08/07/2016

National and Local Waste Management Strategies in Asia

Experiences and key challenges from Japan and the Philippines

Shiko Hayashi
Programme Manager, Sustainable City Group

1. Framework of national guideline and

local solid waste management plan in Japan

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Responsibilities of stakeholders for promoting sound waste management

and recycling
National government
To prepare a guideline for local governments to develop their local solid waste management plan
To collect information/data about waste
To develop a policy/regulations based on the collected data
To promote technology development for waste treatment and recycling
To provide technical and financial assistances (e.g. subsidy) to the municipalities etc.
Local municipality
To develop a plan of local solid waste management
To promote citizens voluntary activities with regard to the waste reduction
To take necessary measures for proper treatment of waste
To make efforts toward efficient operation in the implementation of waste management
(e.g. capacity building of staffs, consolidate treatment/disposal facilities, develop operation techniques)
Citizens
To reduce waste generation (waste prevention)
To implement source separation for waste disposal
To promote reuse of waste
To contribute to the reduction of waste and its proper treatment managed by municipalities
Business and Industries
Disposers responsibility
to properly treat base on the disposers responsibility
Extended Producer Responsibility
to improve the design of products, containers, etc. and to take-back and properly treat their end-of-life
products
(Source:WasteManagementandPublicCleansingLawinJapan)

Structure of national regulations associated with waste management and 3Rs

in Japan
TheBasicEnvironmentLaw Law/Regulation
Plan/Guideline
BasicEnvironmentalPlan
TheBasicLawforEstablishing
theRecyclingbasedSociety NationalPlan
Soundwaste BasicPlanforEstablishingaSoundMaterial
management CycleSociety(revisedevery5yrs)
Promotionof
recycling
WasteManagementand
PublicCleansingLaw PCs
LawforthePromotionofEffective
UtilizationofResources Batteries
Basicprincipleofwaste NationalGuideline
management
Guidelinefordevelopment ContainersandPackagingRecyclingLaw
National DevelopmentPlanofWaste ofaMunicipalSolidWaste
NationalGovt.

Govt. TreatmentFacility ManagementPlan HomeApplianceRecyclingLaw

SmallWEEERecyclingLaw
WasteManagementPlanof
Provincial ProvincialGovt. ConstructionandDemolitionWaste
Govt. RecyclingLaw
EndoflifeVehicleRecyclingLaw
LocalPlan
advice/guidance MunicipalSolidWaste FoodWaste RecyclingLaw
Local ManagementPlan(10~15yr)
Govt. submittheMunicipal GreenPurchasingLaw
SWMPlan ActionPlanofSolidWaste (Publicprocurement)
Management(Everyyear)

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National target of 3Rs in Japan

set in the 2nd Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-cycle Society (2008~: 5 years)

EffortIndicators (targetyear:FY2015)
1. Numericaltargets
[1]Reductionofmunicipalsolidwaste
(a)Totalwastegeneration percapita/day 10%reductionin2005from2000level
(b)Householdwastegenerationpercapita/day 20% reduction
(c)Waste generation frombusiness sector 20% reduction
[2]Finaldisposalamountofindustrialwaste
Reduction by 60% comparing to FY2000 level (e.g. 47% reduction in 2005)
[3]Citizens'awarenessofandbehaviorconcerning3Rs
Awareness:approx.90%,Behavior:approx.50%
[4]Promotionofrecyclingbusinesses
MarketsizewillbedoubledfromFY2000 level(e.g.1.3timesin2005)
2. Otherindicatorsmonitoringaprogressmadebyindividualstakeholders
[1] Percentage ofcustomersnottakingplasticshoppingbags,
[2] Highranked(awarding)municipalitiesintermsof3Refforts,
andotherindicators

Source:MinistryofEnvironmentJapan

Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan in Japan

Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (1970)
Chapter2: Municipal Solid Waste Management
Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan

Article 6
The municipalities shall specified forth a definite plan for management of municipal solid waste in
their respective administrative areas (hereinafter referred to as a municipal solid waste management
plan).
The municipal solid waste management plan shall include the following matters in regard to the
management of municipal solid in their administrative areas according to the Ordinance of the
Ministry of the Environment.

Components included in a Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan:

1. Estimate of the volume of municipal solid waste to be generated and that to be managed
2. Measures for waste reduction (prevention) of municipal solid waste.
3. Categories of municipal solid waste for separate collection.
4. Basic matters of sound treatment of municipal solid waste and the authorities/persons carrying out
such management.
5. Matters concerning the improvement or construction of municipal solid waste treatment facilities.
6. Other matters necessary for the management of municipal solid waste.

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Basic concept of a Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan in Japan

Hierarchyofwastemanagementoptions
1st.Preventionofwastegenerationatsource(Reduce);2nd.Reuse;3rd.Recycle;
4th.Thermalrecycle;5th.Sounddisposalofwaste
Promoteregional(areawide)wastetreatment
Lowerconstructionandmaintenancecostsduetoanintensificationofwaste
treatmentfacilities(e.g.wastecollection/treatmentbeyondtheborder)
ComponentstobeassessedinthedevelopmentofaMSW
ManagementPlan
Overallconditionofthemunicipality:
demographics,industrialtrend,arelationshipwiththedevelopmentplanofthe
municipality
Currentconditionsandissuesofwastemanagement:
wasteflow,responsiblestakeholders,performanceofwastemanagementand
itsevaluation,understandingthechallenges.
Trendofothermunicipalitiesandcentralandprovincialgovernments

Guideline for a Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan in Japan:

Contents (No.1)
since1977(revisedin1993,2008)

1. BasicPrinciple
Objective,relationshipswithotherplan/regulation,targetedarea
2. Targetyear
timeperiod(10~15years,themidtermevaluationinevery5years)
3. Datamanagementonwastegenerationandcomposition
collectthecurrentdataonwastegenerationandcomposition
estimatetheamountofwastegenerationperapersonadaydependingonpopulation
projectionandfuturetrendofindustrial/businessactivities
4. Rolesofeachresponsibleactors
Localauthority:
wastecollectioncharge,introductionofsourceseparation,promotingenv.
educationandpublicawareness,instructiontolargevolumegenerator,green
purchasingetc.
Residents:
communitybasedcollectionsystemforrecyclables,reductionofwastepackagingetc.
Businessentities:
preventionofwastegenerationatsource(e.g.preventexcesspackaging)etc.

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Guideline for a Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan in Japan:

Contents (No.2)

5. Wastetreatmentplanning
5.1Planforwastereduction(prevention)andrecycling
5.2Planforwastecollectionandtransportation
5.3Planforintermediatetreatment
5.4Planforfinaldisposal
6. Categorizationofasourceseparation
categorizewasteforseparatecollection
keepresidentsinformedtocleanandseparaterecyclables
7. Wastetreatmentfacilityimprovementandestablishment
settingatreatmentcapacityandatreatmentmethodforeachfacility
utilizingasubsidyforestablishingthefacility,promotingPFIetc.
8. Others
Publicawareness,educationtoresidentsonsourceseparation,relationshipswith
othermunicipaldevelopmentplanetc.

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Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan: Case in City of Kitakyushu

Population:about1million
1. Basicprinciple:
Promotingrecyclebasedsociety(integrationof3Rsandgreenprocurement)
2. Targetyear:2001~(10years,reviewedinevery5years)
3. Datamanagement
Target:wastegeneration(keepconstantlevelof49millionton/year),
wastereduction(5%),recyclingrate(13%25%)
4.&5.Measurements
Developmentofrecyclesystemsfor
wastepapers,
foodwaste,
packagewaste, Foodwasterecyclebin CompostingatSchool
homeappliances,
greenwaste.
Promotionofreuse
exchangeprogram forusedbooks andclothesetc.
Promotionofgreenpurchasing (e.g.publicprocurement) RecyclePlaza

Source:KitakyushuCity

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MSWMP: Case of City of Kitakyushu (continued)

6. Categorizationofasourceseparationandseparatecollection
Regularseparatecollectionwithdesignatedbags:
1)Combustibles,
2)Cansandglassbottles,
3)PETbottles,
4)Plasticcontainersandpackages Collectionpoint
Stationcollection:
Cartons,trays,fluorescenttubes, Designatedbags
metals(pan,potetc.)
Communitybasedcollection: Stationcollection Communitybasedcollection
wastepaper(newspaper,cardboxes,magazines) forwastepaper

7. Wastetreatmentfacilities
Incinerations(3),
Landfillsite(1),
Recyclingfacilities(wastesortingforcansandbins:3) Shinmoji Kogasaki
8. Promotingefficientlyandsatisfactionofresidences Hiagari
Announcementofannualwastemanagementcosts,reductionofwastecollectioncosts
9. EnvironmentalEducation
EstablishingEnv.Educationcenter, Source:KitakyushuCity
Env.Educationatschool,etc.

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Management cycle of Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan in Japan

MunicipalSolidWasteManagementPlan(longterm:10~15years)
ActionPlanforwastecollectionandtreatment(everyyear)

Plan
developaMSWManagementPlan
setatargetfornext5years
developanActionPlaneveryyear

Act
Do
Reviewthetarget intheMSW
ManagementPlanevery5years PDCAcycleofwaste Implement waste
management/treatmentas
basedonitsperformance
evaluation
management plannedintheMSW
RevisetheActionPlanevery ManagementPlan/ActionPlan
year basedonitsevaluation
result
Check
Evaluatetheperformanceusing
theevaluationindicators

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Indicators to evaluate the waste management performance

Category Objective tobe
Indicator Unit
measured
Wastegeneration Wastegeneration perpersonday kg/personday
Establishing Recycling rate Recycling ratefromwaste %(ton/ton)
recyclingbased Thermalrecycle Energyrecovery fromwaste MJ/ton
society
Proportion ofwaste sentto
FinalDisposal %(ton/ton)
landfillsite
Preventionof GHGsemissionper apersonaday
GHGsemission kg/personday
globalwarming associatedwithwastedisposal
Residents satisfaction
Publicservice DegreeofSatisfactionofresidents
forwastetreatment
Annualwastetreatmentcost pera JPNyen
person /personyear
Costofrecycling JPN yen/ton
Economy Costeffectiveness
Costofthermalrecycling JPN yen/MJ
Costassociatedwithwaste
Initialsetofdatato JPNyen/ton
reductionservice
bemanaged
Datacollection/management

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Relationship between National and Local Government in Japan

Local National
Government Government
Submission of waste-related data
Plan
Data collection Collecting data from local
Develop a Basic Plan/Action governments
Plan on MSW management Survey of actual situation of MSW
by MOEJ

Develop a
Policy/Plan/Strategies
Implementation Exchange human resources etc. based on the date
Develop a waste treatment collected from local
facilities governments
Implement waste reduction
measures
Provision of subsidy on a development
of waste treatment facilities (1/3)
(1/2 if high efficiency WtE facility)

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2. Framework of national guideline and

local solid waste management plan in the Philippines

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Philippines 3R Strategy and Experience: National and Local government relationship

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (R.A. 9003)
Article1: Section 16. Local Government Solid Waste Management Plans
The province, city or municipality, through its local solid waste management boards, shall prepare
its respective 10-year solid waste management plans consistent with the national solid waste
management framework. shall be reviewed and updated every year by the provincial, city or
municipal solid waste management board.

Expectedrole
National NationalSolidWaste Approve,review,andmonitorLocalSolidWasteManagementPlans
level ManagementCommission (LSWMP)
14membersfromthegovernmentsector Developamodelprovincial,city,andmunicipalSWMP
3membersfromNGOs,recyclingindustry,and etc.
manufacturingorpackagingindustry
Approval,
SubmitthePlan Review,&
monitoring DevelopaProvincialSolidWasteManagementPlanfromthesubmitted
solidwastemanagementplansoftherespectivecityandmunicipality.
Provincial ProvincialSolidWaste TheProvincialSolidWasteManagementPlanshallbesubmittedtothe
level ManagementBoard Commissionforapproval.
Reviewevery2yearsetc.
SubmitthePlan

Municipal City/MunicipalSolidWaste DeveloptheCityandMunicipalSolidWasteManagementPlan.

level MonitortheimplementationoftheCityorMunicipalSolidWaste
ManagementBoard ManagementPlan.
Monitor Reviewevery2yearsetc.
feedbacks 844 municipalities (52%) have
Community implementation
level submitted (as of 2014).
Barangays(community)

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Framework of 10-years Solid Waste Management Plan

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (R.A. 9003)
Section 17. Components of the Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan
1. City or Municipal Profile (background information on the city/municipalities)
Data

population, map, solid waste generation by source, inventory of existing facilities and capacities
2. Waste characterization
3. Collection and Transfer
provision of properly designed containers, segregation, hauling and transfer, enforcement , training officers
4. Intermediate Treatment methods and facilities
5. Source Reduction
program and economic incentives to reduce non-recyclable materials, replace disposable materials, reduce packaging, etc.
Treatment
Collection/

6. Recycling
types of materials to be recycled, methods for determining the category of waste to be recycled, new facilities and expansion
of existing facilities needed to implement the recycling.
7. Composting
types of materials to be composted, methods for determining the category of waste to be composted, new facilities and
expansion of existing facilities needed to implement the composting.
8. Final disposal
projection of the amount of disposal capacity needed to accommodate the solid waste generated.
9. Education and public information
educate and inform citizens about the source reduction, recycling and composting programs
10. Special waste (household hazardous wastes)
11. Resource requirement and funding (finance)
Financing

description of the project cots, revenues, and source of funds

12. Privatization of solid waste management projects
indicate specific measures to promote the participation of the private sector.
13. Incentive program
providing incentives, cash or otherwise, shall encourage the participation of concerned sectors.

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10 Year Solid Waste Management Plan: Case of Cebu City

Population:about866,000(2010)
1. Basicprinciple:
Promotingecological,integratedandsustainablesolidwastemanagement
(integrationof3Rsandgreenprocurement)
2. Targetyear:2012 2020(10years,reviewedinevery5years)
3. Datamanagement
Target:wastegeneration(reductionoflandfillby25%in2020)
4.&5.Measurements
Promotionofwasteseparationatsource
Enforcementofnosegregationandnocollectionpolicy
EstablishaMaterialRecoveryFacilityatbarangay
PromoterecyclingbusinessesthroughPPP
Establishenvironmentaleducation
Strengtheninginstitutionalframeworkandcapacitybuilding
6.Wastetreatmentfacility
Landfillsite(1)
Centraltreatmentfacility(1)
Source:CebuCity

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Thank you.

Contact: hayashi@iges.or.jp

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