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P OWER generation from environment friendly resources is simulation tool [2]. However PSCAD simulation package
one of the major concerns today. Conversion of solar lacks the valid simulation model. Extensive study of grid
energy through photovoltaic (PV) system has now reached interface of solar PV system requires accurate PV model in
to the user end, where he can now contribute to the overall PSCAD/EMTDC.
protection of the environment. Recent growth in the power In this paper first a simulation model is developed for the
semiconductor technology has made possible the clean and PV module in the PSCAD/EMTDC software that accurately
efficient conversion of solar energy into electrical energy models the PV characteristics including the effect of
through a PV cell. A PV module generally is a source of low temperature and insolation level. Further an MPPT controller
power DC that cannot be directly put the grid applications. A is designed for the boost DC-DC converter using Hill Top
power converter is required that converts the raw electrical algorithm for the PV model developed in the
power generated by solar PV module into the usable electrical PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results are obtained that
power. The output power of the solar PV module is variable verifies the proposed MPPT algorithm.
for a fixed input condition of cell temperature and solar
insolation level. In addition the output power extracted from II. OVERVIEW OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE
the solar PV module is a function of electrical variable such as
A solar cell is the simplest component of a PV module that
current and voltage. There is a set of these variables at a
generates current carriers when sunlight falls on it. The current
particular temperature, insolation level and load at which the
generated by these cells is very small. A solar module is a
power drawn from the solar PV module is maximum.
combination of number of solar cells that are connected in
Therefore a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is required
series and/or parallel to generate usable current and voltage.
which can extract the maximum power out of the PV module,
A practical solar cell is current source, with an anti parallel
continuously. A power electronics converter is used that not
semiconductor diode as shown in Fig. 1, whose p-n junction is
only converters the raw electrical power into usable electrical
exposed to light [3]. A solar cell also offers a series resistance
power but can also extract maximum power. A DC-DC
Rs due to contact resistance of the metal base with the p-type
converter can track the maximum power from the PV module
semiconductor, the resistance of p and n bodies, the contact
continuously.
resistance of the n layer with the top metal grid, and the
With the increased penetration of solar PV system into the
resistance of the grid [4]. Some generated current also goes as
distributed generation, this renewable source of energy is
leakage current due to the fabrication of the PV cell, which
taking the significant share of the overall power generation.
gives rise to a shunt resistance Rsh. The resistances Rs and Rsh
are shown in Fig. 1. The value of Rsh is generally high whereas
Authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, M. N.
National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India (e-mail:
that of Rs is low. An ideal solar cell doesnt offers any series
rajeshgupta310@rediffmail.com, gauranggpt@yahoo.co.in, lucky16kastwar and shunt resistance.
@gmail.com, exploreamir@gmail.com, harsonly4u@gmail.com).
2
G
I PV = [I sc + K i (T Tn )] (4)
I Gn
Ipv Id Rs
Ir
where, Ki is the short circuit current/temperature coefficient, G
is the solar insolation in W/m2 and Gn is the nominal solar
Rsh V insolation in W/m2.
The dependence of the VI characteristic on the cell
temperature and radiation or insolation is shown in Fig. 3(a)
and Fig. 3(b), respectively. As the cell temperature of module
increases the open circuit voltage decreases keeping the short
circuit current almost constant whereas if insolation level
Fig. 1 A solar cell model. increases the short circuit current increases keeping open
circuit voltage almost constant.
The basic equation that governs the relationship between
the solar cell current I and voltage V of a single ideal solar cell
is given by the following equation.
q(V + I R s ) V + I R s
I = I PV I o exp 1 (1)
KT R sh
2 (a) 2 (b) 2 (c)
where, IPV is the current generated by the incident light, Id is
the diode current, Io is the reverse saturation or leakage current Fig. 2 Kirchhoffs current law I = IPV ID in PV module (ignoring the RS and
of the diode, Ir is the current through the shunt resistance, q is Rsh), (a) IPV , (b) Id , and (c) I.
the electron charge (1.610-19 C), K is the Boltzmann constant
(1.3810-23 J/K), T is the temperature in Kelvin of the p-n
junction and is the ideality factor which varies between 1.0
and 1.5. Equation (1) represents a basic Kirchhoffs current
law equation. This is shown graphically in Fig. 2, where Fig.
2(a) shows IPV, 2(b) shows Id, and 2(c) shows I, that is the
current fed to the load assuming that RS is negligible and Rsh is
infinite.
The VI characteristic of the PV module shown in Fig. 2(c)
depends upon the internal parameters of the module, i.e., Rs
and Rsh, and on the external influences such as insolation level
and temperature of the cell.
The diode saturation current Io and its dependence on the
temperature may be expressed by the equation as shown below
[5].
3
T qE g 1 1
I o = I o,n n exp (2)
T K Tn T Fig. 3 (a) Variation of VI characteristic by varying the cell temperature.
In this section PV module is modeled using Specify the different parameters of the
PV module as given in datasheet
PSCAD/EMTDC. The PV characteristics are modeled using
FOTRAN programming to create the component in PSCAD. Input the temperature and insolation
The proposed algorithm for modeling of PV module is level of the PV module
described using a flow chart as shown in Fig. 4 and briefly Calculate IPV,Io,n and Io
explained below.
The schematic of the PV module component created in At,TIME = 0,
then, initialize I(k-1)=IPV, V(k-1) = 0,
PSCAD is shown in Fig. 5. The component is embedded with TEST = V(k-1)
the load is varied in steps. For a particular load the steady state
values of the current variable I and intermediate voltage Increment,
V(k) = V(k-1) + 0.005
variable TEST are recorded. The simulation is repeated by V(k-1)= TEST,
varying the load, temperature and the insolation level. The I(k-1) = I
TEST = V(k), I = I(k)
shows the VI characteristics with the variation in cell Yes if [V(k)/I(k)] < Rload
temperature for a fixed insolation level of 600 W/m2. It can be
No
seen from the characteristics that the open-circuit voltage Take reading of
decreases with the increase in cell temperature, while the short TEST and I
L
MPPT O
System A
PV
Module D
Voltage L
PV O
V Sensor C
MODULE Cout A
D
MPPT
Controller
Complement Slope
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 15 Voltage across the load.
This paper presented the modeling of a PV module in
PSCAD/EMTDC and design of the MPPT controller. The
validity of the model of the PV module developed in the
PSCAD/EMTDC has been verified by comparing its VI
characteristics with the actual data set collected
experimentally. The comparison showed the close
approximation of the model characteristics with the actual
characteristics. Furthermore, the VI characteristics of the PV
model has been studied with the variations in insolation level
and temperature and found to be in close approximations to
the ideal characteristics. The application of the PV model has
been shown through the MPPT using DC-DC boost converter
based on the Hill Top algorithm in the PSCAD/EMTDC
environment. It is shown that the MPPT algorithm extracts the
maximum power from the PV model under all conditions of
Fig. 16 Output PV power verses load resistance at 30 temperature for insolation level and temperature. Also the results are shown
different insolation level in W/m2.
for the operation of the converter under open loop and close
loop control at different insolation and it has been observed
that more power is extracted when the MPPT controller is
used. This verifies the operation of MPPT controller for the
PV model. The model for the PV module developed in the
PSCAD/EMTDC can be used for the simulation studies of the
PV supported grid interface applications. This includes multi-
string PV system, distributed PV system etc.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] PSCAD 4.2.1, MANITOBA HVDC Research Centre Inc., Canada.
[2] S. K. Kim and E. S. Kim, PSCAD/EMTDC based modeling and
analysis of a gearless variable speed wind turbine, IEEE Trans. Energy
Conv., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 421-430, June 2007.
Fig. 17 Output PV power verses load resistance at 20 deg for different
[3] M. R. Patel., Wind and Solar Power system: Design, analysis, and
insolation level in W/m2.
operation, CRC Press LLC, Florida, 1999.
[4] F. Lasnier and T. G. Ang., Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook, Adam
Hilger, New York, 1990.
[5] W. D. Soto, S. A. Klein, and W. A. Beckman, Improvement and
validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance, Solar
Energy, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 7888, Jan. 2006.
[6] I. H. Altas and A. M. Sharaf, A novel on-line MPP search algorithm for
PV arrays, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 748
754, Dec. 1996.
[7] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho Comprehensive Approach
to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays IEEE Trans. Power
Electr., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1198-1208, May 2009.
[8] A. Daoud and A. Midoun, Single sensor based photovoltaic maximum
power point tracking technique for solar water pumping system
Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation Journal, vol. XIV, no. 2, pp.
Fig. 18 Comparison of power extraction for open loop and closed loop control 69-72, 2008.
of the converter at different insolation. [9] E. Koutrouli, K. Kalaitzakis and N. C. Voulgaris, Development of a
microcontroller based photovoltaic maximum power point tracking
The model of PV module and MPPT controller developed control system IEEE Trans. on Power Electr., vol 16, no. 1, pp. 4654,
in PSCAD/EMTDC software can easily be implemented in the Jan. 2001.
grid interface simulation studies. The simple example include