Topic Name: Application of Microcontroller in various Projects.

Presented To

Md. Firoz Ahmed Nahid

Department of EEE, IUBAT
IUBATInternational University of Business Agriculture and Technology

Prepared by

Md. Arif Hussain

ID # 1405079
Program: BSEEE

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Table of Content

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Sl no. Topic
Page no.
1. Chapter 1: Introductory Part 4
2. 1.1: Abstract 4
3. 1.2 Introduction 4
4. 1.3 Background 5
5. 1.4 Objectives 5
6. 1.5 Methodology 5
7. 1.6 Limitations 6
8. Chapter 2: Basic information of the microcontroller (8051) 7

9. 2.1Introduction 7
10. 2.2Features of Microcontroller 8051 8
11. 2.3ARCHITECTURE OF 8051 8
12. 2.3.1CPU (Central Processor Unit) 9
13. 2.3.3Memory 10
14. 2.3.4Bus 10
15. 2.4 PIN-OUT OF 8051 11
16. Chapter 3: Applications of 8051 Microcontroller 13
17. 3.1 Introduction 13
18. 3.2 Applications of different types of project 13
19. 3.3 Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Robotics 13
20. 14

3.3.1 Traffic Light Control System using Microcontroller

22. 3.3.2 Working of the Traffic Light Controller 15

23. 3.4 7 Segment Display Interfacing with 8051 Microcontroller 17-19
24. 3.4.1introduction 19
25. 3.4.2 Circuit Diagram and Working Explanation 19-20
26. 3.4.3 Data table 21
27. 3.4.4 Code Explanation 22
28. 3.5 Induction Motor Speed Controller 22
29. 3.5.1 Introduction 22
30. 3.5.2 Hardware Specifications 23
31. 3.5.3 Speed control of induction motor using microcontroller block 23
diagram
32. 3.5.4 Methods for speed control of induction motor 23
33. 3.5.5 Types of induction motors 24

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34. 3.5.6 How to control speed of induction motor 24
35. 3.6 TV Remote Controlled Home 24
36. 3.6.1 Introduction 25
37. 3.6.2 Step 1: Parts Needed 25-27
38. 3.6.3 Block Diagram 27
39. 3.6.4 Automatic Light Intensity Controller by External Light Sensing 28
40. 3.6.5 Hardware Specifications 28
41. 3.6.6 Block Diagram 28-29
42. 4.1 Appendix 29
43. Figure and Table 30
44. Conclusion 31
45. References 31

Chapter 1: Introductory Part

1.1Abstract:

Microcontrollers are the core part of automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs). A significant
investment of the ECU manufacturers and even their customers is linked to the specified microcontroller

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family. To preserve this investment it is required to continuously design new generations of the
microcontroller with hardware and software compatibility but higher system performance and/or lower
cost. The challenge for the microcontroller manufacturer is to get the relevant inputs for improving the
system performance, since a microcontroller is used by many customers in many different applications.
For Inmans latest based 32-bit microcontroller product line, the required statistical data is gathered b
using the trace features of the Emulation Device (ED). Infineon's customers use EDs in their unchanged
target system and application environment. With an analytical methodology and based on this statistical
data, the performance improvements of different architecture and implementation options can be
quantified. This allows an objective assessment of improvement options by comparing their performance
cost ratios.

1.2Introduction: A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C or MCU) is a small computer on a

single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a
typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine
control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools,
and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor,
memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more
devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed
to control non-digital electronic systems.
Some microcontrollers may use Four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for
low power consumption (mill watts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain
functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption
while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nano watts, making many of them well
suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles,
where they may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and
power consumption.

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1.3 Background:

First single-chip microprocessor was the 4-bit Intel 4004 released in 1971. With the Intel 8008 and more
capable microprocessors available over the next several years

Firstly, I would like to say, we can easily understand about the microcontroller application and its working
principle and also know where it is using. In this report also discourse about the microcontroller pin
diagram and also how to work its every pin .in this report, we discourse about the 8051 microcontroller.

1.4Objectives:

Broad Objective:
The broad objective of this report is understood to the microcontroller application and its working
principle and also know where it is using and how to its work and its installation.

Specific Objective:
To observe the microcontroller 8051
To know about the microcontroller application
To know about the microcontroller pin diagram
To get about the microcontroller installation and
Also use of the microcontroller

2.2 MISSION
The company envisions a prosperous Bangladesh and strives to complement the public and
private sector initiatives by providing the microcontroller in our valued customers.

2.3 VISSION
To create quality of microcontroller products with world class accuracy.

1.5 Methodology:
We make the methodology to collect the primary and secondary data from the various sides.

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The Methodology of this report is given:

PRU
Primary Data
Some employer, web and
books etc
Secondary
Data
Data sheet of
some
Yes NO
No
YES
Result
Reject
RESULT

1.6 Limitations:
All of the employer, they are very attractive to teach us the practical knowledge about
the microcontroller installation but they are busy there work.
The main omit of the project is how to install the program inside the microcontroller.
We cannot give proper time them.
If we give proper time it will be better to learn .

Chapter 2: Basic information of the microcontroller (8051)

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 2.1Introduction: Intel designed Micro controller 8051 in 1980. It was an 8 bit Micro controller. It
includes some standard on chip peripherals, timers, counters and UART's (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter). This Micro controller has 4 Kill o bytes on chip ROM that is program memory and
128 bytes of data memory. It is most popular Micro controller used in Embedded Systems. The micro-
controller has on-chip fringe devices. The 8051 is a 8-bit microcontroller planned by Intel. It was
advanced for math and single Boolean operations. Its family MCS-51 incorporates 8031, 8051
and8751microcontrollers.

In spite of its moderately, the 8051 is a standout amongst the most mainstream microcontrollers being
used today. Numerous subordinate microcontrollers have subsequent to been produced that are in view of
and perfect with the 8051. In this way, the capacity to program a 8051 is an essential ability for any
individual who arrangements to create items that will exploit microcontrollers.

2.2Features of Microcontroller 8051:

Following are the main features of Micro controller 8051 which makes it most efficient Microcontroller
chip:
It Includes Boolean Processing Engine. Thus internal registers and RAM can carry Boolean logic
operations directly and efficiently.
It gives us many functions in a single chip. (For example: CPU,RAM,ROM,I/O, Interrupt, Timer
etc)
It has 8 bit Data bus.
It has 8 bit Stack Pointer.
It has 16 bit Program Counter.
It has 16 bit address bus which can access almost 65,536 memory locations.

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 Data memory or RAM of 128 bytes. (On-Chip)
Program Memory or ROM of 4 KB. (On Chip).
Bi-Directional I/O port of 4 bytes.
It has 4 separate Register Sets.
Serial Port or UART.
It features Power Saving Mode which saves power.
Two Timers/Counters each of 16 bit.
Internal and External Interrupt Sources.
2 levels interrupt priority.

2.3ARCHITECTURE OF 8051:

The 8051 microcontroller comprises of CPU, two sorts of memory segments, data and output ports,
uncommon capacity registers and control logic required for different Peripheral functions. These
components communicates with 8-bit inthrough an I/O port when memory is fanci

Fig.01: Architecture of 8051

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2.3.1CPU (Central Processor Unit):
As you may be familiar that Central Processor Unit or CPU is the mind of any processing machine It
scrutinizes and manages all processes that are carried out in the Microcontroller. User has no power over
the functioning of CPU. It interprets program printed in storage space (ROM) and carries out all of them
and do the projected duty. CPU manages different types of registers in 8051 microcontroller.
2.3.2 Interrupts:
As the heading put forward, Interrupt is a sub-routine call that reads the Microcontrollers key function or
job and helps it to perform some other program which is extra important at that point of time.
The characteristic of 8051 Interrupt is extremely constructive as it aids in emergency cases. Interrupts
provides us a method to postpone or delay the current process, carry out a sub-routine task and then all
over again restart standard program implementation.
The Micro-controller 8051 can be assembled in such a manner that it momentarily stops or break the core
program at the happening of interrupt. When sub-routine task is finished then the implementation of core
program initiates automatically as usual. There are 5 interrupt supplies in 8051 Microcontroller, two out
of five are peripheral interrupts, two are timer interrupts and one is serial port interrupt.

2.3.3Memory:
Micro-controller needs a program which is a set of commands. This program enlightens Microcontroller
to perform precise tasks. These programs need a storage space on which they can be accumulated and
interpret by Microcontroller to act upon any specific process. The memory which is brought into play to
accumulate the program of Microcontroller is recognized as Program memory or code memory. In
common language its also known as Read Only Memory or ROM.

Microcontroller also needs a memory to amass data or operands for the short term. The storage space
which is employed to momentarily data storage for functioning is acknowledged as Data Memory and we
employ Random Access Memory or RAM for this principle reason. Microcontroller 8051 contains code
memory or program memory 4K so that is has 4KB Rom and it also comprise of data memory (RAM) of
128 bytes.

2.3.4Bus:
Fundamentally Bus is a group of wires which functions as a communication canal or mean for the transfer
Data. These buses comprise of 8, 16 or more cables. As a result, a bus can bear 8 bits, 16 bits all together.
There are two types of buses:

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1. Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 consists of 16 bit address bus. It is brought into play to
address memory positions. It is also utilized to transmit the address from Central Processing Unit to
Memory.
2. Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 comprise of 8 bits data bus. It is employed to cart data.

Oscillator:
As we all make out that Microcontroller is a digital circuit piece of equipment, thus it needs timer for its
function. For this function, Microcontroller 8051 consists of an on-chip oscillator which toils as a time
source for CPU (Central Processing Unit). As the productivity thumps of oscillator are steady as a result,
it facilitates harmonized employment of all pieces of 8051 Microcontroller. Input/output Port: As we are
acquainted with that Microcontroller is employed in embedded systems to manage the functions of
devices. Thus to gather it to other machinery, gadgets or peripherals we need I/O (input/output)
interfacing ports in Micro-controller. For this function Micro-controller 8051 consists of 4 input/output
ports to unite it to other peripherals. Timers/Counters: Micro-controller 8051 is incorporated with two 16
bit counters & timers. The counters are separated into 8 bit registers. The timers are utilized for measuring
the intervals, to find out pulse width etc.

2.4 PIN-OUT OF 8051:

The 8051 microcontroller is bundled in a 40-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package). Every microcontroller has
data and output ports. The 8051 has 32 I/O pins arranged as four 8-bit parallel ports (P0, P1, P2 and P3).
Every one of the four ports are bidirectional i.e. every pin will be designed as data or output or both.
Every single port pin are multiplexed with the exception of the pins of port1. Every port comprises of a
hook, a output driver and an information support. The pin description is explained below:

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 Fig.02: pin-out of 8051
PORT 0

Pins 32-39

Port 0 pins can be utilized as I/O pins. The output drives and information buffers of port 0 are utilized to
get to outside memory. Port 0 outputs the low request byte of the outer memory address, time multiplexed
with the date is being composed or read.

PORT 1

Pins 1-8

Port 1 pins can be used only as Input and Output I/O pins.

PORT 2

Pins 21-28

The output drives of port2 are utilized to get to outer memory. Port2 outputs the high request byte of the
outside memory address when the location is 16-bits wide, generally Port2 is utilized as I/O port.

PORT3

Pins 10-17

All port pins of port3 are multifunctional. They have special functions.

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POWER-SUPPLY PINS

8051 operates on D.C power supply of +5v. The +5v is connected to the pins Vcc (pin 40) and GND is
connected to the pin 20.

XTAL2 AND XTAL1 OSCILLATOR

For generating an internal clock signal, the external crystal oscillator is connected at these two pins.

ALE (ADDRESS LATCH ENABLE)

AD0 to AD7 lines are multiplexed. To de-multiplex these lines and for obtaining lower half of an address,
an external latch and ALE signal of 8051 is used.

RST (RESET)

The pin is used to reset 8051. For proper reset operation, reset signal must be held high at least for two
machine cycles, when crystal oscillator is running.

PSEN (PROGRAM STORE ENABLE)

Pin 29

It is the active low output control signal used to activate the enable signal of the external ROM/EPROM.
It is activated every six oscillator periods while reading the external memory.

EA (EXTERNAL ACCESS)

Pin 31

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At the point when EA pin is high (joined with vcc), the system gets to address 0000H through 0FFFH are
coordinated to interior ROM and project gets to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are coordinated to
outside ROM/EPROM. At the point when EA is low (When 0v) all addresses (0000H to FFFFH) got by
project are coordinated to the outside ROM/EPROM.

Chapter 3: Applications of 8051 Microcontroller

3.1 Introduction: The use of microcontroller in various fields such as

automobile, aeronautics, space, robotics, electronics, defense application, mobile
communications, rail transport, industrial processing, and medical applications is
rapidly increasing. Let us discuss about the practical application of microcontroller
8051 in some of the fields mentioned above.

3.2 Applications of different types of project:

Traffic light control

Cell phone

Watch

Video games

Alarm clock

Air conditioner

TV remote

Microwave oven

Washing machines

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 An electronic smart weight display system

Robotic system

An anti-lock braking system monitor

Rail Transport

Security

Defense

3.3 Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Robotics:

The advancement in transportation technology is developing the efficient robotic vehicles which can be
used for transportation without driver. This obstacle avoidance robotic vehicle (prototype) is one of the
major applications of microcontroller in robotics.

Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle Project

This robotic project is designed to detect and avoid the obstacles on the robotic vehicles path. For this
purpose, an ultrasonic sensor pair is used in this project, which is interfaced to microcontroller. If any
obstacle is sensed by the ultrasonic sensor, then a signal is given to the microcontroller which in turn
generates an appropriate output signal. This output signal is fed to motor driver IC which is interfaced to
the motors of the robotic vehicle.

3.3.1 Traffic Light Control System using Microcontroller 8051:

intersections, andwhich
Traffic lights, other locations
may also tobe control
known competing flows
as stoplights, are of traffic. devices positioned at road
signaling
Green),
Theyusing
assigna the
universal
right ofcolor
waycode.
to road users by the use of lights in standard colors (Red - Yellow -
Traffic lights were first invented in the year 1868 at Londons House of Commons where traffic light
signals were placed at intersections of George and Bridge Street. Later the traffic lights were developed in
the year 1914 by an American Traffic Signal Company, which fixed green and red lights at corners of the

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105th street and Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. During this period traffic lights were controlled either
by timing or by switching manually.

Fig.03: traffic light signal

Traffic lights are also named as stoplights, road traffic lamps, traffic signals, stop-and-go lights which are
signaling devices placed at road crossings, everyday pedestrian crossings and other locations to control
competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights have been fixed allover the world in many cities. Traffic light
control assigns a right way to the road users by using lights in normal colors (red amber/yellow

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green).Traffic light control system uses a worldwide color code (a specific color order to enable color
recognition for those who are color blind).

In China, there were unsuccessful efforts to change the importance of red to go during the Cultural
Revolution. Typically traffic lights consist of three types of colored lights such as red, orange and green.
In a typical cycle, turning on of a green light allows traffic to continue in the way indicated.
Similarly,lighting of the amber/orange light for a short time of transition represents a signal to prepare to
stop, and the Illumination of the red signal disallows any traffic from going on.

So far we have given the introduction about traffic signals, and therefore a control system is necessary to
control these lights in a specific manner. This traffic light control system can be achieved by using a
microcontroller to make simple and low-cost system.

3.3.2 Working of the Traffic Light Controller:

Fig.04:internnal block diagram of the Traffic Light Controller

In the above circuit diagram of traffic light controller,a seven-segment display is used as a counter
display, and three LEDs are used for the purpose of traffic light control. An 8051 Microcontroller is the
brain of this whole project and is used to initiate the traffic signal at the intersections on road. This circuit
diagram makes use of a crystal oscillator for generating frequency clock pulses. The LEDs are interfaced
to the Port zero of the microcontroller and are powered with 5v power supply. Seven-segment display is
connected to the port2 pins of the 8051 microcontroller with a common anode configuration.

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The LEDs get automatically switched on and off by making the corresponding port pins of the
microcontroller high, based on the 8051 microcontroller and its programming done by using KEIL
software. At a particular period of time, only the green light holds ON and the other lights remains OFF,
and after sometime, the changeover traffic light control from green to red takes place by making the
succeeding change for glowing of yellow LED. This process continues as a cycle and the timing for
changing the LEDs can be displayed with the use of a seven-segment LED display in this project.

This traffic light control system can be further enhanced in such a way to control the traffic signals
automatically based on the traffic density on roads with the help of IR sensor modules with automatic
turnoff if there are no vehicles on either side of the road which leads to power consumption.

Display Unit: It consists of 3 LEDs: Green, Red and Orange on each side of the junction a total of 12
LEDs of three colors are placed at the junction.

Detector Unit: It consists of a combined arrangement of photo diode and IR LED at every junction for
detecting the presence of vehicles based on the change in resistance.

Controller Unit: This control unit contains a microcontroller which receives the output data from the IR
Sensors and controls the glowing of LEDs based on the programming.

The aim of this project is to design and develop a density based dynamic traffic signal system. The signal
timing changes automatically by sensing the traffic density at every junction.

This traffic light control system works on the concept of fixed time allocation at each side of the junction
which cannot be changed as per varying traffic density. Timings allotted at every junction are fixed
.Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the junction demands longer time duration for green
signal compared to the standard allotted time.

This proposed system makes use of an 8051 microcontroller which is properly interfaced with the IR
sensors to change the junction timing automatically to accommodate the movement of vehicles for
avoiding unnecessary waste of time at each junction.

The sensors used in this project IR and photo diodes are in line of sight configuration across the loads to
detect the density at the traffic signal. The density of these vehicles is measured in three zones i.e., low,
medium and high, respectively based on certain time duration allotted at respective zones, accordingly.

This article is about a project on traffic light controller and Density based traffic light system used to
control the traffic at each junction with the help of microcontroller and LEDs.

3.4 7 Segment Display Interfacing with 8051 Microcontroller:

3.4.1 Introduction: Seven segment displays are important display units in Electronics and widely used to
display numbers from 0 to 9. It can also display some character alphabets like A,B,C,H,F,E etc. In this

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tutorial, we are going to learn how to interface a segment with 8051 microcontroller. We are using
AT89S52 microcontroller.

Before interfacing, we should learn about 7 segment display. Its the simplest unit to display numbers and
characters. It just consists 8 LEDs, each LED used to illuminate one segment of unit and the 8 thLED used
to illuminate DOT in 7 segment display. We can refer each segment as a LINE, as we can see there are 7
lines in the unit, which are used to display a number/character. We can refer each line/segment
"a,b,c,d,e,f,g" and for dot character we will use "h". There are 10 pins, in which 8 pins are used to refer
a,b,c,d,e,f,g and h/dp, the two middle pins are common anode/cathode of all he LEDs. These common
anode/cathode are internally shorted so we need to connect only one COM pin.

Fig.05: seven segment display

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There are two types of 7 segment displays: Common Anode and Common
Cathode:

Common Anode: In this all the Negative terminals (cathode) of all the 8 LEDs are connected together
(see diagram below), named as COM. And all the positive terminals are left alone.

Common Cathode: In this all the positive terminals (Anodes) of all the 8 LEDs are connected
together, named as COM. And all the negative thermals are left alone.

Internal blocj

Fig.06:internal block diagram of 7 segment display

3.4.2 Circuit Diagram and Working Explanation:

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Here we are using common anode type of 7 segment because we need to connect
LEDs in reverse. As we know that microcontroller doesnt provide enough power to
glow the LED so we need to connect LEDs cathode to microcontroller pin and LEDs
anode to power supply. You can understand this negative logic concept in this article
LED Interfacing with 8051 Microcontroller. You should also read this article to
understand the basic connection of microcontroller like crystal and reset circuitry.

Fig.07:Circuit Diagram 7 Segment Display

We have connected a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h to pins 2.0 to 2.7 means we are connecting 7

segment to port 2 of microcontroller. Now suppose we want to display 0, then we

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need to glow all the LEDs except LED which belongs to line g (see diagram
above), so pins 2.0 to 2.6 should be at 0 (should be 0 to TURN ON the LED as per
negative logic) and pin 2.7 and 2.8 should be at 1 (should be 1 to TURN OFF the LED
as per negative logic). So the LEDs connected to pins 2.0 to 2.6 (a,b,c,d,e,f) will be
ON and LEDs connected to 2.7 and 2.8 (g and h) will be OFF, that will create a 0 in
7 segment. So we need bit pattern 11000000 (Pin 8 is the highest bit so starting
from P2.7 to P2.0), and the HEX code for binary 11000000 is C0. Similarly we can
calculate for all the digits. Here we should note that we are keeping dot/h always
OFF, so we need to give LOGIC 1 to it every time. A table has been given below
for all the numbers while using Common Anode 7 segment.

3.4.3 Data table:

Digit to Display hgfedcba Hex code

0 11000000 C0

1 11111001 F9

2 10100100 A4

3 10110000 B0

4 10011001 99

5 10010010 92

6 10000010 82

7 11111000 F8

8 10000000 80

9 10010000 90

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intersections, and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.

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3.4.4 Code Explanation:

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may also tobe control
known competing flows
as stoplights, are of traffic. devices positioned at road
signaling
Green),
Theyusing
assigna the
universal
right ofcolor
waycode.
to road users by the use of lights in standard colors (Red - Yellow -

We have created delay function to provide the delay in milliseconds, this delay is usually provided in
any microcontroller program so that microcontroller can complete its internal operation.

Then we have created an array of the hex codes for 0 to 9 (see table above), and finally we have sent
the hex codes to the port 2, which is connected to common anode 7 segment. So in this way the
numbers are shown on the 7 segment display.

Now we have only 4 ports in microcontroller and what if we want to show the data in more than four 7
segments?? To solve this problem, multiplexing technique comes into picture. We need to multiplex
multiple 7 segment units.

3.5 Induction Motor Speed Controller:

3.5.1 Introduction:
Induction motors have been used widely in different fields ranging from domestic appliances to industrial
machinery. This necessitates a speed control mechanism that is efficient and is also safe to use. Induction
Motor Speed Control Project serves this purpose of controlling the speed of the induction motor.
Induction motor runs through direct AC line the amount of power given to it decides to what RPM it does
rotates. We can modulate the power of the AC line to vary the speed of the induction motor through AC
driver circuitry. An At mega family microcontroller is used to give PWM power to an opto-coupler which
drives the TRIAC giving supply to the induction motor. In this way, with the help of two push buttons one
can control the speed of the induction motor electronically and also very efficiently. This whole process is
also displayed on an LCD which acts as user interface and thus helping the user getting informed about it.
In this way this project is quite useful in controlling an Induction Motor and having good efficiency while
doing so.

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3.5.2 Hardware Specifications:

Transformer

Rectifier

Regulator

GSM Modem

At mega Microcontroller

Motor

LCD Display

Resistors

Capacitors

Diodes

3.5.3 Speed control of induction motor using microcontroller block diagram:

Block diagram for three phase induction motor speed control is given below. Potentiometer connected to
ADC of PIC microcontroller is used to adjust the speed of induction motor. PIC microcontroller read
value of potentiometer and set new speed of induction motor by changing reference frequency of
induction motor.

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 Fig.08: Speed control of induction motor using microcontroller block diagram

3.5.4 Methods for speed control of induction motor:

Speed control of induction motor is very complex due to its non linear characteristics. Mainly three
methods are used for speed control of induction motor:

Voltage control method

Variable voltage and variable frequency method ( VVVF) ( This method is used in open loop
applications ) . It can be implemented by low power microcontrollers

3.5.5 Types of induction motors:

According to construction of rotor, induction motors are of two types, squirrel cage induction motor and
slip ring motors. Stator is almost same in both motors.

Squirrel cage motor: Mostly induction motors used in industry and domestic applications are
squirrel cage type. This because they are simple rugged in construction.
Slip ring induction motors : Slip rings mounted on the shaft of the motor is basic difference
between slip ring and squirrel cage motors.

3.5.6 How to control speed of induction motor:

Speed control of induction motor is implemented by two methods as I mentioned earlier in this article.
But the most popular method is variable voltage and variable frequency (VVVF). In this method three
phase AC voltage is converter into DC using three phase diode bridge rectifier circuit. A capacitors bank
is used to filter AC ripples for DC voltage. This DC voltage is converted back into variable voltage and
variable frequency three-phase AC supply using H Bridge as Shown in figure below:

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 Fig.09: Block diagram of control speed of induction motor

3.6 TV Remote Controlled Home:

3.6.1 Introduction:
TV remote controlled home appliances project is designed to operate electrical loads using TV
remote. The remote transmits infrared coded data which is received by
the sensor interfaced in the control unit. The system operates the electrical loads on the command
transmitted from the TV remote. RC5 based coded data is sent for
the TV remote is received by an IR receiver interfaces to the PIC microcontroller. The program on
the

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 Fig.10: Picture of TV Remote Controlled Home project

Microcontroller refers the RC5 code to generate respective output based on the input data to operate a set
of relays through a relay driver IC. The main aim of this system is to use it in existing domestic area for
operating the loads through the conventional switches or the TV remote. This system can be enhanced by
using radio frequency technology where the operational range will be independent of line of sight
distance with IR type of remote control. This system resolves the problem by combining house hold
appliances to control unit which will be operated by a TV remote.

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3.6.2 Step 1: Parts Needed:

Fig.11: Picture of different types of instrument

Dotted PCB

12-0-12 step down transformer

1N4007 diode

LM7805 5V voltage regulator

1000uf electrolytic capacitor

at89c2051 microcontroller

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 20dip IC base

11.0592 MHz crystal

Denounce switch

10uf electrolytic capacitor

33pf ceramic capacitor

8.2k resistor

red leds

1738/1838T/2238 IR receiver modules ( Use any of these, just check the pins carefully )

BC547 NPN transistor

BT136 triacs

soldering iron

soldering wire

1K resistors

RC5 protocol TV remote

8051 programmer

some wires and jumpers

3.6.3 Block Diagram:

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 TV Remote Controlled Home

Fig.12: Block diagram of TV Remote Controlled Home

3.6.4 Automatic Light Intensity Controller by External Light Sensing:

Nowadays highways are lightened by using High Intensity Lamps. The disadvantage of this High
Intensity Lamps is that it consumes a lot of energy and another disadvantage of this is that the intensity
cannot be varied according to the requirement. To overcome this limitation, this system Automatic Light
Intensity Controller by External Light Sensing Project is developed. To overcome the limitations
specified above, it makes use of LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) as light source and simultaneously its
intensity can be varied and controlled as per the need. The programmable instructions to control the
intensity by producing pulse width modulated signals which drives a MOSFET to switch LEDs to achieve
required results are fed into the 8051 family microcontroller.

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 Our system also senses external lighting conditions to vary the light intensity. Based on external lighting
conditions the intensity of inner lights is varied using PWM. So when external light is low, the light
intensity is high and as external light increases or decreases to save power.

3.6.5 Hardware Specifications:

Transformer

Diodes

White LEDs

Crystal

8051 series Microcontroller

Light Sensor

MOSFET

LEDs

3.6.6 Block Diagram:

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4.1 Appendix:
Microcontroller: A microcontroller is a computer present in a single integrated circuit which is dedicated
to perform one task and execute one specific application. It contains memory, programmable input/output
peripherals as well a processor.

Central processing unit (CPU): A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a
computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic,
logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

Memory: Memory is internal storage areas in the computer system. The

term memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of chips, and the word storage is used for
memory that exists on tapes or disks.

Interrupt: An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or from a program within the
computer that requires the operating system to stop and figure out what to do next.

RAM: RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as
printers.

Read-only memory (ROM): Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently
stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.

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Bus: A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. You can think of a bus as a highway on
which data travels within a computer.

(OSC): Open Sound Control (OSC) is a protocol for networking sound synthesizers, computers, and other
multimedia devices for purposes such as musical performance or show control.

Figure and Table:

Fig.01: block diagram of 8051 microcontroller Fig.02: pin diagram of 8051

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Fig.04: traffic light controller fig.05:ckt diagram of traffic light

4.2 Fig.06: Internal connection of 7

segment display.

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Page | 36
Conclusion: I have completed this report by the help of web address and different kinds of books. In
this report I have discoursed about the 8051 microcontroller application and its pin diagram. By this
report I have known about the 8051 microcontroller and where it is using and also known how to install
it. Hopefully, it will be helped to do the final report in future.

References:
1. http://www.sanfoundry.com/best-reference-books-microprocessors-microcontrollers
2. https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-
8#q=refference+on+microcontroller+introduction
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller
4. https://www.elprocus.com/8051-microcontroller-architecture-and-applications
5. www.academia.edu/.../DESIGN_AND_IMPLEMENTATION_OF_TRAFFIC_LIGHT.
6. https://www.amazon.com/AC-Traffic-Light-Controller-Sequencer/dp/B00LM5RM6M]
7. http://www.schursastrophotography.com
8. Wallace, David N., Line Following Robot http://www.lifekludger.net/category/weekly-
links/page/2/
9. DenmarksTechniskeUniversitethttp://www.sweeper.org
10. http://www.circ.mtco.com
11. http://www.lean
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display
13. www.romux.com/tutorials/pic-tutorial/seven-segment-display
14. www.slideshare.net/dipalikarangale/induction-motor-protection-system-seminar-report