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Allocated Marks
No. Title Marks
(%)
1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference 5
13 Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100
Remarks:
Checked by :
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Date :
Contents
1. Abstract.......................................................................................................3
2. Introduction.................................................................................................3
3. Objectives of the Experiment......................................................................3
4. Theory..........................................................................................................4
1. Rectangular Notch...................................................................................4
2. Triangular ( vee ) Notch...........................................................................5
5. Apparatus and Material................................................................................6
6. Methodology...............................................................................................6
7. Results and Calculations..............................................................................7
7.1 Calculation for Rectangular Notch..........................................................7
7.2 Calculation for Triangular Notch.............................................................8
7.3 Graph for Rectangular Notch..................................................................8
7.4 Graph for Triangular Notch.....................................................................9
8. Discussion..................................................................................................11
9. Conclusion.................................................................................................11
10. Experimental Precaution..........................................................................11
11. References...............................................................................................12
12. Appendix..................................................................................................12
2
1. Abstract
This report will discuss about the flow characteristics over a
rectangular notch and a triangular(V) notch. The discharge coefficient of the
fluid flow are also have been defined through this experiment. In order to
achieve the objective, every depth of water with different height and two
different notches was recorded in conducting experiment. The amount of
volume is set constant for easier calculation.
Graphs have been plotted from the data obtained for analyzing the
flow characteristics. For the rectangular graphs, the discharge coefficient
decrease slowly, then it reaches almost constant value for the rest. Very
differ from triangular notch which is, the discharge decrease smoothly but
the values are way higher than rectangular notch.
From the result, it can be shown that the triangular notch have more
discharge coefficient rather than the rectangular notch.
2. Introduction
Fluids mechanics has develop as an analytical discipline from the
application of the classical laws of statistics, dynamics and thermodynamics,
to situations in which fluids can be treated as continuous media. The
particular laws involved are those of the conservation of mass, energy and
momentum and, in each application, these laws can be simplified in an
attempt to describe quantitatively the behaviour of the fluid.
3
3. Objectives of the Experiment
To observe the flow characteristics over a rectangular notch and a vee
(V) notch.
To determine the discharge coefficients of the fluid flow.
4. Theory
With different type of notch, the method of calculating the discharge
coefficients of the fluid flow is also different. These are some theories that
discuss about the reasoning of two different notches, which are:
1. Rectangular Notch
A rectangular notch in a thin square edged weir plate installed in a weir
channel as shown in figure 2.
In practice the flow through the notch will not be parallel and therefore will
not be normal to the plane of the weir. The free surface is not horizontal and
viscosity and surface tension will have an effect. There will be a considerable
change in the shape of the nappe as it passes through the notch with
curvature of the stream lines in both vertical and horizontal planes as
indicated in Figure 3, in particular the width of the nappe is reduced by the
contractions at each end.
4
Figure 3: Shape of a Nappe
3
2
Q t =Cd b (2 g)H 2
3
Where;
Qt = volume flow rate ( m/s )
H = height above notch base (m)
b = width of rectangular notch ( 0.03 m)
Cd = the discharge coefficient, which has to be determined by
experiment
The discharge from a rectangular notch will be considerably less,
approximately 60%, of the theoretical analysis due to these curvature
effects. A coefficient of discharge Cd is therefore introduced so that
3 Qt
C d= 3
2
b (2 g)H 2
However, Cd is not a true constant tending towards a constant only for large
heads and a low velocity of approach in the weir channel.
5
2. Triangular ( vee ) Notch
5
8
Q t =Cd
15
tan
2 () (2 g) H 2
Where;
Qt = volume flow rate
H = height above notch base
B = width of rectangular notch
= angle of the Vee in the triangular notch
Cd = the discharge coefficient, which has to be determined by
experiment
Thus,
15 Qt
C d= 5
8
( ) ( 2 g ) H
tan
2
2
6
SOLTEQ Flow Over Weirs (Model: FM 26) - Appendix
Water
6. Methodology
1. The hydraulic bench is placed in a way that its surface is horizontal.
This is important as the flow over notch is driven by gravitational force.
2. Initial reading on the wall of the water tank was noted and recorded.
3. The stopwatch is set to zero before the experiment started.
4. The rectangular notch is mounted into the flow channel and the stilling
baffle as shown in diagram 1.
5. The main valve is opened.
6. The pump is opened until the level of the water is just above of the
weir crest by locking the coarse adjustment screw.
7. To take an accurate height reading, the fine adjustment is used to
lower the gauge until it almost touched the surface.
8. The general features of the flow of water over the weir is being
observed and recorded.
9. The volume flow rate is being determined by measuring the time with
the aid of stopwatch for the water to flow into the container or
volumetric tank in a known volume.
10. The ball valve is used to close the tank outflow and the volume
collected will be recorded.
11. The valve is then opened again, this time the bench valve is
opened further to produce an increase in depth of approximately 10
mm.
12. This will shows an increase in the reading of the flow rates and
hence being recorded. This continued until the level reached the top of
the notch.
13. The procedure is repeated by replacing the rectangular notch
plate with the triangular (Vee) notch plate.
7
-4
3 2 13 2.507710 0.9215
-4
b = 0.03 m
g = 9.81 m/s2
H = 1 x 10-2 m
Volume ( m3 )
Volume flow rate, Qt =
Time(s)
= 3 x 10-3 m3 / 23 s
= 1.304310-4 m3/s
3 Qt
Discharge coefficient, C d= 3
2
b (2 g)H 2
3
( 2)
( 1.3043 10 4
)
3
0.03 2 ( 9.8 ) (0.01) 2
= 1.4731
= 90o
g = 9.81 m/s2
H = 1 x 10-2 m
8
Volume ( m3 )
Volume flow rate, Qt =
Time(s)
= 3 x 10-3 m3 / 68.18 s
= 4.410-5 m3/s
15 Qt
C d= 5
Discharge coefficient, 8
( ) ( 2 g ) H
tan
2
2
15
( 8)
5
( 4.4 10 )
5
90
tan ( ) 2 ( 9.8 ) (0.01) 2
2
= 1.8678
9
Q2/3 and H
0.01
0.01
0.01
Q and H
0.01 Logarithmic (Q and H)
0.01
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Cd and H
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Cd and H
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
10
0.03 1.022
0.04268 2
0.04 1.163
0.05994 8
Q2/5 and H
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04 Q and H
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05
Cd and H
2
1.5
Cd and H
1
0.5
0
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05
11
12
8. Discussion
In this experiment, the objectives are to observe the flow
characteristics over a rectangular notch and a triangular(V) notch, and to
determine the discharge coefficients of the fluid flow. The objectives of this
experiment were achieved since the analysis of the flow characteristics can
be done by plotting graphs related to the experiment. The data of discharge
coefficient also was determined by calculation using the formula.
From the rectangular notch, the graph shows that the depth of water, H
increases as volume flowrate, Qt increase. The discharge coefficient, C d
decrease slowly, then it reaches almost constant value for the rest of the
depth. This could due to the water surface tension that disturbs the flow of
the water toward the notch. When Q has reached high value that can
overcome the tension, the Cd becomes almost contant value in the flow. The
space for the water to flow, B is also enhancing the degeneration of Cd.
As for the triangular notch, the graph shows the same, the depth of
water, H increases as volume flowrate, Qt increase. But the only differ is, the
discharge, Cd decrease smoothly and the value of discharge are way higher
that the rectangular notch. The water surface tensions also exist in this
situation but the high magnitude of Cd occurs due to the angle of the
triangular notch. More higher the depth, the larger space for the water to
flow(value of B). It causes the value of C d different from the rectangular
notch.
9. Conclusion
From this experiment, it can be concluded that the discharge
coefficient, Cd for the triangular notch are higher compare to the rectangular
notch. It is due to the value of B, which is the space for the water to flow
through the notch. For rectangular notch, it is constant for every depth. But,
for triangular notch the value of B will increase as the depth, H increase
related to the angle of notch.
13
10. Experimental Precaution
Experiment must be carried at steady place to prevent existence of
large waves on the water.
Ensure that the scale of the needle is in zero positioning before setting
the initial depth of water.
Ensure that the surface of the water touches the tip of the needle
before recording the volume of the water flow.
In installing the notch, make sure that the screws are tight before start
the experiment to prevent leakage of water below the notch.
This experiment involves large volume of liquid. Thus, ensure that the
water flows accordingly in the container/apparatus to prevent flood
occur in the laboratory.
In collecting volume, make sure that the water is fully secure before
collecting data.
11. References
Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer Volume 1, Sixth Edition,
Coulson & Richardsons Chemical Engineering by J M Coulson & J F
Richardson with J R Backhurst and J H Harker.
Operating and Experiment Manual for SOLTEQ Flow Over Weirs
(Model: FM 26).
Laboratory Experiment Manual of CPE453 Provided by Puan Suhaiza
Hanim Hanipah.
Trebal R. E., Mass Transfer Operation, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, 1990.
CHE 493 Lecturer Notes Puan Sunita Jobli, Semester 2 (EH2212B).
http://www.cussons.co.uk/SOFTWARE/Part5/PART5.HTM
http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/orifice.htm#Expt
12. Appendix
SOLTEQ Flow Over Weirs (Model: FM 26)
14
Figure 1: Flow Over Weirs Apparatus
15
Figure 3: Trangular notch
16