ASCE7 Wind Loads

Section:
DESIGN PROCEDURES - ASEAN DP 1.13.5-GPEB-Vietnam

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LOAD & CODES - VIETNAM 1 of 13
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ASCE7: Wind Loads & Date 0 (10/25/2011)
A. WIND DESIGN METHODS

ASCE 7 is the main source of IBC wind load related provisions (IBC 1609) which are used for the design
of BlueScope buildings.
Among the three design methods included in this ASCE standard, BlueScope uses the Analytical
Method only. This method is versatile, convenient for programming, and economical.
VISION supports both major options1, referring to:
Low-rise buildings
o Standard approach for all buildings that satisfy geometrical limits stated under ASCE 7
Definitions in Section 6.2.
Buildings of all heights
o Applied when building geometry exceeds the criteria of low-rise building; also, optional
method for all buildings. (see section F below for details)
Commentary: For buildings that include multiple parts and/or lean-tos, i.e., more than one shape,
VISION checks the low-rise geometry limits on the first listed shape. However, mixing of wind design
options is not permitted all shapes of the same job will use the same wind option.
Simplified method Method 1 Simplified Procedure is not used due to its many limitations compared to
the variety of building configurations normally processed by BlueScope.
B. BUILDING ENCLOSURE CATEGORY

ASCE 7 provides specific checks for the applicability of the selected enclosure categories.
Use the Design Aid (flow chart) in Figure 1 to verify the enclosure category, or to select one of the five
options used by VISION.
1
Either method allows for eave height to be used as a mean roof height when roof slope is less than 10.
Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

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Figure 1 - Building Enclosure Category Design Aid
C. BUILDINGS WITH COMMON WALL NOT EXPOSED TO WIND

When multiple shapes or buildings are tied together, where the common wall areas are not directly
exposed to wind (the contact area shown in Figure 2) they are not subject to any wind loading
(pressure or suction). The same is true whether the buildings are tied together structurally or with
nonstructural connections such as nonporous flashing. Wall parts and partitions within that area, if any,
are subject to the code prescribed minimum partition loads, which are considered live load by code (24
daN/m2 for IBC jobs see Section K on previous page).
When either of the connected shapes contain large openings in the building envelope, or open walls, the
common wall may experience pressures from direct wind loads or be subject to interior pressure/suction
loading as a partially enclosed building, or when contract specifies common wall to be designed for
wind loads due to planned future removal of one of the buildings.

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Figure 2 - Buildings with common wall not exposed to wind
Commentary: This common wall condition should not be confused with the shielding effect (ASCE7 Sec.
6.5.2.1) which pertains to the situations where parts or a whole structure is shielded from the wind exposure
by detached nearby buildings (i.e.- not connected) and structures, or other terrain features. These effects are
accounted for through the selection of the Surface Roughness Category (Wind Exposure).
A building envelope is defined by ASCE7 Chapter 6 as: Cladding, roofing, exterior walls, glazing, door
assemblies, window assemblies, skylight assemblies, and other components enclosing the building. By this
definition, buildings that have common walls inside the overall building envelope are not considered exterior
walls and therefore need not be designed for pressures/suctions originating from velocity wind pressures from
outside the building envelope. This condition is not considered shielding.
D. WIND EXPOSURE CATEGORY

This user input parameter is obtained from the Surface Roughness (also defined by this Standard), and
the characteristics of the terrain under consideration.
ASCE 7 estimates that between 60% and 80% of all buildings are located within Exposure Category B.
However, when categories B or D are not confirmed, Wind Exposure Category C must be selected.
Exposure Category D is often misused for wind design. ASCE 7 (and IBC) uses this category for inland
locations outside of the hurricane zone. This category applies only to locations near inland lakes,
waterways.

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Where higher wind loads are justified the user has an option to select a higher importance factor.
Figure 3 - Exposure D verification

Note that ASCE 7 allows for interpolation between exposure categories. Detailed explanation and
equations are given in the ASCE 7 Commentary C6.5.6.
E. LOAD ADJUSTMENT DUE TO SECONDARY MEMBER CONTINUITY

The Code prescribed MWFRS loading represents an averaged effect on the parts of that system, already
accounting for the location and distribution of short-duration wind loads throughout all roof and wall
planes. When wind load is applied to continuous secondary members, no further adjustment or increase
is applied to MWFRS wind loading, regardless of one, two, three, or multi-bay condition.
For additional explanation about wind load spatial and time dependency, and the derivation of wind load
pressure coefficients refer to ASCE 7 Commentary, and Appendix 7 of the MBMA Metal Building System
Manual.
F. USE OF ALL HEIGHTS WIND FOR MWFRS

When the limits of low-rise buildings given in ASCE 7 Section 6.2 are exceeded (this may happen even
to some low buildings), or when user selected, wind loads will be calculated using the provisions for the
rigid buildings of all-heights. This method can be used at any time. Advantages and disadvantages are
listed below.
a) The majority of BlueScope buildings have a low structural period with a frequency greater than
1 Hz (f 1 Hz, i.e., T<1 sec.); therefore, the rigid diaphragm provisions would apply here,
as shown in ASCE 7 Section 6.5.12.2.1.
b) For all practical applications, the approximate gust effect factor (=0.85) given in Section 6.5.8.1
should be used, which is only few percent different from the calculated value.
c) For transverse loading on MWFRS:

i. Uplift force depends on the building geometry: for narrow buildings (say 9-15 m) the two
methods will produce similar loads. For all wider buildings, the low-rise method will generate a
lower total uplift.
ii. The all-heights method is also advantageous when calculating the overturning moment.
Thus, when foundation design is a concern, the low-rise method will likely produce a more
efficient design.

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iii. Horizontal wind calculated per the low-rise procedure is generally lower; therefore, when frame
lateral deflection is a concern, the low-rise method should be selected.
d) A distribution of wind loads:
i. Along the windward wall the wind load distribution is uniform for the low-rise calculation
method. For the all-heights method the wind loading distribution is parabolic, with slightly
higher wind in the higher elevations. The parabolic distribution does not apply to the lowest
4.5 m above ground.
iv.
Commentary: Vision is using simple rectangular distribution of wind loads, which is conservative.
ii. The all-heights method does not use the interior and end zones for walls.
e) Distribution of wind loads on the MWFRS roofs stepped as follows (transverse cases):
i. For the all-heights method, the peak values are applied at the leading eave, with one or more
zones of lower coefficients applied towards the back of the roof.
ii. For the low-rise method, a similar rule applies; however there are only two zones. The higher
load zone is the shorter of 2.5 h or the windward half of the roof, and the lower wind zone is
everything else (roof).

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Example: The following shows how the all-heights wind cases are applied to BlueScope systems on a
typical gabled building. The Case numbers refer to design cases shown in ASCE 7 Figure 69:
Given: (H = B = L) > 18 m; L/B = 1; = 10; h/L=1
Commentary: ASCE 7 Figure 6-9 Cases 2 & 4 with torsional effects are not automated in VISION. For
each load case above there will be two cases in VISION due to +/ internal pressure.

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G. LOW-RISE BUILDINGS WIND TORSIONAL LOAD CASES

In addition to the eight standard cases, two more torsional wind cases may be required. ASCE 7 Figure
6-10 shows two required torsional cases, one for transverse loading, and another for longitudinal
loading.
This requirement comes with several exceptions of which the following two will exclude the majority of
BlueScope buildings from this requirement:
One-story buildings with height less than or equal to 30 ft (the exception for eave height to be
used instead of the mean roof height, for roofs with slope 10, applies).
Buildings two stories or less designed with flexible diaphragms.
Commentary: Instead of full automation for torsional cases, VISION will show a message when building
height (eave height or mean roof height, depending on the roof slope) exceeds 9 m and the selected roof
type is other than one of the standard BlueScope metal roofs.
Torsional wind loading is an item on the Designers check list and must be manually entered into Vision if
needed.
H. PARAPETS
H1. Main Wind Force-Resisting System
The combined net pressure on the parapet (front and back) is determined per ASCE 7 Section
6.5.12.2.4, where Combined refers to the sum of external and internal pressure coefficients.
Figure 4 explains the application of the combined coefficients. Note that the combined net pressure
coefficients (GCpn) have been lowered about 16% when compared to the 2002 edition of this standard.
Figure 4 - Application of parapet loads on MWFRS

H2. Components and Cladding
The design wind pressure on the components and cladding elements of parapets is applied per ASCE 7
Section 6.5.12.4.4. These provisions rely on the standard set of coefficients, for the adjacent roofs and
walls.
Two load cases, shown in Figure 5, must be considered:

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Load Case A combines the applicable positive wall pressure to the front surface of the parapet
with the negative edge or corner zone2 roof pressure to the back surface.
Load Case B combines the applicable positive wall pressure to the back of the parapet surface
with the applicable negative wall pressure to the front surface.
Figure 5 - Load cases for parapet C&C loading

The applicable external pressure coefficients are taken from the existing ASCE 7 figures for components
and cladding in walls or roofs (ASCE 7 Figures 6-11 through 6-17). Edge and corner zones shall be
arranged as shown in those figures.
The same is true for the internal pressure coefficient, which is tabulated in ASCE 7 Figure 65. When the
parapet cavities connect to the internal space of the building, both load cases should be evaluated under
positive and negative internal pressure. However, in most cases, the BlueScope parapet is remote to the
building; therefore, the internal pressure and suction can be ignored as it will have no effect on the
design of the parapet cladding.
Main parapet structural members and parapet girts that resist wind loads from both front and back
surfaces must be designed for the sum of those front and back side pressures. On the other hand, the
design of parapet panels and panel fasteners is based on wind loads applied to one surface only, since
standard parapets always use sheeting on both external surfaces.
2
Roof pressure reduction per Note 5 in ASCE 7 Figure 6-11B (or Note 7 in Figure 6-17) is available for qualifying
parapets. The same roof suction load would apply to the back side of the parapet (loading case A).

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Figure 6 - Load cases for mansard C&C loading

These provisions apply equally to parapets, mansards, facades and similar roof and wall sub-structures.
Note: When calculating wind pressure coefficients for parapet girts or sheeting, ASCE 7 uses the
Effective Wind Area, instead of the Wind Tributary Area. The Effective Wind Area is defined as the
span multiplied by an effective width that needs not be less than one-third the span length. However,
tributary area must be used in the calculation of wind coefficients for the cladding fasteners (screws and
clips)!
Example: GCp for a girt in a 25 foot bay will use Aeff = Span2 / 3 = 25 (25/3) = 208.3 ft2.
I. OPEN BUILDINGS
Open Buildings are defined as buildings having each wall at least 80% open.
I1. Free Roofs
If all walls are fully open (100%), and the building conforms to one of the geometries shown in ASCE 7
Figure 6-18 A thru D, the building becomes a free roof structure. Note that ASCE 7 is silent about
other, non-free-roof open buildings.
Limits of applicability: ASCE 7 free roof provisions apply only to buildings that satisfy the ratio
0.25h/L1.0. Note that h refers to the building mean roof height (there is no eave height option for
the low pitched roofs) and the dimension L refers to the building width (dimension perpendicular to ridge
in all cases) as defined in ASCE 7 Figure 6-18D. If the h/L ratio is not satisfied pick the rational approach
marked in VISION as Open All Heights.
Free roof structures with sheeted gables are also covered under the same provisions of ASCE 7 Section
6.5.13.2, as long as the roof slope does not exceed 5. The Code treats fascia panels as inverted
parapets, where the contribution of loads on the fascia to the MWFRS are calculated using Section
6.5.12.2.4 with qp equal to qh".
ASCE 7 selection of free roof wind coefficients is depended on the air flow under the roof. There are two
options:

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a) Clear wind flow - the space under the roof is clear by ASCE 7 definition (less than 50%
blockage).
b) Obstructed wind flow - if the building does not qualify as clear. Vision will run BOTH sets of
coefficients, for both clear and obstructed conditions as separate load cases since both cases
are expected during the lifetime of the structure. This option often yields larger wind loads.
Commentary:
1) VISION neither checks nor reports when the h/L ratio is out of range wind enclosure is users responsibility!
2) For the obstructed wind flow VISION uses a consolidated set of coefficients for simplicity (longitudinal
MWFRS and C&C, which represents the envelope of all applicable ASCE 7 wind loads). See Table 1 and Table
2 for consolidated coefficients used by VISION.
3) VISION coefficient reporting is consistent, regardless of a design method or wind enclosure option; therefore,
the reported coefficient is always a product G*Cp where G is the gust factor (0.85 for open buildings).
4) In VISION, selection of All heights wind method is not used with Free Roofs.

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At eave canopies attached to free roofs receive the same wind loads (coefficients) as the roof plane they
are attached to.
With either free roof option, the minimum wind as defined in Section L is the only requirement for the
building bracing system.
I2. Open All Heights (Not a Free Roof)
MWFRS loads for open buildings are calculated as follows:
In the transverse direction ( to ridge) the wind loads are applied along the frame rafters using
the all heights roof coefficients per ASCE 7 Figure 6-6. For Open buildings the internal
pressure coefficients GCpi = 0.0. Similarly, if any portion of the sidewall is sheathed the all
heights wall coefficients will be used with zero internal pressure and the loads applied along
the sheathed portions of the affected members only.
In the longitudinal direction (|| to ridge), ASCE 7 provides limited criteria for the application of
wind loads on MWFRS. The use of the minimum wind load defined in Section L is adequate for
all cases.
Note about MBMA bare frame wind loads - not used by VISION:
For wind pressures on the bare frames, or on clad surfaces on the endwalls, the 2010 Supplement to the
2006 MBMA MBS Manual recommends the method developed by researchers at the University of Western
Ontario in 2008. Based on wind tunnel studies on multiple building configurations, the researchers developed
a procedure for assessing drag wind loads on multiple bay open structures, taking into consideration wind
azimuth, frame span, solidity ratio and number of frames.
The 2010 method is more accurate and less conservative than the method shown in the 2006 MBMA Manual
(or earlier editions) the older method was not applicable for design of steel frames in buildings with any roofing
attached. It is expected that the new method will become part of the ASCE 7 wind loads, after 2010 Edition.4)
In VISION, selection of All heights wind method is not used with Free Roofs.
J. LOAD REDUCTION FOR STANDING SEAM ROOFS

Section D6.2.1a of the 2007 AISI NASPEC (Appendix A US) permits that ASCE 7 wind loads used in
the uplift load combinations can be multiplied by 0.67 for the roof perimeter (roof edges = Zone 2, and
roof corners = Zone 3).
Based on stated geometric and testing limitations, this AISI load reduction is permitted for standard
BlueScope 24 ga. or 22 ga. standing seam roof systems, such as MR24, SSR, SLR, VSR, Liberty Loc,
Mark24, and WeatherSpan systems.
Commentary: In VISION the reduction factor is reported combined with the Components and Cladding
coefficients (since the roof interior wind load is not affected by this exception).

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K. PARTITION LOADS
See DP 1.2.3 for the application of partition loads.
L. MINIMUM WIND LOADS

Minimum wind load provisions of ASCE 7 are independent of the selected design procedure, pressure
coefficients, importance factor, or any other factors, or other loads (ref. ASCE 7 Figure C61):
Minimum wind loads are applied to the MWFRS in the transverse and longitudinal directions,
and to the components and cladding in both the positive and negative pressure directions.
For enclosed and partially enclosed buildings minimum wind load is checked and applied within
the particular wind load cases.
Commentary: For MWFRS the minimum wind load of 48 DaN/m2 applied to the wall area can be verified via
frame reactions. In cases when the total horizontal wind load is less than 48 DaN/m2 VISION will increase
both the windward and the leeward wind coefficients proportionally, until the minimum wind load requirement
is satisfied. This proportioning method is used for transverse and longitudinal MWFRS.
For open buildings the minimum wind load is applied as an independent load case (MW load
type) to each of the four walls. Note that sidewall cases include an addition line load which
accounts for the minimum wind applied to the vertical projection of the roof plane (above eave).

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Section:

DESIGN PROCEDURES - ASEAN DP 1.13.5-GPEB-Vietnam

A. WIND DESIGN METHODS

B. BUILDING ENCLOSURE CATEGORY

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Figure 1 - Building Enclosure Category Design Aid

C. BUILDINGS WITH COMMON WALL NOT EXPOSED TO WIND

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Figure 2 - Buildings with common wall not exposed to wind

D. WIND EXPOSURE CATEGORY

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Figure 3 - Exposure D verification

E. LOAD ADJUSTMENT DUE TO SECONDARY MEMBER CONTINUITY

F. USE OF ALL HEIGHTS WIND FOR MWFRS

c) For transverse loading on MWFRS:

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

d) A distribution of wind loads:

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

G. LOW-RISE BUILDINGS WIND TORSIONAL LOAD CASES

Figure 4 - Application of parapet loads on MWFRS

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Figure 5 - Load cases for parapet C&C loading

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Figure 6 - Load cases for mansard C&C loading

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

J. LOAD REDUCTION FOR STANDING SEAM ROOFS

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

L. MINIMUM WIND LOADS

Author: Igor Marinovic, Revised by Thuy, Nguyen

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