Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ARCHITECTURE
HANDLEDBY
HANDLED BY
C.PRADEEPA,
ASSISTANTPROFESSOR.
GLOBALCLIMATICFACTORS
GLOBALPRESSURE&WIND
Tropic of Cancer
23.5N ZONE of greatest
Equator 0
LOW g produces
heating p
Tropic of Capricorn LOW PRESSURE
23.5N
WhentheSunisverticallyabovetheequator,
thedayisofequallengthalloverEarthi.e.on
n21
21
Marchand23September.
RADIATIONATTHEEARTHS
SURFACE
This earth sun relationship affects the amount of radiation received
at a particular point on the earths surface three ways:
1.The cosine law, which states that the intensity on a tilted surface
equals the normal intensity times the cosine of the angle of
incidence.
2. atmospheric depletion, i.e the absorption of radiation by ozone,
vapours and dust particles in the atmosphere. The lower the solar
altitude angle, the longer the path of radiation through the
atmosphere thus a smaller part reaches the earths surface. This
atmospheric depletion is also affected by the momentary state of the
atmosphere
t h its
it purity,
it vapour, dust,
d t smoke k etc.,
t content.
t t
3. duration of sunshine, ie the length of the daylight period.
Theangleofincidence
THEEARTHSTHERMALBALANCE
The total amount of heat
absorbed by the earth each year
is balanced by a corresponding
heat loss.
loss
Without this cooling the
thermal balance of the earth
could not be maintained.
The temperature of the earth
and its atmosphere would
increase and would soon cease
to be favourable to most forms of
life.
The earths surface releases
h
heat b
by three
h processes:
1. by long-wave radiation to
cold outer space.
2 b
2. by evaporation:
ti th earths
the th
surface is cooled, as liquid
water changes into vapour and
mixes with air.
3. by convection: air heated by
contact with warm earthy
surface becomes lighter and Lengthofpaththroughtheatmosphere
rises
i tto the
th upper atmosphere,
t h
where it dissipates its heat to
space.
WINDS THERMAL FORCE:
Atthemaximumheatingzoneairis
Winds are basically convection heated bythehotsurface,itexpands
currents in the atmosphere itspressureisdecreased itbecomes
tending to even out the lighter, itrisesverticallyandflowsoff
differential heating of various atahighleveltowardscolder
zones
zones. regions.
i
The patterns of movements is
modified by the earths rotation. Partofthisair,havingcooleddown
at the high level descends to the
atthehighlevel,descendstothe
surfaceinthesubtropicregions,from
wherethecoolerheavierair isdrawn
in towards the equator fromboth
intowardstheequator from both
northandsouth.
The area where the air rises,
where these northerly and
southerly
th l winds
i d meett where
h
the tropical front is formed is
referred to as the inter tropical
convergence zone
zone.
The area experiences either
completely calm conditions or
only very light breezes of
irregular directions and is
referred to by sailors as
doldrums.
doldrums .
Hurricane in Florida
Tornado in USA
TRADE WINDS: THE CORIOLIS FORCE
TRADEWINDS:THECORIOLISFORCE
VISIBLITY REMAINS
BETTER IN MOUNTAINS -
LESS POLLUTION
CLIMATERESPONSIVE
ARCHITECTURE
THE ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE
THEELEMENTSOFCLIMATE
Temperature: data
T d
Humidity: data
Precipitation Climatic information
Temperature:measurement
Driving rain
Sky conditions
Solar radiation:measurement
Solar radiation: data
Wind: measurement
Wind : data
Special characteristics
Vegetation
Graphic representation
CLIMATIC INFORMATION
CLIMATICINFORMATION
Thermograph canbeused,
whichisbasedonabimetallic
whichisbasedonabimetallic
thermometer andgivesa
continuous
continuousgraphicrecording
graphic recording
oftemperaturevariations.
oftemperaturevariations.
TEMPERATUREDATA
Monthly mean temperatures can
be given for each of the 12
months.
The average g is taken between
each days maximum and
minimum and then the average
of the 30 days average is found.
To give an diurnal variations this
can be supplemented by
monthly mean maxima and
minima.
These will establish the monthly
mean range g of temperatures.
p
It will be useful to indicate the
highest and lowest temperatures
ever recorded for each month,
i.e., the monthly extreme
maxima and minima to establish
the monthly mean range of
temperatures.
Locationsofclimatestationswithmean
temperaturedata.
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT
HUMIDITYMEASUREMENT
Psychometricchart.
HUMIDITY DATA
HUMIDITYDATA
Raingauge
The maximum rainfall for any
24 hour period is a useful
guide for the predication of
g and for the design
flooding g of
surface drainage ( roofs, paved
areas, gutters and downpipes)
the maximum hourly rainfall
y should be known.
intensity
Grounddrainage
Roofdrainage
Valuesindicatingthetotal
precipitationforeachmonthofthe
yearwouldshowthepatternofdry
andwetseasons.
E
Everrecordedmaximaandminima
d d i d i i
wouldgiveanindicationofthe
reliabilityofrains.
reliabilityofrains.
DRIVINGRAIN
solarimeter
SOLAR RADIATION DATA
SOLARRADIATIONDATA
The term site climate has been chosen deliberately rather than the
synonymously used term micro climate.
The latter can imply any local deviation from the climate of a larger
area whatever the scale may be.
The botanist may consider the microclimate of a single plant leaf,
with its temperature and moisture conditions, its population of
insects and micro organisms on the scale of a few centimeters.
For the urban geographer the term microclimate may mean the
climate of a whole town. site climate establishes the scale;
whatever the size of the project, it implies the climate of the area
available and is to be used for the given purpose, both in horizontal
extent and in height.
LOCAL FACTORS
Ground surface
AIR TEMPERATURE
Day
With air movement the rate of
evaporation is increased, but with the
mixing of air the temperature and
humidity differences tend to be evened
out
At night the situation is reversed.
Especially on a clear night with still air
as the lowest layer cools, its RH
increase, the point of saturation is soon
reached and with further cooling the
excess moisture condenses out in the
form of dew ((dew point).
p )
When the dew point temperature is
reached the formation of fog will start,
and if there is no further rapid cooling
and no air movement, a deep p layer
y of
fog can develop near the ground. Night
PRECIPITATION
When moisture bearing winds occur
frequently from the same direction, the
effect of hills on rainfall patterns can be
very pronounced
pronounced.
Where the ground changes level by
more than 300m, the windward slope
can be expected to receive a rainfall
more than the regional average,
average and
the leeward slope correspondingly less.
With the increase of height or
steepness of the hill formation, the
effect will be more pronounced.
pronounced
In an extreme case it can happen that
on a large site located on the top of a
hill and extending down to both slopes,
the leeward half receives only 25% of
the rain received by the windward
side.
The cause of the above phenomenon is that
the hill forces the air a mass to rise, as it rises it
cools and can no longer support the moisture
carried.
Conversely a descending air mass increase in
temperature and it can absorb more moisture
rather than to precipitate any.
A similar situation can develop over towns,
where the more absorbent surfaces reach a
high temperature and can produce an upward
air movement.
Such a upward current may divert any
horizontal air movement in an upward direction,
p
with a similar effects to a hill slope.
Actually a number of workers have reported a
higher frequency of rains of the cloudburst type
over dust storms.
If rainfall generally occurs associated with high
wind velocities, resulting in driving rain, the
effect will be more pronounced on the
windward side than on the leeward slope .
SOLAR RADIATION
SOLARRADIATION
SOLARGEOMETRYAND
SO G O
DESIGNOFSUNSHADING
DEVICE
THESUNSPOSITION
Thesunspositiononthesky
hemisphere can be specified by
hemispherecanbespecifiedby
twoangles;
Thesolaraltitudeangle(y):
g (
Thealtitudeangle(alsoknownas
the"solarelevationangle")
describestheanglemeasured
betweenalinefromthe
p
observer'spositionO tothesun
andthehorizon.
Thesolarazimuthangle(a):
IntheNorthernHemisphere,the
solar azimuth angle is the angular
solarazimuthangleistheangular
distancebetweendueSouthand
theprojectionofthelineofsight
tothesun.
Thus
North=0degor360deg
East=90deg
South=180deg
West=270
Thesetwoanglescanbereaddirectlyforanydateoftheyearandany
hourofthedayfromthesolarchartsorsunpathdiagrams.
1.Azimuthangle
1 Azimuth angle
2.Elevationangle
3.Sun'spathtoday
4.Sun'spathonthe21stJune
5.Sun'spathonthe21st
December
6.Sun'spathduringtheequinox
7 Sunrise
7.Sunrise
8.Sunset
9.Horizon
Sunpathdiagram (alsoknownas"solarpathdiagram","sunchart"or
"solarchart")isavisualizationofthesun'spaththroughthesky.
Thispathisformedbyplottingazimuth(leftright)andelevation(up
down) angles of the sun in a given day to a diagram
down)anglesofthesuninagivendaytoadiagram.
Tofindoutthepositionazimuth=60,elevation=30,forexample,imagine
standingatthecenterofthediagramheadingtothetruenorth.
Tofindtheazimuthangle60,youmustturn60degreestotheright.
Nowthealtitudeangle30canbelocatedbyraisingyourhead30degrees
fromthehorizon.
Itcanbeseenfromthediagram(3."Sun'spathtoday")thatthesunrises
from the NorthEast
fromtheNorth East(azimuth=60)inTampereat05:37.Sunsethappens
(azimuth = 60) in Tampere at 05:37 Sunset happens
at21:20whenthesunisintheNorthWest(azimuth=300).
Onthatdaytheelevationangleisapproximately50degreesatnoon.
ANGLEOFINCIDENCE&OTHERANGLES
Thealtitudeandazimuthbearingsofthe
sunenablesomefurtherimportantsets
ofanglestobecomputed.
The first is the angle of incidence i e This
Thefirstistheangleofincidence,i.eThis
isimportantinformationastheintensity
ofdirectirradianceisafunctionofthe
angleofincidencebeingamaximumat
0 (theangleofincidenceisalways
0 (the angle of incidence is always
measuredfromthenormaltothe
surface),anddroppingoffasthecosine
oftheangleofincidence,untilitreaches
zero at 90 incidence.
zeroat90 incidence
Thesecondaretheshadowangle,thatis
theanglethesunmakesonsection(the The third is the wall solar azimuth,
verticalshadowanglee)andonplan(the g, of a vertical or tilted surface,
vertical shadow angle d) These angles
verticalshadowangled).Theseangles which describes the angle
enabletheshadowscastandthepatches between its orientation and the
ofsunlightonsurfacesinsideandoutside
buildingstobepredictedandplottedon suns bearing (solar azimuth, f).
sections and plans
sectionsandplans.
ANGLEOFINCIDENCE
Fromthesetwoanglesthesunspositionin
relationtothewallsurfaceofanyorientation(thus
theangleofincidence)canbeestablished.
Thehorizontalcomponentoftheangleof
incidence() willbethedifferencebetweenthe
solarazimuthandthewallazimuth.If,forthe
p , g
aboveexample,thewallisfacingwest(270( o)):
=270239=31o
Theverticalcomponentisthesameasthesolar
altitudeangleitself(y),theangleofincidence( ),
i e the angle between a line perpendicular to the
i.e.theanglebetweenalineperpendiculartothe
wallandthesunsdirection,canbefoundbythe
sphericalcosineequation.
Cos =cos xcosy
Inourexample:
Cos =cos31o xcos40o =0.8572x0.7660=
0.6566
= 490
=49
Thisangleofincidencewillberequiredbothforselectiontheappropriate
g q pp p
solargainfactorinheatgaincalculationsthroughwindowsandfor
calculatingtheincidentradiationonanopaquesurface,e.g.whenthesol
airtemperatureistobeestablished.
A fi t t it
Asafirststep,itmustbedecidedwhenshadingisnecessary,atwhat
t b d id d h h di i t h t
timesoftheyearandbetweenwhathoursoftheday.
Thebestguidetothisisthedefinitionoftheoverheatedperiod.
This should be quite easy if the climatic data has been complied
Thisshouldbequiteeasy,iftheclimaticdatahasbeencomplied.
Alternatively,atemperatureisoplethchartcanbeused.
SHADOW ANGLES
SHADOWANGLES
Theperformanceofshadingdevicesisspecifiedbytwoangles,the
horizontalandtheverticalshadowangles.
Thesearebothmeasuredfromalineperpendiculartotheelevation,and
indicatethelimit,beyondwhichthesunwouldbeexcluded,butwithin
whichthesunwouldreachthepointconsidered.
UNIT III PRINCIPLES OF THERMAL DESIGN
IN BUILDINGS
HEAT:
Energy
Appearing
pp g as molecular movement in substances or as
radiant heat.
A certain wavelength band of electromagnetic radiation in
space (700-10000nm).
Joules
J l (J) (J).
HEAT FLOW RATE:
POWER: ability to carry out a certain work in unit time.
Joules.
Unit work is carried out in unit time.
Power as the rate of energy flow.
ENERGY FLOW:
Flow of heat through a
wall, the heat removed by
a coolinggpplant,, the radiant
heat flow-from a electric
radiator.
The flow of electricityy
through a light bulb, sound
energy emitted by a loud
speaker.
Sound energy output of an
electric motor.
Measured in Watts.
CONDUCTIVITY:
In conduction through a body or through
b di in
bodies i di
directt contact
t t the
th spreadd off
molecular movement constitutes-flow of
heat.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:K value.
Rate at which the molecular movement
spreadd varies
i with ith different
diff t materials
t i l andd
is described as property of material.
CONDUCTANCE:
Heat flow from air on one side through
the body to air on the other side.
Conductivity and resistivity are properties
of material, the corresponding properties
of a body of a given thickness as
described as conductance ( C ).
CONDUCTION:
Heat is transferred by the bodily movement of
a carrying medium, usually a gas or liquid.
This movement may be self-generating i e.,
due to thermal forces alone or may be applied
force.
Rate of heat transfer in convection depends
on 3 factors:
Temperature difference.
Rate of movement of the carrying
y g medium.
Kg/s.
Specific heat J/kg deg C.
Resistivity 1/k.
Resistance: Product of is thickness and the
resistivity of its material.
Bx1/k R-b/k , where b- thickness in m
Bx1/k. m.
MULTI LAYER BODY:
If a body consists of several layers of different materials.
materials
Total resistance= sum of the resistance of individual
layers.
R b = R1 + R2 + R3.
B1/k1 + b2/K2 + b3/k3.
Conductance ( C b ) = Reciprocal of resistance.
C b = 1/R
C = 1/b/k
1/b/k.
SURFACE CONDUCTANCE:
In addition to the resistance of a body to the flow of
heat , a bodyy to the flow of heat,, a resistance will be
offered by its surface, where a thin layer of air film
separates the body from the surrounding air..
Measured- surface or film resistance ( 1/f) m2 deg C/W.
F surface or film conductance (W/m2 deg C).
Surface
S f conductance
d t convective
ti + radiant
di t
components of heat exchange.
AIR TO AIR RESISTANCE ( R )):
Sum of the bodys resistance and the surface resistance.
R a= 1/f1+ R b + 1/f0.
f-film conductance.
i. e function of surface qualities and of the velocity of air
passing the surface
surface.
TRANSMITTANCE: U value
Reciprocal of this air- to air resistance is the air- to air
transmittance or U value.
U = 1/Ra.
Unit same as conductance w/m2 deg C C.
Used : Building heat loss and heat gain calculations.
RADIATION:
Partly absorbed and partly reflected.
Proportion of these 2 components ( a ) and reflectance ( r).
a + r = 1. .
Light colored, smooth and shiny surfaces higher reflectance
i.e white surface r =1, a = 0.
Black body-y r = 0,, a= 1.
Emittance ( e ) available.
e = heat =1.
Absorbance = emittance
a=e.
SOL
SOL-AIR
AIR TEMPERATURE:
TEMPERATURE
SOL AIR TEMPERATURE CONCEPT :For building
design purposes, it is useful to combine the heating
effect of radiation incident on a building with the effect of
warm air.
Ts = T0 x I x a/
a/f0.
Ts- sol air temperature in deg C
T0 outside temperature in deg C.
I radiation intensity.
a- absorbance of the surface.
F0- surface conductance w/m2 deg C C.
SOLAR GAIN FACTOR:
Combined effect- reflective surface + thermal insulation.
Reduction : Dark, high absorptive surface with good
ins lation may
insulation ma be jjustst as effective
effecti e as more reflective
reflecti e with
ith
less insulation element.
p
Sol-air temperature- Ts-T0 = Ix a /f0.
Heat flow rate q = I x a/f0 x U ( W/m2).
Solar gain factor a/I = a x U/f0 (non-dimensional.)
SOLAR GAIN FACTOR: Heat flow rate through the
p
construction due to solar radiation expressed as a
fraction of the incident solar radiation.
Constant value for external surface conductance
/m2 deg C
f0 = 20 w/m C.
Solargainfactor
l f a xU
ForWarmHumid 0.04 0.8
Climate.
Hotdryseason 0.03 0.6
(composite)
VENTILATIONANDAIRMOVEMENT
FUNCTIONSOF
VENTILATION
Ithasthreedistinctlydifferentfunctions:
It has three distinctly different functions:
1.supplyoffreshair
2
2.convectivecooling
i li
3.physiologicalcooling
SUPPLY OF FRESH AIR
SUPPLYOFFRESHAIR
Typeofoccupancy,numberandactivityoftheoccupantsand
b h
bythenatureofanyprocess.
f
Requirementsmaybestipulatedbybuildingregulationsand
advisorycodesintermsofm3 /hperson,orinnumberofair
changesperhourbuttheseareapplicabletomechanical
h h b t th li bl t h i l
installations.
Naturalventilation:Provisionofpermanentventilatorsi.eof
openings hich ma not be closed ma be comp lsor
openingswhichmaynotbeclosedmaybecompulsory.
Thesemaybegrillesorairbricksbuiltintoawallormaybe
incorporatedwithwindows.
Thesizeoftheopenablewindowsmaybestipulatedin
Th i f h bl i d b i l di
relationtothefloorareaorthevolumeoftheroom.
CONVECTIVECOOLING
Theexchangeofindoorairwith
f h
freshoutdooraircanprovide
d i id
cooling.
Themovingairactsaheat
The moving air acts a heat
carryingmedium.
PROVISIONOFVENTILATION:
STACKEFFECT
Ventilation,i.e.,boththesupplyoffreshair
andconvectivecooling,involvesthe
y
movementofairatarelativelyslowrate.
Themotiveforcecanbeeitherthermalor
dynamic(wind).
Thestackeffectreliesonthermalforces,set
The stack effect relies on thermal forces, set
upbydensitydifference(causedby
temperaturedifference)betweentheindoor
andoutdoorair.
Itcanoccurthroughanopenwindow;the
warmerandlighterindoorairwillflowoutat
thetopandthecooler,denseroutdoorair
willflowinatthebottom.
ill fl i t th b tt
Theprincipleissameaswindgeneration.
WIND EFFECT, STACK EFFECT AND
VENTILATION EFFECT
VENTILATION SHAFT
VENTILATIONSHAFT
Thehighertheshaft,thelarger
thecrosssectionalareaandthe
greaterthetemperature
t th t t
difference;thegreaterthe
motiveforcetherefore,the
moreairwillbemoved.
Themotiveforceisthestack
pressuremultipliedbythecross
sectionalarea.
Thestackpressurecanbe
The stack press re can be
calculatedfromtheequation:
Ps=0.042xhxt
Whereh
Where h =height
heightofthestack
of the stack
(m),
t=temperaturedifference
(degC)
PROVISION FOR AIR MOVEMENT: WIND EFFECTS
PROVISIONFORAIRMOVEMENT:WINDEFFECTS
Thermalforceswillrarelybe
sufficienttocreateappreciableair
movements.
Theonlynaturalforcethatcanbe
reliedonisthedynamiceffectof
winds.
i d
Negativecontrol windistoo
much,iseasy,ifwindowsand
openings can be shut
openingscanbeshut.
Windisgeneratedbypressure
differences soanairflowthrough
the building is the result of a
thebuildingistheresultofa
pressuredifferencebetweenthe
twosides.
Airalthoughlighthasamassandasitmoves,hasamomentum,
whichistheproductofitsmassandasitmoves,hasavectorial
quantity which can be change in direction or in magnitude only
quantity,whichcanbechangeindirectionorinmagnitudeonly
byanotherforce.
Whenthemovingairstrikesanobstaclesuchasbuilding,thiswill
slowdowntheairflowbuttheairflowwillexertapressureon
theobstructingsurface.
Thispressureisproportionatetotheairvelocity,asexpressedby
This pressure is proportionate to the air velocity as expressed by
theequation;Pw =0.612xv2
whereP = wind pressure(N/m2),V=windvelocity(m/s)
where P w =windpressure(N/m ) V= wind velocity (m/ s)
Thisslowingdownprocesseffectsaroughlywedgeshaped
massofaironthewindwardsideofthebuildingwhichinturn
f i th i d d id f th b ildi hi h i t
divertstherestoftheairflowupwardsandsideways.
Aseparationlayerisformedbetweenthestagnantairandthe
buildingontheonehandandthelaminarairflowonthe
otherhand.
Thelaminarairflowitselfmaybeacceleratedattheobstacle
Th l i i fl i lf b l d h b l
astheareaavailablefortheflowisnarroweddownbythe
obstacle.
Attheseparationlayerduetofrictiontheuppersurfaceof
thestagnantairismovedforward,thusaturbulenceor
vortex is developed
vortexisdeveloped.
Duetoitsmomentum,the
laminarairflowtendstomaintain
astraightpathafterithasbeen
h h f h b
diverted,thereforeitwilltake
sometimetoreturntotheground
surfaceaftertheobstacleto
occupyalltheavailablecross
section.
Thusastagnantmassofairisalso
formedontheleewardside,but
thisisatareducedpressure.In
p
fact,thisisnotquitestagnant,a
vortexisformed,themovementis
lightandvariableanditisoften
g
referredtoaswindshadow.
AIRFLOWTHROUGH
BUILDINGS
Airflowpatternsiscompletelypredictedonthebasisofempiricalrules
derivedfrommeasurementsinactualbuildingsorinwindtunnelstudies.
Awindtunnelisaresearchtooldevelopedtoassistwithstudyingthe
effectsofairmovingoveroraroundsolidobjects.
Thefollowingfactorscanbeisolatedwhichaffecttheindoorairflow;
Orientation
External features
Externalfeatures
Crossventilation
Positionofopenings
Si
Sizeofopenings
f i
Controlsofopenings
ORIENTATION
Thegreatestpressureonthewindward
sideofabuildingisgeneratedwhenthe
elevationisatrightanglestothewind
g g
direction,soitseemstobeobviousthat
thegreatestindoorairvelocitywillbe
achieved.
Awindincidenceof45 wouldreduce
thepressureby50%.
Thusthedesignerascertainthe
Th th d i t i th
prevailingwinddirectionfromwind
frequencychartsofwindrosesand
mustorientatehisbuildinginsucha
t i t t hi b ildi i h
waythatthelargestopeningarefacing
thewinddirection.
Building45 agreatervelocityis
createdalongthewindwardfaces,
therefore the wind shadow will be
thereforethewindshadowwillbe
muchbroader,thenegativepressure
willbeincreasedandanincreased
indoor air flow will result
indoorairflowwillresult.
Optimumsolarorientationand
optimumorientationforwinddonot
coincide.
coincide
Inequatorialregions,anorthsouth
orientationwouldbepreferablefor
sun exclusion but most often the
sunexclusionbutmostoftenthe
windispredominantlyeasterly.
EXTERNAL FEATURES
EXTERNALFEATURES
Windshadowscreatedby
obstructions upwind should be
obstructionsupwind,shouldbe
avoidedinpositioningthe
buildingonthesiteandin
positioningtheopeningsinthe
buildings.
buildings
Thewindvelocitygradientis
madesteeperbyanuneven
surface,suchasscattered
b ld
buildings,wallfences,trees.
ll f
Butevenwithamoderate
velocitygradientsuchasover
p g
smoothandopengroundalow
buildingscanneverobtainair
velocitiessimilartoatallerone.
Forthisreasonthebuildingis
often elevated on stilts
oftenelevatedonstilts.
EExternalfeaturesofthebuildingitselfcanstronglyinfluenced
lf f h b ildi i lf l i fl d
thepressurebuildup.
For example, if the air flow is at 45o toanelevation,awing
Forexample,iftheairflowisat45 to an elevation, a wing
wallatthedownwindendoraprojectingwingofanLshaped
buildingcanmorethandoublethepositivepressurecreated.
Asimilarfunnellingeffectcanbecreatedbyupward
l f ll ff b db d
projectingeaves.
CLASSIFICATIONOF
TROPICAL CLIMATES
TROPICALCLIMATES
Climatic zones
Tropical climates
Warm humid climates
Warm humid island climate
Hot dry desert climate
Hot dry maritime desert climate
Composite or monsoon climate
Tropical upland climate
Warm Humid Warm Humid Hot dry Hot dry Composite or Tropical
climate Island desert maritime Monsoon Upland
climate climate desert climate climate
climate
Air
Temperatu
re b/w warm
M
Mean M
Max: 27-32C
27 32C 29-32C
29 32C 43-49C
43 49C 38C humid and hot 24-30C
24 30C
Mean Min: 18-24C 18-24C 27-32C 24-30C dry climate 10-13C
Humidity 20-55%(Dry
RH: 75% 55-100% 10-55% 50-90% Period)
Period), 45-99%
Vapor 55-95%(Wet
Pressure: Period)
2500-000 1750-2500 750-1500 500-2500 1300-1600 800-1600
N/sq.m N/sq.m N/sq.m N/sq.m N/sq.m N/sq.m
Precipitatio High High Slight and Very low Intense and Variable
n variable prolonged
Solar Strong and Strong and Direct and Strong Alternates Direct and
Radiation diffuse
diffuse. mainly direct strong between strong
cause painful warm
sky glare humid and Hot
dry desert
climates.
Winds Strong winds Higher Local whirl Local, Monsoon Winds are
occur during velocities winds are coastal winds variable
Rain squalls Occur often winds are fairly drastically
during created caused strong deflected
cyclones by unequal and steady by local
heating and bring rain topography.
cooling of clouds
land and and humid
sea air.
surfaces.
Vegetation Grows Less Sparse Sparse Sparse Green
quickly. luxuriant. Soils dry The ground The soil is The soil is
The red or Soil is often quickly and rocks damp during damp during
brown late dry with a after rain are brown the rains but it the rains but it
rite soils. fairly low and the or red. dries out dries out
Subsoil water table subsoil quickly. quickly
water table water table
is high is very
low.
Special
p High
g Tropical
p Duringg Dust and Dust and sand Thunder
Characteri humidity cyclones or certain sand storms may storms with a
stics accelerates hurricanes months storms occur. fair proportion
mould and with wind dust and may occur. of electrical
algal velocities sand discharges air
growth
growth, from 45 to storms to ground
ground. Hail
rusting and 70 m/s may be may occur.
rotting. which frequent.
The thunder constitute a
storms are serious
accompanie seasonal
d by changes.
frequent air
to air
electrical
discharges.
TEXTBOOK
1. O.H.Koenigsberger,ManualofTropicalhousingandbuilding ClimaticDesign,Orient
Longman,Chennai,1975.
REFERENCEBOOKS
1
1. M Evans Housing,Climate&Comfort,ArchitecturalPress,London,1980.
M.Evans Housing Climate & Comfort Architectural Press London 1980
2. E.Schild&M.Finbow EnvironmentalPhysicsinconstruction&itsapplicationin
ArchitecturalDesign,granadar,london,1981.
3. B.Givoni Man,Climate&Architecture,AppliedScience,Essex1982.
4. DonaldWatson&Kennethlabs ClimaticDesign McgrawhillNewYork1983.
5. A.Konya DesignPrimerforHotClimates,ArchitecturalPress,London,1980.