RAM Structural System does not import
into RAM Concept. The behavior defaults to Custom in RAM Concept.
11 In the menu bar, select File > Save As...
12 In the Save As dialog, navigate to the dataset and save the file as
RSSDataset2.cpt.

System
Exercise: Modify the Imported Geometry

2 In the General tools, use the Selection icon to select the slab depression.
Selection
the pop-up menu.
then click OK.
Surface Elevation: -2 inches {-50.8 mm}
Hint: Import a CAD background to review the slab edges and beams modeled
in RAM Structural System. Slabs and beams can be modified or
enhanced in RAM Concept to achieve a more accurate design.
6 In the Visible Objects - [Standard Plan] dialog, select the Static Loadings
tab.

7 Highlight the Dead Load (transfer) layer and then enter the following
parameters:
Icons: (checked)
8 Highlight the Wind(Wind_IBC09_1_X) layer and then enter the following
parameters:
Icons: (checked)
9 Click OK.
Note: Loads are independent of the finite element mesh and have no effect
on the automatic mesh generation. For heavy point loads, the loads
should be located at finite element mesh nodes.
Hint: To locate point loads at the finite element mesh nodes, model pinned
columns above the floor at the heavy point load locations.
10 In the Layer Specific Tools, double click on the Column icon.
11 In the Default Column Properties dialog, enter the following parameters

and then click OK.
Concrete Mix: 5000 psi (2) {34 N/mm2}
Height: 12 feet {3.65 m}
Support Set: Above
Width: 0 inches
Depth/Diameter: 12 inches {305 mm}
Angle: 0 degrees
Bending Stiffness Factor: 0.7
Fixed Near: (unchecked)
Fixed Far: (unchecked)
Compressible: (unchecked)
12 In the Active Window, click on each of the Dead Load (transfer) and
Wind(Wind_IBC09_1_X) point loads, not already located at a column.

System
Hint: Activate the Snap to Point icon.
Column at Transfer Loading (typical)
Column at Lateral Loading (typical)

Generate.
Note: Notice that each of the transfer and lateral point loads now coordinate
with a finite element mesh node.

System

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Dead Load > All Loads Plan.
Note: The direct superimposed dead load has been imported successfully into
RAM Concept.
3 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Dead Load (transfer) > All
Loads Plan.
Note: The transfer dead load, due to the steel columns supported by the two
way slab, have been imported successfully into RAM Concept.

4 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Seismic(EQ_IBC09_Y_-E_F) >
All Loads Plan.
Note: The lateral seismic loads have been imported successfully into RAM
Concept.
Note: At this point, you can continue to define design strips and tendons, if
required, in each orthogonal direction. This step, however, is not
necessary prior to exporting reactions back to RAM Structural System.

System
Exercise: Re-establish the RAM Structural System - RAM Concept Link

1 Open RSSDataset3.cpt in RAM Concept.
Note: This file is similar to the model we imported in the last exercise. The
post-tensioned tendons and design strips have already been defined.
2 In the RSS File Not Found dialog, click No.
Note: The link between RAM Structural System and RAM Concept maintains
the entire path of the original RAM Structural System file. Since this
dataset may be stored at a different location on your machine, RAM
Concept cannot verify the original model. Follow the steps below to re-
establish the link to RAM Structural System.
3 In the menu bar, select File > Sync RAM Structural System > Import RAM
Structural System
4 In the File Does Not Exist dialog, click OK.
5 In the Open RAM Structural System Database dialog, navigate to the
dataset that was supplied with this training and select RSSDataset2.rss.
Click Open.
6 In the RAM Structural System Import dialog, enter the following
parameters:
Slab Type: Elevated Slab
7 In the RAM Structural System Import dialog, select the Clear All button
and then click OK.
8 In the Caution dialog, click Replace to acknowledge that we will replace
information imported from a previous file.
9 In the RAM Import Status dialog, click OK.
exercise.

Exercise: Review the Post-Tension Design

Note: For this model, the tendons and design strips have already been
modeled in RAM Concept. These topics are discussed in detail in
another training course.
2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Latitude Prestressing > Manual Latitude
Tendon > Standard Plan.

System
Plan.
Plan.

Generate.

System
Exercise: Perform the Calculation and Review the Results

2 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Calc Options...
3 In the Calc Options dialog, enter the following parameters:
General:
Auto-stabilize structure in X and Y directions: (unchecked)
Create viewable self-dead loading: (unchecked)
Include supports above slab in self-dead loading: (unchecked)
Check capacity of longitude user reinforcement without designing
additional program reinforcement: (unchecked)
Matrix Solver: Default (Pardiso)
Codes:
Design: ACI 318-05
Live load reduction: ASCE 7-02
Zero-Tension Iterations:
Iterations to use: 6
Accelerator power: 1
Max acceleration: 1.5
Reinforcement Layout and Detailing Parameters:
Bar Rounding Length: 0.5 feet {0.15 meters}
Bar End Cover: 1 inches {25 mm}
Bar Length Cost: 1
Bar Group Length Cost: 1
Bar Callout Cost: 1
4 Click OK.
Standard toolbar.

6 In the menu bar, select Layers > Design Status > Status Plan.
Note: All of the design strips and punching checks have passed.
7 In the menu bar, select Report > Calc Log.
Note: For each of the imported lateral loads, RAM Concept had assigned a
Lateral SE analysis type. In the Calc Log, RAM Concept has reported
the self-equilibrium analysis results for each lateral load case, indicating
each node has been automatically stabilized.

System
Exporting Reactions to RAM Structural System

If a RAM Concept elevated slab model was created by importing geometry and
loading from RAM Structural System, the column and wall reactions can be
exported back to RAM Structural System after the slab is analyzed in RAM
Concept.
Hint: To consider the effects of post-tensioning on the support elements, analyze the
model in RAM Concept and export the reactions back to RAM Structural
System.
RAM Concept will only export the reactions for the ends of walls or columns that
are in contact with the elevated slab. The axial loads in those elements are not
affected as the loads are imposed by the structure above, as modeled in RAM
Structural System. When reactions are exported from RAM Concept, consider the
following loading types:
Gravity Loading: Only gravity loading (load types) modeled in RAM Structural
System will export reactions from RAM Concept. New loadings (load types)
created in RAM Concept will not export.
Note: The imported gravity loading layers cannot be deleted in RAM Concept. The
imported gravity loading can be modified in RAM Concept.
Lateral Loading: Lateral load reactions will not export from RAM Concept.
Self-Weight: RAM Concept adds the self dead load reactions to the dead load
reactions during the export. Since RAM Concept automatically calculates and
applies the self-weight, the criteria in RAM Structural System should also be
specified to automatically calculate the self-weight.
Balanced Loading: RAM Concept exports the balanced loading reactions to a
hyperstatic load case that is only visible in RAM Concrete. Balanced and
hyperstatic loads will be the same.
After a Calc All has been performed in RAM Concept, the reactions are available
to export to the source story, identical stories, or compatible stories. The Source
Story is the story that was imported from RAM Structural System to create the
RAM Concept model. Compatible Stories are stories which are similar, but not
identical, to the source story where the story height, member sizes, or column
orientations above the slab may be different.

RAM Concept performs a consistency check before and after choosing the export
stories to ensure that it can export the reactions successfully, as follows:
RAM Concept will check to ensure that the RAM Structural System model that
was imported exists, is not open, and is available to access and modify.
RAM Concept will check the RAM Structural System model for changes that
were made to the Source Story since importing into RAM Concept. Major
changes, such as adding or deleting concrete walls, will require the model to
be re-imported and analyzed in RAM Concept prior to exporting reactions.
Minor changes, such as changing a column size, do not require the model to
be re-imported into RAM Concept, but you will be given the option.
RAM Concept will check each selected story for errors or warnings. If errors
occur, you will have the option to return to the Export to RAM Structural
System dialog to deselect the affected stories.
Note: RAM Concept cannot export reactions to RAM Structural System if columns,
walls, rigid supports, or soil springs were modeled directly into RAM Concept.
After the reactions are exported to the RAM Structural System model, they will be
available in RAM Concrete, but they will only be considered in the analysis if you
specify to use them in RAM Concrete.
Exercise: Export the Reactions to RAM Structural System

2 In the menu bar, select File > Sync RAM Structural System > Export
Reactions to RAM Structural System
Note: Only the reactions from the Direct Gravity Loading will be exported back
to RAM Structural System.
3 In the Export Not Allowed dialog, click Back.
4 In the Export to RAM Structural System dialog, enter the following
parameters and then click OK.
Second Floor: Source Story: (checked)
5 In the Export Warnings dialog, notice the following warnings:
Concept supports above slab not present in RSS model.
RSS supports above slab deleted in Concept or not imported.
In the Export Warnings dialog, click Continue to acknowledge the
warnings.

System
6 In the RAM Export Status dialog, click OK after reviewing the Export to
RAM Database Results.
the Concrete Design icon to the left of the RAM Manager screen.
9 In the Story Column Force Source dialog, click OK.

10 In the main menu, select Criteria > Column Forces
11 In the Column Design Forces dialog, enter the following parameters and
then click OK:
Select the Use RAM Concept Analysis Forces at Selected Levels radio
button.
Select the Second Floor Checkbox
12 In the main menu, select Process > Analyze. In the dialog, click the Close
button once the analysis is completed successfully.
13 In the main menu, select Reports > Concept Column Forces > Single. Use
the cursor to select a 2nd floor column.
Note: Notice that the forces in this report are as exported from RAM Concept
for the applied story loads. They are not cumulative.
Note: Notice that the Balanced Loading from RAM Concept has been exported
as a Hyperstatic Load Case in RAM Structural System.
Note: To review the RAM Concept wall forces, select the main menu item
Reports > Concept Wall Forces.

Exporting Geometry to RAM Structural System

Beam, column, slab, and wall geometry modeled in RAM Concept can be exported
to a new or existing RAM Structural System database. A new floor type in RAM
Structural System will be created for the column and wall geometry below the
slab and the beam and slab geometry.
Note: Since RAM Structural System associates the columns and walls below a slab
with the layout, the columns and walls above a selected elevated slab will not
be exported to RAM Structural System.
If the geometry is exported to a new RAM Structural System database, the unit
configuration in RAM Structural System will automatically match that of the RAM
Concept Model.
In RAM Concept, errors or ambiguities are typically detected when the mesh is
generated, but the geometry can be exported to RAM Structural System prior to
generating the mesh. Some errors will be detected and arbitrarily corrected when
the geometry is exported:
Overlapping Walls: If two or more walls are overlapping, only one of the
overlapping segments will be exported. RAM Concept will indicate if a wall
was not exported.
Overlapping Columns: If two or more columns are overlapping, only one
column at that location will be exported. RAM Concept will indicate if a
column was not exported.
Material Properties: If overlapping walls or columns were assigned different
properties in RAM Concept, you should verify the material properties in the
exported elements in RAM Structural System to ensure they are appropriate.
Intersecting Walls: Since walls defined in RAM Structural System may not
intersect other walls or span columns or other ends of walls, RAM Concept
will split these walls into segments when exporting the geometry to RAM
Structural System. RAM Concept will not indicate if a wall was split during the
export.

System
Exercise: Export the Geometry to RAM Structural System

1 Open RSSDataset4.cpt in RAM Concept.
Note: Notice that the beam, column, slab, and wall geometry have already
been defined for this model.
Generate.
Note: Although it is not necessary to generate the mesh prior to exporting the
geometry to RAM Structural System, RAM Concept will detect errors or
ambiguities during this process.
6 In the menu bar, select File > Sync RAM Structural System > Export
Geometry to RAM Structural System
7 In the Select Old or New RSS Database for Geometry to Export dialog,
enter the file name RSSDataset4.rss and then click Save.

8 In the Export Geometry to RAM Structural System dialog, set the

parameters as follows and then click Create New Floor Type.
New Floor Type Name: 1st Floor
General Snapping Distance: 4 inches {104 mm}
Snap slab/deck edges to wall centerlines: (checked)
Snap distance: 4 inches {104 mm}
Export uniform thickness deck: (unchecked)
Export Items:
Columns (below): (checked)
Walls (below): (checked)
Beams: (checked)
Slabs: (checked)
Start RSS after Export: (checked)
Note: The snapping distance can change how ends of walls and columns are
placed in RAM Structural System.
9 In the RAM Structural System main menu, select Model or select the
Modeler icon to the Design toolbar.
10 In the main menu, select Layout > Type > Select

11 In the Layout Floor Type Select dialog, highlight 1st Floor and then click
Select.

System
Note: Notice that the intersecting walls from RAM Concept were split at the
intersections in RAM Structural System.

13 In the main menu, select Property Table > Column Section or select the
Layout Column icon and then the Section Props icon.
Note: Notice that the concrete column section properties defined in RAM
Concept have been automatically added to the Concrete Column
Section Properties Table.
Notice the following properties for the Typical Columns - *18 x 24
{*610 x 457} were exported from RAM Concept.
RAM Concept RAM Structural System

Concrete Mix 4000 psi 4000 psi Fc
{27.58 N/mm2} {27.58 N/mm2}
Width 18 inches 24 inches H (or Diam)
{457.2 mm} {609.6 mm}
Depth/Diameter 24 inches 18 inches B
{609.6 mm} {457.2 mm}
Angle 90 degrees 0 degrees Orientation
Bending Stiffness 1.0 1.0 Bending Cracked
Factor Section Factor

14 In the main menu, select Layout > Walls > Show or select the Layout Wall
icon and then the Show icon. Use the cursor to select one of the imported
concrete walls.
Note: Notice the following properties were exported from RAM Concept.
Defined in RAM Concept Imported into RAM Structural

System
{27.58 N/mm2} {27.58 N/mm2}
Thickness 18 inches 18 inches Wall Thickness
{457.2 mm} {457.2 mm}
15 In the main menu, select Layout > Slab > Deck Assign or select the
Layout Slab icon and then the Deck Assign icon.
Note: In RAM Concept, beam elements are modeled as plate elements. Notice
that the beams have been exported to RAM Structural System as Slab
Systems.

System
Note: Notice the following properties were exported from RAM Concept.
Defined in RAM Concept Imported into RAM Structural

System
{27.58 N/mm2} {27.58 N/mm2}
Main Slab 12 inches 12 inches Thick
Thickness {304.8 mm} {304.8 mm}
Slab Depression 8 inches 8 inches Thick
Drop Cap 18 inches 18 inches Thick
Concrete Beam 36 inches 36 inches Thick

Appendix 2 - Direct Integration
with STAAD.Pro
Module Overview
In this module, you will learn how to import model loading and geometry from an
analyzed STAAD.Pro Model.
Fundamental knowledge of design principles in RAM Concept
Basic knowledge of STAAD.Pro is recommended
Module Objectives
Export model geometry and loading from STAAD.Pro to RAM Concept
Mar-13 193 Appendix 2 - Direct Integration with STAAD.Pro

Modeling in STAAD.Pro
In this module, we will be exporting the Elevated Slab for the following analyzed
STAAD.Pro model to RAM Concept:
Elevated Slab to be
Imported into
RAM Concept
Appendix 2 - Direct Integration with STAAD.Pro 194 Mar-13

Model Geometry
All of the section properties for the concrete elements will be imported into RAM
Concept as follows:
1 Concrete Columns:
Concrete Mix: Defaults to 4000 psi in RAM Concept.
Height: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the distance between
member end nodes defined in STAAD.Pro.
Width: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the ZD value specified
in STAAD.Pro.
Depth/Diameter: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the YD
value specified in STAAD.Pro.
Angle: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the Beta Angle defined
in STAAD.Pro.
Bending Stiffness Factor: Defaults to 1.0 in RAM Concept.
Roller at Far End: Defaults to False in RAM Concept.
Fixed Near or Fixed Far: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the
Release Specification assigned in STAAD.Pro.
Note: Only columns where the MX, MY, and MZ are released in STAAD.Pro will
be imported into RAM Concept as pinned.
Note: Sloping columns in STAAD.Pro will not get imported into RAM Concept.
2 Concrete Beams:
Thickness: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the YD value
specified in STAAD.Pro.
Width: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the ZD value specified
in STAAD.Pro.
Note: Beam end fixity is not modeled in RAM Concept, so it will not get
imported from STAAD.Pro.
Note: Beam line finite elements modeled in STAAD.Pro will get converted to
plate finite elements in RAM Concept.

3 Concrete Walls:
Height: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the distance between
member end nodes defined in STAAD.Pro.
Thickness: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the plate element
thickness defined in STAAD.Pro.
Shear Wall, Fixed Near, Fixed Far, Compressible: Default to True in RAM
Concept.
4 Concrete Slabs:
Thickness: Imported into RAM Concept based upon the plate element
thickness defined in STAAD.Pro.
Exercise: Define the Member Properties in STAAD.Pro

1 Open STAADDataset1.std in STAAD.Pro.

2 In the menu bar, select Tools > Set Current Input Unit...
3 In the Set Current Input Units dialog, enter the following parameters and
then click OK:
Length Units: Foot {Meter}
Force Units: KiloPound {KiloNewton}
4 In the Page Control, select the General tab and then the Property sub-tab.
5 In the Properties - Whole Structure dialog, click on the Thickness button.
6 In the Plate Element/Surface Property dialog, the Plate Element Thickness
item should be active by default. Set the parameters as follows:
Node 1: 0.67 ft {0.2 m}
Node 2: 0.67 ft {0.2 m}
Node 3: 0.67 ft {0.2 m}
Node 4: 0.67 ft {0.2 m}
Material: CONCRETE
Click Add and then click Close.
7 In the Properties - Whole Structure dialog, click on the Define... button.
8 In the Property dialog, select the Rectangle shape and set the parameters
as follows:
YD: 1.5 ft {0.5 m}
ZD: 2.0 ft {0.6 m}
Material: CONCRETE
Click Add.
9 In the Property dialog, set the parameters as follows:
YD: 2.0 ft {0.6 m}
ZD: 2.0 ft {0.6 m}
Material: CONCRETE
10 In the Properties - Whole Structure dialog, highlight the Plate Thickness,
select the Assign to View radio button, and then click Assign.
11 In the STAAD.Pro V8i dialog, click Yes to acknowledge the assignment.
12 In the Properties - Whole Structure dialog, highlight the Rect 18.00x24.00
{Rect 0.50x0.60}.

13 In the menu bar, click Select > Beams Parallel to > X and then Select >
Beams Parallel to > Z.
14 In the Properties - Whole Structure dialog, select the Assign to Selected
Beams radio button and then click Assign.
16 In the Properties - Whole Structure dialog, highlight the Rect 24.00x24.00
{Rect 0.60x0.60}.
17 In the menu bar, click Select > Beams Parallel to > Y.
18 In the Properties - Whole Structure dialog, select the Assign to Selected
Beams radio button, and then click Assign.
20 In the Page Control, select the General tab and then the Spec sub-tab.
21 In the Specification - Whole Structure dialog, click the Beam button.
22 In the Member Specification dialog, the Release tab should be active by
default. Set the parameters as follows:
Location: Start
MX, MY, MZ: (checked)
Click Add.
Note: For this model, we will not assign this specification to any concrete
columns. If this were assigned to a member, the starting end of the
member would be imported into RAM Concept as pinned.
exercise.

Self-Weight
STAAD.Pro has the ability to automatically calculate and apply the gravity self-
weight of structural components including beams, columns, walls, and slabs/
decks. RAM Concept always automatically includes the self-weight of the
structure. When you are preparing a STAAD.Pro model for integration with RAM
Concept, the self-weight should also be included to be consistent.
Exercise: Define the Self-Weight in STAAD.Pro

2 In the Page Control, select the General tab and the Load & Definition sub-
tab.
3 In the Load & Definition dialog click on the + adjacent to the Load Case
Details.
Note: Notice that this model already contains Dead Load, Live Load, and
Seismic-X Load.
4 In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the 1: Dead Load item and then
click Add
5 In the Add New: Load Items dialog, select the Selfweight Load and set the
Direction: Y
Factor: -1
Note: Notice that the SELFWEIGHT Y -1 item has been added below the DEAD
LOAD. The question mark indicates that this load has not been assigned
to any elements in the model yet.
6 In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the SELFWEIGHT Y -1, select the
Assign to View radio button, and then click Assign.

STAAD.Pro Advanced Slab Designer

In RAM Concept, a file may be created using structure geometry and loading
information transferred by STAAD.Pro. Using the Advanced Slab Design Mode in
STAAD.Pro, a slab design may be exported as follows:
Exporting RAM Concept Information: This option allows you to save the data
to a GCFF file for later import into RAM Concept.
Running RAM Concept: This option allows you to run RAM Concept
immediately with the exported data.
Note: Only slabs of uniform thickness can be imported into RAM Concept from
STAAD.Pro.
Exercise: Part I - Export an Analyzed STAAD.Pro Slab to RAM Concept

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise or open
STAADDataset2.std.
2 In the menu bar, select Analyze > Run Analysis
3 Once the analysis is complete, select the Stay in Modeling Mode radio
button in the STAAD Analysis and Design dialog and then click Done.
4 In the menu bar, select Mode > Interactive Designs > Advanced Slab
Design or select the Advanced Slab Design tab at the top of the main
window.
Upon entering the Advanced Slab Design Mode, the Load Envelope tab
and Define sub-tab will be active in the Page Control area by default.
5 In the Envelopes dialog, click on the New Envelope button.
6 In the Load Envelope dialog, select the following loads:
Envelope Name: Design Envelope 1
Select All Load Cases Show Below: (checked)
Note: In STAAD.Pro a load envelope is a group of load cases and/or

combinations.

7 In the Load Envelope dialog, select the following load types for each load
description:
1 - Dead Load: Other Dead
2 - Live Load: Live Reducible
3 - Seismic-X Load: Seismic Ultimate
Note: The loads assigned to each load description in STAAD.Pro will be

assigned to the selected load type in the RAM Concept model.
8 In the Load Envelope dialog, click OK.

9 In the Page Control, select the Slab Design tab and the Define sub-tab.
Note: The Geometry Cursor will be active by default.

10 Use the Geometry Cursor to select all of the elements in the model.
11 In the Slabs dialog, click on the New Slab button.

12 In the Slab Definition dialog, set the parameters as follows and then click
OK.
Load Envelope: Design Envelope 1

Note: Notice that three slabs were created in the Slabs dialog, one for each
level.
13 In the Slabs dialog, highlight S1: Slab 1 you just created, right-click and
select Highlight Geometry.
Note: This confirms that S1: Slab 1 is the first floor elevated slab.
14 In the Slabs dialog, highlight S1: Slab 1, right-click and select Run RAM
Concept. from the pop-up menu.
Note: RAM Concept will open automatically using the Run RAM Concept
option.
15 In the Import Staad Data dialog, set the parameters as follows and then
click OK:
Import Items: Columns, Walls, Slabs, Openings and Beams, Loads
16 In the Import Succeeded dialog, click OK.

Exercise: Part II - Review and Modify the RAM Concept Model

1 Continue with the model from the previous exercise, or open
STAADDataset3.cpt in RAM Concept.
Note: Note the following default element properties for imported elevated
slab properties in RAM Concept:
Concrete Columns (Below the Slab):
Fixed Near: (checked)
Fixed Far: (checked)
Compressible: (checked)
Concrete Slabs:
Surface Elevation: 0 inches {0 mm}
Note: Notice that the Material for each concrete element is set to CONCRETE.

3 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Materials or select the Materials item
under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
4 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Loadings or select the Loadings item
under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections Window.
5 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Load Combinations or select the Load
Combinations item under the Criteria folder in the Report Sections
Window.
Note: Notice that the load combinations have been generated, including load
combinations for Seismic loading.

Generate.
exercise.

In RAM Concept, lateral loads imported from STAAD.Pro are automatically
assigned to a self-equilibrium loading analysis type, Lateral SE, in the loading
criteria. Self-equilibrium loads produce moments and forces in the structure, but
the total loads acting upon the structure are in force and moment equilibrium.
The self-equilibrium analysis is used to verify that the load path in the RAM
Concept model is consistent with the load path from the STAAD.Pro lateral
analysis.

2 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Other Dead (STAAD #1) >
Point Loads Plan.
Notice that the transfer column loads from STAAD.Pro have been
automatically applied to the RAM Concept model.
Note: The figure above refers to the English dataset model.

3 Using the Selection icon, select all of the point loads on this plan, right-
click, and select Selection Properties from the pop-up menu.
4 In the Edit 9 Selected Items dialog, notice that the Elevation above Slab
Surface is set at 144 inches {3658 mm}. Modify the elevation as follows:
Elevation above Slab Surface: 0 inches {0 mm}
Click OK to accept the change.
Warning: Currently, the load elevation above slab surface from STAAD.Pro is
imported into Ram Concept incorrectly due to a program error.
5 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Live Reducible (STAAD #2) >
Point Loads Plan.
6 Using the Selection icon, select all of the point loads on this plan, right-
click, and select Selection Properties from the pop-up menu.
7 In the Edit 9 Selected Items dialog, modify the elevation as follows and
then click OK.
Elevation above Slab Surface: 0 inches {0 mm}
8 In the menu bar, select Layers > Loadings > Seismic Ultimate (STAAD #3) >
All Loads Plan.
9 Using the Selection icon and the Selection Filter icon, select all of the
point loads on this plan, right-click, and select Selection Properties from
the pop-up menu.
then click OK.
Elevation above Slab Surface: -4 inches {-102 mm}
Warning: Currently, the load elevation above slab surface from STAAD.Pro is
imported into RAM Concept incorrectly due to a program error.
Note: The central column has point loads from the column above and the
column below. RAM Concept does not permit two point loads at the
same location, so set the elevation of one of them at -4.1 inches {-103
mm}.

Hint: If two loads are at the same location on the plan, double click at that
location to select only one load. To select the other load, hold down the
SHIFT key and fence around the area.
11 Using the Selection icon and the Selection Filter icon, select all the area
loads on this plan, right-click, and select Selection Properties from the
pop-up menu.
then click OK.
Elevation above Slab Surface: -4 inches {-102 mm}
13 In the menu bar, select Process > Calc All or select the Calc Partial icon in
the Standard toolbar. In the Calc dialog, click Calc.
Note: All of the Seismic forces are not in equilibrium, so we will need to adjust
the sign convention.
14 In the Analysis Error dialog, click Continue.

15 Using the Selection icon, select the point load at the top left hand corner.
Right-click and select Selection Properties from the pop-up menu.

16 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, review the reactions listed for each of
the following load types:
Fx
Fy
Fz
Mx
My
Selection
17 In the Edit 1 Selected Items dialog, change the sign on each of the loads
and then click OK:
Note: The magnitudes of each of each load are correct; only the sign has been
changed. Currently, the lateral load reactions from STAAD.Pro are
imported into RAM Concept with the incorrect sign due to a program
error. This will be resolved in a later release.

18 Repeat the process above for each of the Seismic Ultimate (STAAD #3)
point loads.
Note: The directions of the revised Seismic loads are indicated in the figure
above.
19 In the menu bar, select Process > Calc All or select the Calc Partial icon in
the Standard toolbar.
Note: All of the forces are now in equilibrium and the model is ready to
proceed with the design process for a reinforced concrete slab or a post-
tensioned slab.

RAM Concept Advanced
Assessment
Assessment is often equated with evaluation, but the two concepts are different.
Assessment is used to determine what an individual knows or can do.
Complete the assessment to see what you have gained from reviewing this
module or course (access to surveygizmo.com is necessary).
Note that assessments are for classroom or virtual classroom learning, and not for
OnDemand learning.
Questions
1 In RAM Concept, design spans may be generated automatically or
manually.
a. True
b. False
2 In RAM Concept, it is not necessary for you to define the tendons and
tendon properties prior to performing a calculation.
a. True
b. False
3 On the Tendon Parameters Layer, profile polylines can be created using
which of the following methods?
a. Draw them manually.
b. Generate span and support polylines for the entire floor in one span
direction.
c. Generate span polylines from already defined support polylines.
d. All of the above.
Mar-13 211 RAM Concept Advanced

4 RAM Concept will automatically update the load factors when the design
code changes.
a. True
b. False
5 RAM Concept can calculate the force losses in a tendon if jacks are
modeled at live (stressing) ends.
a. True
b. False
6 What is the theoretical loading that considers the retraining effect of the
supports on the structures as it tries to deform due to the application of
post-tensioning.
a. Balance Loading
b. Hyperstatic Loading
c. Precompression
7 Which of the following structural loads cannot be imported from RAM
Structural System into RAM Concept?
a. Direct Gravity Loads
b. Transfer Gravity Loads
c. Dynamic Loads
d. Lateral Member Loads
8 Which of the following structural live loads cannot be imported from RAM
Structural System into RAM Concept?
a. Reducible Live Load
b. Unreducible Live Load
c. Storage
d. Roof Live Load
e. Snow Load
9 When you are preparing a RAM Structural System model for integration
with RAM Concept, you should automatically include the self-weight in
the RAM Structural System General Model Criteria.
a. True
b. False

10 What loads are exported from STAAD.Pro to RAM Concept?
a. All gravity loading
b. All load combinations
c. All loads included in the selected Design Envelope
Answers
1 a. True
2 b. False
3 d. All of the above
4 b. False
5 a. True
6 b. Hyperstatic Loading
7 c. Dynamic Loads
8 e. Snow Load
9 a. True
10 c. All loads included in the selected Design Envelope
Take Assessment
Mar-13 213 RAM Concept Advanced


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RAM Concept Advanced

RAM Concept V8i (SELECTseries 7)

Bentley Institute Course Guide

AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

Copyright 2013, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

RAM Concept Advanced 2 Mar-13

Course Overview ____________________________________ 7

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs __________________ 9

Modeling Post-Tensioned Tendons _____________________ 25

Post Tensioned Concrete Slab Design ___________________ 61

Mar-13 3 RAM Concept Fundamentals

Troubleshooting Errors and Warnings __________________65

Load History Analysis ________________________________ 81

Vibration Analysis ___________________________________ 89

Integration with RAM Structural System _________________ 103

RAM Concept Fundamentals 4 Mar-13

Integration with RAM Concept ___________________________118

Integration with ISM _________________________________ 133

Course Summary ____________________________________ 151

Appendix 1 - Direct Integration with RAM Structural System 153

Appendix 2 - Direct Integration with STAAD.Pro __________ 193

Mar-13 5 RAM Concept Fundamentals

RAM Concept Advanced Assessment ____________________ 211

RAM Concept Fundamentals 6 Mar-13

Mar-13 7 Course Overview

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Course Overview 8 Mar-13

Mar-13 9 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 10 Mar-13

Modeling Pour Strips

KMr: 1 KMs: 1 KMrs: 1

Mar-13 11 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

In RAM Concept, design spans may be generated automatically or manually. In

Exercise: Generate the Span Segments in the Latitude Direction

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 12 Mar-13

Mar-13 13 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 14 Mar-13

10 In the Generate Spans dialog, enter the following parameters:

Mar-13 15 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

11 In the Span Generation dialog, click OK.

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 16 Mar-13

Exercise: Generate Longitude Design Spans and Design Strips

Mar-13 17 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 18 Mar-13

Edit Spans Manually

The following tools are available to manipulate the design segments:

Mar-13 19 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

Hint: The RAM Concept Fundamentals course contains a complete discussion on

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 20 Mar-13

Note: Defining punching shear checks for a post-tensioned slab is similar to a

Exercise: Define the Punching Shear Checks

Mar-13 21 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

6 In the menu bar, select Criteria > Calc Options

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 22 Mar-13

Regenerate the Mesh

Exercise: Regenerate the Mesh

Mar-13 23 Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs

5 In the menu bar, select File > Save.

Design Strips for Post-Tensioned Slabs 24 Mar-13

Mar-13 25 Modeling Post-Tensioned Tendons

Copyright 2013 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Tendons can be created by specifying objects on the Tendon Parameters Layer,

These tendon generation schemes support a number of workflows to model