UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY (CPE453)

NAME : ABDUL RASHID AMIR LATIF

GROUP : 3C
EXPERIM : LAB 10 : PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT/PVT
ENT
DATE : 06 OCT 2016
PROG/CO : EH220
DE
SUBMIT : Mrs. Lim Ying Pei
TO
N Title Allocated Marks
o Marks (%)
1 Abstract 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Procedures/Methodology 10
6 Apparatus 5
7 Results 10
8 Calculation 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 References 5
13 Appendices 5
TOTAL 100

Remarks:

Checked by: Rechecked by:

Date: Date:

ABSTRACT
This experiment involving a perfect gas or ideal gas has seven
experiment. An equipment has been used which called Perfect gas
expansion apparatus in order to determine the properties of measurement
and study the relationship between ideal gas and various factor that can
propose an understanding of First and second law of thermodynamics. The
objectives of this experiment successfully achieved. Boyles and Gay-
Lussacs law was proven in this experiment when the ideal gas obey the
law. The volume ratio and heat capacity were not determined because
lack of time in conducting the series. However, the experiment was still
successful.

INTRODUCTION
The experiment consists of 7 series but we want to make clear that the
experiment we conducted are only covered from experiment 1 till 3 which
is Boyles law experiment, Gay Lussac law experiment and isentropic
experiment respectively .These series were conducted by using the
apparatus that called as Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus from Model
TH11. The apparatus have two vessel, one is for pressurized chamber and
the other one is for vacuum chamber. This apparatus also equipped with
pressurized pump and vacuum pump and several valves which can
connect between chambers and also to the surrounding. The chamber is
made from glass that can withstand maximum pressure of apparatus can
operate. The apparatus also equipped with temperature and pressure
sensors for both tanks which can be read on the board. These sensors
used to monitor and manipulate the pressure and temperature. The board
displays the temperature and pressure in a digital indicator that dealt with
the PVT laws.

This experiment the basically measure the important parameters in

thermodynamics principle based on PVT law. The parameters are
temperature, pressure and volume of the gas based on the ideal gas
equation. The apparatus consist temperature and pressure detector for
both pressure tank and vacuum tank. The detector can adjust the
pressure and temperature in the tanks.

In the chamber, the gas collides each other and also the wall of
chamber . From the thermodynamics principle, the momentum of the
particle which is gas has equal momentum before and after the collision.
Equations are derived directly from the law of conservation of linear
motion momentum and conservation of energy The equation involve is PV
= nRT. The Boyles law and Gay-Lussac law are involve in this experiment
 that related to PVT law. The Boyles law state the pressure is inversely
proportional volume of the gas. While the Gay-Lussac law the pressure is
directly proportional to the temperature. Both principle are combined to
form PV = nRT. That meant when the pressure increases the volume will
decrease and the temperature will increase.

From the experiment the relationship between pressure, temperature

and volume of the air is proven by calculation and graph relationship. The
relationship and the value of the reading such as heat capacity and
volume ratio is determined by using the PVT law and assuming the gas is
ideal gas.

AIMS
For this experiment , there are 7 series in total, but we only conduct from
series 1 to series 3.however we would still detail out the aims for each of
the series.

i. series 1

The objectives of this experiment is to determine the relationship between

pressure and volume of an ideal gas and to compare the experimental
results with theoretical results.

ii. series 2

The objectives of this experiment is to determine the relationship between

pressure and the temperature of an ideal gas.

iii. series 3

The experiment is to demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.

iv. series 4

The experiment is to study the response of the pressurized vessel

following stepwise depressurization.
 v. series 5

The objectives of this experiment is to study the response of the

pressurized vessel following a brief depressurization.

vi. series 6

The experiment is to determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the

theoretical value.

vii. series 7

This experiment is to determine the ratio heat capacity.

THEORY.
Perfect Gas

Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charless

law, Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas
where there is none attractive forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect
gas is an ideal gas, they collide between atoms or molecules elastically
with no intermolecular attractive forces. Some assumption has been
respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the gasses are made up of
molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An equation had
been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal gas equation
of state:

T
V )
P=R

The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would

have different value of R. Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal
gas. The equation also can be written as:

PV =mRT
The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other
as long as they has one constant property throughout the experiment
where:

Boyles Law

The behavior real gas using parameter of pressure, temperature and

volume is considered at low density. Ideal gas also obeys the law of
Boyles, Charless and Gay-Lussacs. Boyles law describe the
relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. This law works
when the pressure increase inversely with the volume of gas where the
temperature held constant along the process. The gas inside a system
loosely packed and move randomly. If the volume is reduce, then the
pressure become high as the molecules having less space to move, to hit
the wall of container more frequently.

Figure 1: Graph of Boyle's Law

Charless Law

Second law is Charless Law which involves with the effect of heat
on the expansion of gases. The pressure will remain constant throughout
the process and the volume of gas will go directly proportional to the
absolute temperature. The moving molecules increase their speed and hit
the wall more frequently as the temperature getting higher because the
temperature transfer the heat of energy into the molecule. Thus, as the
speed increase and the frequency of collision increase, the volume of the
container also increase. Therefore the equation of Charless law simply
show below where the k is a constant. The temperature must be
calculated in Kelvin unit. If the constant value of k is not known then, the
equation is derived as follow:

The relationship of volume and temperature of Charless law describe in a

graph as follow :

Figure 2: The graph of Charles's Law

Gay-Lussacs Law

The third law involving ideal gas is Gay-Lussacs law where the
volume of the system become constant throughout the process. This law
stated that the pressure and temperature are in direct relation. That
means as the pressure increase, the temperature also increase.
Temperature is a parameter for kinetic energy, as the temperature
increase, the kinetic energy also increase, therefore the frequency of
collision also increase which causing the pressure to be increase with the
constant volume. The equation below can prove the relationship between
pressure and temperature in a particular system with constant volume.

Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the

Gay-Lussacs law with constant volume. The conclusion is that the
pressure directly proportional to the temperature.

Figure 3: Graph of Gay-Lussac's Law

First law of thermodynamics

Based on first law of thermodynamics statement, energy

can be neither created nor destroyed but it can only change in the form of
energy. For example the change of energy of lamp, from electric energy
convert to light and heat energy. Therefore, the conservation of energy
principle introduced as the net change in the total energy of the system
equivalent to the difference in the total energy enter the system and total
energy leaving the system.
That equation also referred as energy balance equation that applicable to
any kind system any kind of process. Since the energy has numerous form
such as internal, kinetic, potential, electrical and magnetic and their sum
constitutes the total energy of the system. Simple compressible system
has the following equation which the change in the total energy of a
system is the sum of the changes in its internal, kinetic, potential energy
can be expressed as:

Where internal energy, U

Where kinetic energy, KE

Where the potential energy, PE

Energy can be transfer in or out of a system in three forms such as heat,

work and mass flow. As there is one of any three form cross the boundary
of an open system, it can be concluded as energy gained or lost during a
process. In a closed system, there is only two form can pass through the
boundary which can change the energy which are heat and work.
Temperature difference in a system with its surrounding is not an energy
interaction. Work interactions refer as rising piston and rotating shaft.
Commonly sense when the work transfer into the system, the energy of
the system increase and vice versa. As mass transfer in the system,
energy also increase as the mass carries energy with it and vice versa.
Equation below represent the concluded energy balance.
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree is a definition of specific heat. There are two
specific heat use widely which is specific heat at constant volume and
specific heat at constant pressure. Cp value larger than Cv as at constant
pressure system is allowed to expand and the energy must supplied to
system. Specific heat capacity at constant pressure is the energy required
to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the pressure remain constant. It can be concluded that Cv is related to
internal energy and Cp involved enthalpy value.

Internal energy is a function of temperature only. As the temperature

high, then enthalpy value also big. Then the enthalpy value is represent
with subscript h:

Where it can combine to become:

Cp and Cv has special relationships for ideal gas by differentiating the h =

u + RT to produce dh = du + RT and by replacing dh by CpdT and du by
CvdT, the equation come out with:
Specific heat capacity also has the constant k by the relation of:

Ratio of volumes using isothermal process can be determine using

isothermal process. One pressurized vessel is allowed to leak slowly into
another vessel of different size. Finally, the pressure will be same for both
vessel. Final pressure in vessel can be calculated by:

Both vessel was placed in room temperature before valve is opened lead
the isothermal process and the initial temperature will be equal to the
final temperature. Deriving :

Using these equation, substitute m1 and m2 into equation of Pabsf and

become:

Rearrange the equation and cancel the RT to give the ratio of the two
volume:
Stepwise Depressurization

Stepwise depressurization is conducted by depressurizing the

chamber or tank step by step slowly or gradually by flowing out the gas
which they would expand at every instant opened and closed in order to
identify gradual changes in pressure and temperature within the contrary
decreases with the expansion.

Brief Depressurization

This is similar to stepwise depressurization but reduced in terms of

time. The time interval increased to a few seconds. This is to make sure
that, the effect on the pressure and temperature can be observe which
can be compared later. The graph should be more higher gradient.

APPARATUS.
The apparatus used in this experiment is:
 Gas Expansion Apparatus

The apparatus consists of:

1. Pressure chamber
2. Vacuum chamber
3. Valve 1, valve 2, valve 3, valve 4, and valve 5
4. Compressor
5. Vacuum pump
6. Main switch and pump switch
7. Display of pressure tank 1 (PT1), pressure tank 2 (PT2), temperature
tank 1 (TT1), and temperature tank 2 (TT2)

PROCEDURES.

i. GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES

A. GENERAL START-UP PROCEDURES

 1. Equipment was connected to single phase power supply and the unit was
switched on.
2. All valve was fully opened and the pressure reading on the panel was
checked just to make sure the pressure was at atmospheric pressure.
3. All valve was closed.
4. Pipe from compressive pump connected to pressurized chamber or the
pipe from vacuum pump connected to vacuum chamber.
5. The unit was ready to use.

B. GENERAL SHUT-DOWN PROCEDURES

1. Pump was switched and the pump was removed from the chamber.
2. The valve was fully open in order to release out the air inside the
chamber.
3. The switch and power supply was switched off.

ii. series 1 : Boyles law

A. series 1.1 : condition 1
1. All valve was fully closed.
2. Compressive pump, Tank 1 was filled with air until 150kPa.
3. The gas was transferred from tank 1 to tank 2 by opening the valve
between tanks.
4. The temperature and pressure was recorded.

B. series 1.2 : condition 2

1. All valve was fully closed.
2. Tank 2 was filled with air until 50kPa.
3. The gas was then transferred from tank 2 to tank 1 by opening the valve
between tanks.
4. The temperature and pressure was recorded.

C. series 1.3 : condition 3

1. All valve was fully closed.
2. Both tank 1 and tank 2 filled with air until 150kPa and 50kPa.
3. The valve between tanks was opened.
4. The pressure and temperature was recorded.
iii. series 2 : Gay-Lussac Law Experiment
1. All valve was fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurize chamber.
3. Compressive pump was turned on and the temperature was recorded for
every increment of 10kPa in the chamber and the pump stopped when the
pressure in tank 1 has achieved 160kPa.
4. The valve was slightly opened and the pressurized air are allowed to flow
out. The temperature was recorded for every decrement in 10kPa.
5. The experiment stopped when the pressure in tank 1 has reached
atmospheric pressure that is 101.3kPa.
6. The experiment repeated for three times in order to get the average
value.
7. A graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.

iv. series 3 : Isentropic Expansion Process

1. All valve was fully closed.
2. Hose was connected from compressive pump to pressurized chamber.
3. Compressive pump was switched on and the chamber was pressurized
until 160kP. Pump was switched off and the hose was removed from the
chamber.
4. The pressure was monitored until the reading was stabilized. The pressure
and temperature was recorded.
5. The valve was slightly opened and the air was flow out slowly until
reached the atmospheric pressure.
6. The pressure and temperature reading was recorded after the expansion
process.
7. The isentropic process was discussed.

v. series 4 : Stepwise depressurization

1. All valve was fully closed.
2. Tank 1 was filled with air until 160kPa and record the data.
3. The valve 1 was opened and closed quickly for 5 times.
4. The data was recorded.
 vi. series 5 : Brief depressurization
1. All valve was fully closed.
2. Tank 1 was filled with air until 150kPa and the data was recorded.
3. Valve 1 was open for 3 seconds.
4. The data was recorded.

vii. series 6 : Determination of ratio volume

1. All valve was fully closed.
2. Tank 1 or pressurized tank was filled with air at about 150kPa.
3. The data was recorded.
4. Valve 2 was slightly opened and the data was recorded.
5. The experiment was repeated by passing air from tank 2 to tank 1 and
tank 1 to tank 2 by using the pressure of 150kPa for tank 1 and 50kPa for
tank2.

viii. series 7 : Determination of Ration of Heat Capacity

1. General start up was done and the valve was fully closed.
2. The hose from the compressive pump was connected to the pressurized
chamber.
3. Compressive pump was switched on and the chamber was pressurized
until 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off and the hose was removed
from the chamber.
4. C. The pressure and temperature was recorded.
8. The valve one was fully open and closed after few seconds. The pressure
and temperature was monitored and recorded right after the reading was
stabilized.
5. The ratio of heat capacity and the theoretical value was compared.

RESULT
The result that will be presented is only the Boyles Law experiment , Gay
Lussacs and isentropic expansion.
 SERIES 1

A. SERIES 1.1

Before expansion After expansion

PT 1 (kPa abs) 155.1 137.2
PT 2 (kPa abs) 103.0 136.4

B. SERIES 1.2

Before expansion After expansion

PT 1 (kPa abs) 103.5 89.8
PT 2 (kPa abs) 60.0 89.0

C. SERIES 1.3

Before expansion After expansion

PT 1 (kPa abs) 150.9 118.1
PT 2 (kPa abs) 56.5 117.5

SERIES 2

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

PRES TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
SURE ( C) ( C) ( C)
(kPa
abs)
PRESS DEPRES PRESS DEPRES PRESS DEPRESS
URIZED SURIZED URIZED SURIZED URIZED URIZED
VESSEL VESSEL VESSEL VESSEL VESSEL VESSEL
110 29.0 28.5 28.0 28.2 27.9 28.2
120 29.2 29.5 28.2 29.0 28.1 29.0
130 29.7 30.8 28.7 30.0 28.6 30.0
140 30.4 32.0 29.5 31.4 29.5 31.4
150 31.4 32.8 30.5 32.4 30.3 32.5
160 32.2 33.4 31.4 33.0 31.4 32.8

i. SERIES 3
 BEFORE EXPANSION AFTER EXPANSION
PT 1 (kPa abs) 161.9 157.4
TT 1 ( C) 33.3 32.9

CALCULATIONS

i. SERIES 1
A. CONDITION 1

V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3

By using Boyles law

P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(155.10.025) + (103.00.01237) = (137.20.025) + (136.40.01237)
5.1516 = 5.1173
The difference is only 0.03433, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

B. CONDITION 2

V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3

By using Boyles law

P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(103.50.025) + (60.00.01237) = (89.90.025) + (89.00.01237)
3.3297 = 3.3484
The difference is only 0.01873, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

C. CONDITION 3

V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3
 By using Boyles law

P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(150.90.025) + (56.50.01237) = (118.10.025) + (117.50.01237)
4.471 = 4.406
The difference is only 0.06503, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

ii. SERIES 2

PRESSURE (kPa) AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

110 28.30
120 28.83
130 29.63
140 30.70
150 31.65
160 32.37

Temperature(C) vs pressure(kPa)
180 160
160 150
140
140 130
120
120 110
100
temperature(C) 80
60
40
20
0
28 28.5 29 29.5 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33

pressuure(kPa)
 Graph of pressure against temperature

The pressure is directly proportional to temperature. Hence, the Gay-

Lussacs Law is verified.

iii. SERIES 3

For isentropic process,

k1
(32.9/33.3) = (157.4/161.9) ^(
k

k1
0.9880= 0.9722^(
k

k1
ln 0.9880 =( ln 0.9722
k

k = 1.749

The difference is 0.0102%. The expansion process is proven as isentropic.

DISCUSSION
Boyles law stated that the pressure of gas inversely proportional to
the volume of a container. From the results recorded, some calculation
have been made in order to know the difference value between before
and after of the experiment one. For conditions 1, 2 and 3 the values are
0.03433, 0.01873 and 0.06503. These values are very small and close
with the theoretical value, therefore the Boyless Law is verified. According
to the data tabulated, it can been said that the pressure and volume
inversely proportional. When the pressure increase, the volume start to
decrease. This is happen because if the gas of the same pressure with
constant temperature injected into small and big container which means
have different volume. The gas molecule in small container have less
spacious room and will collide to the wall and with each other more often
which exert more pressure.

Gay-Lussacs Law stated that pressure is directly proportional to the

temperature which means if the pressure increase, the temperature also
increase with constant volume. Experiment two has been conducted in
order to know the relationship between pressure and temperature.
Therefore, from the data tabulated and graph plotted, it can be said that
the Gay-Lussacs Law is verified. The same concept applied here, if the
temperature of a gas in a container increase, the heat energy of the
system transfer its energy into the molecule of gas which actually
increase the frequency of collision in that container which exert more
pressure.

Isentropic expansion process occur when the system are reversible

and adiabatic where no heat will be transferred in or out and no energy
transformation occurs. From the data recorded, a constant k are now
known which is equal to 1.749. It was obtained that both temperature and
pressure of the gas before expansion were higher compared to after the
expansion. The process is said to be isentropic since there was no change
in the entropy throughout the process.

CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the experiment was to determine the properties of
measurement/PVT according to Boyles law, Gay-Lussacs law, isentropic
expansion, and heat capacity equation. We managed to prove the Boyles
law and Gay-Lussacs law which is based on their law. The volume ratio of
gas indicates and expresses the dynamics of compression and expansion
of gases. Although we could not finish all the 7 series of experiments, and
only conduct till series 3 but we had achieved the objectives of all
conducted series in this experiment. To be conclude, we succeed for this
experiment.
 RECOMMENDATIONS
Before starts the experiment, each of the experiment must do the
start-up and shut-down step in order to make sure there is no gas left in
the chamber. Most important during recording data, keep eye on the
sensor while monitoring the board because the parameter can increase
and decrease really fast and read the procedure carefully. Get an average
reading by repeating the experiment normally three times in order to
reduce amount of deviation. Handle the valve carefully and do not make
mistake by choosing the valve because it will affect the data. The place
where the experiment is conducted also must be at stable and no
vibration. All the equipment must be handle carefully in order to avoid
explosion because over-pressure in the tank would cause an explosion.

REFERENCES

1. Charles's Law. (n.d.). Retrieved from how stuff works:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/physics-terms/charles-law-info.htm

2. Charles's Law. (2010). Retrieved from Sparknotes:

http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter5section8.rht
ml

3. Irfan, M. H. (2013). The Perfect Gas Expansion Experiment (TH11). Muhammad

Haidharul Irfan .

4. Ngagiman, S. F. (2013). Perfect Gas Expansion. Siti Fatimah Ngagiman.

5. (n.d.). PERFECT GAS EXPANSION APPARATUS. PUNCHONG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA:

SOLUTION ENGINEERING SDN. BHD.
APPENDICES