Theory of Residues April 1, 2017

Complex Analysis Problem Set II

1. Let f (z) be analytic on and within a simple closed contour (SCC) C. Suppose that z0 = 0 is the
zf (z)
only zero of f inside C and that it has order m. Evaluate dz.
C f (z)

Solution.

Since f has a zero of order m at z0 , there exists a function (z), analytic and nonzero
at z0 , such that f (z) = (z z0 )m (z).

f (z) (z z0 )m (z) + m(z z0 )m1 (z)

=
f (z) (z z0 )m (z)
m
(z)
= +
z z0 (z)

zf (z) mz z (z)
= +
f (z) z z0 (z)
mz mz0 + mz0 z (z)
= +
z z0 (z)
m(z z0 ) + mz0 z (z)
= +
z z0 (z)
mz0
z (z)
=m+ +
z z0 (z)

Note that (z) is analytic at z0 ; hence, all of its derivatives are analytic at z0 , in particular,
(z)
(z) is analytic at z0 . Because (z0 ) = 0, the quotient is analytic at z0 , which further
(z)
z (z) z (z)
+
implies that is analytic at z0 . Thus, has a power series expansion ak (z z0 )k
(z) (z)
k=0
about z0 , and

zf (z) mz0 +
=m+ + ak (z z0 )k
f (z) z z0
k=0
[ ]
zf (z) zf (z)
It is obvious that Res , z0 = mz0 . Observe that is analytic on and within
f (z) f (z)

zf (z)
C except at the pole z0 . Therefore, by Cauchys Residue Theorem, dz = 2imz0 .
C f (z)

2. Find the number of roots of the equation z 4 8z + 10 = 0 in the annulus : 1 < |z| < 3.

Solution.

Let h(z) = z 4 8z + 10, f (z) = 8z + 10, g(z) = z 4 , C1 : |z| = 1, and C2 : |z| = 3. Then
h(z) = f (z) + g(z) and N (h) = N (h) N (h) . Also, f (z) and g(z) are analytic on and within
int(C2 ) int(C1 )
 C1 and C2 since they are polynomial functions.

On the SCC C1 ,

|g(z)| = |z 4 | = |z|4 = 1 < 2 = |8 10|

 
 
= 8|z| 10
RT I
| 8z + 10| = |f (z)|.

Thus, by Rouches Theorem, N (h) = N (f + g) = N (f ) . The only zero of f (z) is 5

4
/
int(C1 ) int(C1 ) int(C1 )
int(C1 ). Hence, N (h) = N (f ) = 0.
int(C1 ) int(C1 )

On the SCC C2 ,
TI
|f (z)| = | 8z + 10| 8|z| + 10 = 34 < 81 = |z|4 = |z 4 | = |g(z)|.

Thus, by Rouches Theorem, N (h) = N (g + f ) = N (g) . The only zero of g(z) in int(C2 )
int(C2 ) int(C2 ) int(C2 )
is 0, which is of multiplicity 4. Hence, N (h) = N (g) = 4.
int(C2 ) int(C2 )

Therefore, N (h) = N (h) N (h) = 4 0 = 4.

int(C2 ) int(C1 )

[ + ]
x2
3. Evaluate P V dx .
(x2 + 2x + 2)(x2 + 1)2
Solution.

z2
Extend the integrand to f (z) = .
(z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2
Let g(z) = z 2 and h(z) = (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2 . We solve for the zeroes of h(z), where
f (z) has isolated singularities.

z 2 + 2z + 2 = (z 2 + 2z + 1) + 1 = (z + 1)2 i2
= [(z + 1) + i][(z + 1) i]
= (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i)

(z 2 + 1)2 = (z 2 i2 )2 = [(z + i)(z i)]2

= (z + i)2 (z i)2

h(z) = (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2 = (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i)(z + i)2 (z i)2

We see that h(z) has simple zeroes at 1 i and 1 + i and zeroes of order 2 at i and i.
Since g(z) and h(z) are polynomial functions, they are analytic at each of these zeroes. Also,
g(z) is nonzero at each. Thus, f (z) has simple poles at 1 i and 1 + i and poles of order
2 at i and i.
 Let z1 = 1 + i and z2 = i. We only consider the poles in the upper-half plane, i.e.
z1 and z2 . Computing for residues at these poles, we have
{ }
z2
Res(f, 1 + i) = lim [z (1 + i)] 2
z1+i (z + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2
[ ]
z2
= lim (z + 1 i)
z1+i (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i)(z 2 + 1)2
z2
= lim
z1+i (z + 1 + i)(z 2 + 1)2

(1 + i)2
=
[(1 + i) + (1 + i)][(1 + i)2 + 1]2
3 4
= i
25 25

[ ]
1 d z2
Res(f, i) = lim (z i) 2
2
(2 1)! zi dz (z + 2z + 2)(z 2 + 1)2
[ ]
d z 2
= lim (z i)2 2
zi dz (z + 2z + 2)(z + i)2 (z i)2
[ ]
d z2
= lim
zi dz (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z + i)2

2z(z 2 + 2z + 2)(z + i)2 z 2 [2(z 2 + 2z + 2)(z + i) + (2z + 2)(z + i)2 ]

= lim
zi (z 2 + 2z + 2)2 (z + i)4
2i(i + 2i + 2)(2i) i [2(i + 2i + 2)(2i) + (2i + 2)(2i)2 ]
2 2 2 2
=
(i2 + 2i + 2)2 (2i)4
3 9
= + i.
25 100
Now, consider the contours R : Reit , 0 t , and CR = R [R, R] (positively oriented), R >
2.

Note that f (z) is analytic on and within CR except at the poles z1 = 1 + i and z2 = i.
By Cauchys Residue Theorem,
2
[ ]
f (z) dz = 2i Res(f, zk ) = 2i Res(f, z1 ) + Res(f, z2 )
CR k=1
[ ]
= 2i Res(f, 1 + i) + Res(f, i)
[( ) ( )] ( )
3 4 3 9 7
= 2i i + + i = 2i i
25 25 25 100 100
7
= .
50

Next, we prove that lim f (z) dz = 0.
R+ R

2 Suppose z is on the contour R : Re , 0 t , R > 2. Then |z| = R, R2 1 >
it

( 2) 1 > 0, and
RT I  
|z 2 + 1| |z|2 1 = |R2 1| = R2 1 > 0
|z 2 + 1|2 (R2 1)2
1 1
2
|z + 1|2 (R2 1)2

RT I
|z 2 + 2z + 2| |z|2 2|z| 2 = R2 2R 2
1 1
2 2
|z + 2z + 2| R 2R 2

( )( )
1 1 R2
|f (z)| = |z|2
|z + 2z + 2|
2 |z + 1|2
2 (R2 2R 2)(R2 1)2

By the M L-Inequality,
 
  R3
 
0 f (z) dz 
 R  (R2 2R 2)(R2 1)2

Taking the limit as R +,

 
  R3
 
0 = lim 0 lim  f (z) dz  lim =0
R+ R+  R  R+ (R2 2R 2)(R2 1)2

Thus, lim f (z) dz = 0.
R+ R

Lastly, we have f (z) dz = f (z) dz + f (z) dz. Taking the limit again
CR R [R,R]
as R +, we get
( )
lim f (z) dz = lim f (z) dz + f (z) dz
R+ CR R+ R [R,R]

7
lim = lim f (z) dz + lim f (z) dz
R+ 50 R+ R R+ [R,R]

7
= 0 + lim f (z) dz
50 R+ [R,R]

7
= lim f (z) dz
50 R+ [R,R]
R
7
= lim f (x) dx
50 R+ R
[ + ]
x2 7
Therefore, P V 2 2 2
dx = .
(x + 2x + 2)(x + 1) 50