CE 333: Environmental Engineering II

January 2016 Semester

Level-3, Term II
CN-1: Introduction to Sanitation

Department of Civil Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
(BUET)

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 Ch. 8: Introduction to Environmental
Sanitation
To be covered:
Classification of Wastes
Definition of Sanitation
Relationship between Sanitation and Health/ Disease
Classification of Sanitation Systems

To be covered later:
Sanitation scenario in Bangladesh
Sanitation challenges to be addressed

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 Classification of Wastes
Human Waste or Human Excreta: refers to only human
feces and urine. Also known as night soil when
collected without dilution in large volumes of water.
Municipal sewage/ wastewater: Liquid waste conveyed
by sewer and may include domestic and industrial
discharge as well as storm water, groundwater infiltration
and inflow.
Domestic/ sanitary sewage: Liquid waste with originates
in sanitary conveniences, e.g., water closets, urinals,
baths, sinks, etc. of dwellings, commercial facilities and
institutions in a community. Sometimes it is also referred
to as sanitary sewage.Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
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Semester
 Classification of Wastes (contd.)
Black water: Wastewater containing human waste (fecal matter,
urine), i.e., toilet wastewater. It contains pathogens and must be
treated before releasing into environment.

Sullage or Greywater: Water coming from domestic

equipment other than toilets (e.g., bathtubs, showers, sinks,
washing machines). It is often separated from black water to
reduce the amount of water that gets heavily polluted.

Separation of black water and greywater nowadays happens with

all ecological/ smart buildings. Greywater could be reused for
different purposes (other than potable use) after primary
treatment.
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
3/12/2016
Semester
 Classification of Wastes
Industrial Wastes: Liquid discharges from spent water in
different industrial processes such as manufacturing and
food processing.
Storm water: Surface runoff immediately and after
rainfall, which enters sewers through inlets. Strom water
is usually not very polluted, and could be carried though
open drains/ channels and disposed of in rivers/
streams/ khals.

Solid waste: Includes all materials which are normally

solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted.

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 Some Important Terms
Fecal sludge: Sludge removed from all kinds of on-site
sanitation systems such as septic tanks, pit latrines,
community multiple pit system, etc.

Septage: Fecal sludge (settled solids, scum and liquid)

that accumulates in septic tanks.

Sewage Sludge: Sludge generated at the sewage

treatment plants as a result of sewage digestion
process is termed as sewage sludge. Sewage sludge is
often more problematic than fecal sludge from
household toilet facilities because it contains
contaminants from industrial wastewaters.

Dr. M. Ashrf Ali; CE 333, BUET-July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 Septic Tank System (On-site System)
(Septic Tank Soakage Pit)
Major Option in All Urban Areas (including some Slums)

Fecal Sludge

Scum

Sludge
Sludge

7
 Pour Flush Sanitation
(Rural areas; Urban slum/low-income communities)

Fecal Sludge
Pit

Liquid
Infiltration

8
 Some Important Terms
Desludging: This refers to the process of cleaning or
removing the accumulated sludge/ septage from a septic
tank, pit latrine or wastewater treatment facility.

Fecal Sludge Management (FSM): Also known as septage

management, FSM includes the various technologies and
mechanisms for collection, transportation, treatment and
disposal of sludge produced by septic tanks, pit latrines,
and wastewater treatment plants.

Biosolids: This usually refers to treated fecal sludge or

byproduct of the treatment of domestic sewage in a
sewage treatment plant. Biosolids consist primarily of
digested organic matter and dead microbes and can be
used as organic fertilizer or soil conditioner.
Dr. M. Ashrf Ali; CE 333, BUET-July 2014
3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION
Sanitation may be defined as the science and practice of
effecting healthful and hygienic conditions, and involves the study
and use of hygienic measures, such as:
Safe and reliable water supply
Proper disposal of all human waste
Proper drainage of wastewater
Prompt removal of all refuse (solid waste)

WHO includes food sanitation, rainwater drainage, solid waste

disposal and atmospheric pollution under sanitation.

However, the term sanitation commonly refers to

disposal
3/12/2016
of human waste / CEwastewater.
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, 333, July 2014
Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Proper sanitation can control many human waste/ excreta
related diseases.
Important to have clear understanding of such diseases and
their transmission routes.
Excreta-related diseases are caused by disease producing
microorganisms, called pathogens that are excreted by
people already infected with disease.

Common diseases caused by pathogens:

Bacteria: Cholera, Bacillary dysentry, typhoid,
and para-typhoid
Viruses: Hepatitis, Poliomylitis, Diarrhea
Protozoa: Amebic dysentry, Giardiasis
Helminths: Schistosomiasis
3/12/2016 (bilharzia
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014 or snail fever)
Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Classification of Excreta-Related Diseases:
(1) Excreted Infections (direct transmission of
pathogens): Cholera, Typhoid (also by insect-vector)
Direct
Infected Excreta New Infections
Transmission
(2) Vector-transmitted Diseases: Schistosomiasis
Vector
Infected Excreta Breeding New Infections
Insects (flies, mosquito); Cockroach;
Rat; Animals (cow, pig); Snail

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Transmission of Excreted Pathogens: Depends on
Excreted Load (Number of Pathogens Excreted)
Changes in Number of Pathogens in the Environment

Changes in Number of Pathogens Depend on:

Latency (i.e., how long it takes for the pathogens to
become infective)
Persistence (i.e., how long pathogens survive in the
environment)
Multiplication (i.e., ability of pathogens to multiply)

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Understanding Transmission of Diseases: Table 8.1
(Chapter 8, Text)
Category Transmission Example Transmission
Features Infections Focus
Bacterial Non-latent Cholera Personal
Fecal-Oral Medium/low infectivity Typhoid Domestic
Medium/high persistence Water
Able to multiply Crops
No intermediate host

Environmental classification of excreta-related diseases in Table 8.1

provides important information about transmission features,
infection types, and also provides the framework for control of
these diseases.
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Fecal-Oral Transmission Route of Diseases

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

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Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Effect of Sanitation on Disease Transmission

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Interrelationship among water, sanitation, hygiene
education and health

WaSH or WASH:
Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION AND DISEASE
Important issues for controlling excreta-related
diseases:
Sanitation is clearly the most important
intervention required for the control of excreta
related diseases.
Also important is improved personal, domestic
and peri-domestic hygiene, through improved
water supplies and improved housing.
Animal excreta control and effective sullage and
solid waste disposal must also be addressed to
control all categories of excreta related diseases.
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION: Commonly Used Terms
Total Sanitation: Refers to total sanitary condition for healthy
living. Therefore includes:
Hygienic latrine facilities;
Proper management of solid waste; and
Proper disposal of household wastewater

100% Sanitation: At the very least, the term 100% sanitation

include all of the following:
No open defecation;
Hygienic latrines available to all;
Use of hygienic latrines by all;
Proper maintenance of latrines for continual use; and
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Improved hygiene practice
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
Semester
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM
(1) On-site Sanitation System: When the wastes are
collected, treated and disposed of at or close to the point of
generation.
Example: Pit latrines (rural, urban slum)

Super structure

Pit

Open Brick Work

100 mm diameter
or
pipe
R C C Ri (

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014 Liquid Infiltration

3/12/2016
Semester
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM
(1) On-site Sanitation System:
Example: Septic Tank System (urban)
Fecal Sludge

Scum

Sludge
Sludge

21
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM (contd.)
(1) On-site Sanitation System (contd):
Basic Principle:
Liquids infiltrate into soil (infiltration capacity of soil,
and location of groundwater table important issues)
Solids are retained (confined) and digested
Features:
Designed to dispose of human waste only
Wastewater from other sources (kitchen, washing,
bathing) has to be disposed separately
Suitable for sparsely settled rural areas with low
population density, and low water consumption
Not feasible in areas with: (a) high population density,
(b) low infiltration capacity of soil
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
3/12/2016
Semester
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM
(2) Off-site Sanitation System: When the wastes are
collected and transported to somewhere else for treatment
and disposal.
Example: Conventional sewerage system; Small-bore
Sewerage System (SBS); Bucket latrines

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM (contd.)
(2) Off-site Sanitation System (contd):
Features:
Collection and transportation of waste through a sewer
system requires that the waste be diluted by water.
Hence piped water supply is essential
Most satisfactory system of waste disposal, provided
sufficient funds are available for its construction and
maintenance.
Because of high cost, preferable to introduce gradually;
where possible existing sanitation system (e.g., septic tank
system) should be upgraded and improved (e.g., SBS
system utilizing existing septic tank system; will be
discussed later in the course)
Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
3/12/2016
Semester
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM (contd.)
Sanitation systems may be classified further into:
(a) Dry Sanitation System: No water is used for the dilution
of waste. Applied in areas with no piped water supply.
Example: Pit latrines (rural, on-site), Bucket latrines (urban,
off-site)

(b) Wet Sanitation System: Waste is diluted with flushes of

water (to carry it away from the point of generation).
Example: Septic tank system (on-site), conventional
sewerage system (off-site)

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM (contd.)
Sanitation systems may be classified further into:
(i) Permeable System: Allows infiltration of liquid portion of
waste into soil.
Example: Pit latrines

(ii) Confined System: Does not allow infiltration of liquid

portion of waste into soil.
Example: Septic tank (not septic tank system, which also
includes a soakage pit)

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 SUITABILITY OF SANITATION SYSTEM
Most important factor affecting suitability of
sanitation system:
Level of Water Supply:
Pit latrines would not be appropriate with piped water
supply
Water borne system (e.g., conventional sewerage
system) is not feasible with bucket-carried or hand
pump water supply
Population Density:
On site system are more appropriate for low-density
rural settings, and low density urban areas
Off-site systems are suitable for high density urban
centers Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014
3/12/2016
Semester
 CLASSIFICATION OF SANITATION SYSTEM
Appropriate sanitation system based on level of water
supply and population density

Dr. M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, July 2014

3/12/2016
Semester
 SANITATION SYSTEM IN BANGLADESH
Rural Areas (without piped water supply):
Pit latrines
Pour-flush latrines
Hanging latrines/ open defecation (still practiced)
Urban Areas
Septic tank system
Conventional/ water-borne sewerage system
(only in Dhaka, coverage estimates range from 7-20%)
Direct connection to storm sewer line (with or without
septic tank) and storm drains
Slum/ low income areas: Pit latrines/ Hanging latrines/
Open defecation
Decentralized Dr.
wastewater
M. Ashraf Ali, CE 333, treatment
July 2014 systems (DWATS):
3/12/2016
pilot scale applicationSemester
in some slums