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Meosis Cell Division

Meiosis is the type of indirect cell division in which one cell

divide into four cells in two sucessive division and each
daughter cell have number of chromosome then parent
cell. It was first discovered by Van Bendan in1883 but the
term meiosis was given by Farmer and Moore in
1905.Meosis Occurs is special cell and at the special
period. It is found in deploid old mother cell of another and
megaspore mother cell in ovule in flower in plant haploid
gamet.In meiosis two sucessive cell division are formed
i.e: Meosis I and Meosis II.

MEIOSIS I
The meosis I division is also known ad reductional division
or heterotypic division because it involves the formation of
two daughter cell with just half number of chromosome as
compared to parent cell. It is completed in following
phase:Prophase(I), Metaphase(I), Anaphase(I),
Telophase(I).

Prophase I: It is more complicated and longer as

compared to mitosis. It can be divided into five sub-phase.

Leptotene: The size and the volume of the nucleus is

increased. The chromosome appear to be long, visible due
to the condensation, shortening and
thickning.Chromosomes are single stranded and thread
like structure. Chromosome contains many dark areas
called centromers. Each chromosome has its own pair of
homologus chromosome and at the end of leptotene all
chromosome are directed toward a small area on one side
of nucleus. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are present.

Zygotene: The chromosome are more visible by further

shortening and thickening. The homologus chromosome
start to pair to form bivalents. The process of paring is
called synapsis.A nucleo protin complex called
synaptonemal complex is formed between the homologus
chromosomes. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are
present.

Pachytene: The bivalents become shorter and thicker.

Each homologus chromosome divides longitudinally
except in the centromere region into two sister chromatids
and bivalent appears as tetrads. exchaange of chromatids
segment between the homologus chromosome take
place.This process is called crossing over and the point of
crossing over is called chaismata. Due to the crossing over
in the organism variations and recombination takes place.
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are present.

Diplotene: Uncoling of the homologus chromosome take

place and the repulsion force develops which saperates
the two two chromosome of the bivalent apart. The
homologus chromosome start to separate each other but
joined at certain points called chaismata. chromosome
more shorter and thicker. Nuclear membrane and
Nucleolus are present.

DIKINESIS: The chaismata move towards the end of the

chromosome. This type of movement is called
termenalization of chaismata. Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus starts to disappear , appearence of the spindle
fibre takes place.

Metaphase I: The nuclear membrane and nucleolus

disappear and formation of the spindle fibre completed.
The homologus pair arrange themselves in two parallel
metaphase plate. The chromosome or bivalents are
attached to the spindle fibres by their centromere.

Anaphase I: Each bivalent of two homologus centromeare

seperate. The homologus chromosome move towards the
opposite poles to the cell by the contraction of the spindle
fibres. Centromere is not divided. In meosis the actual
reduction division of chromosomes takes place in
anaphase I.

Telophase I: Each pole receive the one haploid set of

chromosome having two chromatids. The chromosome
become uncoiled and form chromatin fibre. Spindle fibre
disappears and nuclear membrane and nucleolus appears
around daughter chromosome at each pole. Due to the
crossing over two chromatids of chromosome not similar.

MEIOSIS II

In this division the chromosome numbers remains same.

Therefore meosis II is also called equational division or
homotipic division. It is also divided into four Stages.They
are:

Prophase II: Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to

degenerate. Chromosome become shorter and thicker.
Centriols starts moving towards opposite poles.
Appearence of spindle fiber start.

Metaphase II: Nuclear membrane and Nucleolus are

absent. Centroils move to the opposite pole. Spindle fibre
attached to centromere of chromosome. Chromosome
arranged at equator and form a metaphaic plate.

Anaphase II: Spindle fibre starts stretching and pulling the

centromeres. Centromere divide longitudinally and each
chromatid start to move opposite p poles. Separated
chromatid are now called chromosome. At the end of
anaphase II four haploid chromosome are formed.

Telophase II: At each pole chromosome uncoil get

elongated and form a network chromatin fibre. Spindle
fibre are disappeared. Centriole replicates. The nuclear
membrane appears around the chromosome and the
nucleolus reappears.

Significance of Meiosis
Meiosis is essintial for sexually reproducing organism at
the time of gamet formation. It maintains the fix number of
chromosome of species from generation to generation.
Crossing over takes place in pachytene substage of
prophase I which cause variation in genetic character.
Meosis is helpful in evolution of organism. It helps in the
alternation of generation of haploid and diploid generation
of plants and animals.