Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tust

Displacements induced by tunnelling under a historical building

Emilio Bilotta a,, Andrea Paolillo b,1, Gianpiero Russo a, Stefano Aversa c
a
University of Napoli Federico II, Italy
b
Skanska, UK
c
University of Napoli Parthenope, Italy

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Underground construction in historic urban environment requires a careful prediction of the expected
Received 26 March 2016 displacement field to avoid damages or to undertake preventative measures. The empirical method to
Received in revised form 5 September 2016 predict ground movements in greenfield conditions (Peck, 1969; Attwell and Woodman, 1982) is rou-
Accepted 13 October 2016
tinely used. A more accurate prediction can be obtained via numerical analysis. A preliminary greenfield
3D FEM model was calibrated to analyse a stretch of a tunnel under construction in Napoli. Subsequently
an interaction analysis has been carried out modelling an existing monumental building. Both the geom-
etry of the intersection and the soil layering suggested using a 3D numerical model. The building was
modelled as a stiff plate loaded by a uniform surface load. A satisfactory agreement between predictions
and measurements was obtained with the interaction analysis.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Underground construction in urban areas requires special con-
sideration of the possible effects on nearby buildings or under-
ground facilities. In historic urban environment, the presence of
architectural heritage to be preserved may be a severe constraint
for tunnelling design and construction (Rampello et al., 2012;
Amorosi et al., 2014; Russo et al., 2015). The prediction of ground
movements induced by tunnelling is therefore a critical issue to
assess potential damage and to undertake preventative measures
(Burland et al., 1977; Boscardin and Cording, 1989; Mair et al.,
1996; Mair, 2008).
The empirical formulations for the assessment of tunnelling
induced ground movements in greenfield conditions (Peck, 1969;
Attewell and Woodman, 1982; OReilly and New, 1982) are rou-
tinely used in association with modification factors that accounts
for the effect of the building stiffness and weight in plane strain
(Potts and Addenbrooke, 1997; Franzius et al., 2004). For most
cases such a level of assessment can be sufficient, at least to
exclude that severe structural damages may occur. Nevertheless,
three-dimensional numerical analysis of tunnel-faade interaction
(Burd et al., 2000) highlighted soil structure interaction effects that
cannot be easily anticipated, particularly when the faade deforms
in a hogging mode. On one hand, the structure stiffness may act to
Corresponding author at: University of Napoli Federico II, Dept. of Civil,
Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Via Claudio 21, I-80125 Napoli, Italy.
E-mail address: emilio.bilotta@unina.it (E. Bilotta).
1
Formerly University of Napoli Federico II, Italy.
reduce differential settlement; on the other hand its weight and its
loading history on the foundation increase the value of the average
settlement. In such a complex interaction, the loads transferred to
the building foundation modify the stress state in the ground. For
shallow tunnelling this likely affects the deformation mode of the
ground around the tunnel. The resulting performance of the build-
ing depends on its position and orientation relative to the tunnel.
Recently, further studies based on three-dimensional numerical
modelling have investigated different ways to model the building:
from simple equivalent plates (Maleki et al., 2011) to more com-
plex structural assemblies (Liu et al., 2012; Fargnoli et al., 2015).
For a 9-storey reinforced concrete framed building Fargnoli et al.
(2015) showed that, considering only the buried portion of the
building, including the foundation elements, made the numerical
model able to fit well the monitoring data.
In this paper, some general remarks on the influence of the rel-
ative position of the tunnel, the stiffness and the weight of the
building on the induced ground movements are presented, on
the basis of the back-analysis of displacement induced by tun-
nelling beneath a corner of a historic church (Chiesa di Santa Maria
della Vittoria) during the construction of Line 6 of Naples Under-
ground. The tunnel is rather shallow and it is built close to the
sea in a central part of Naples. The faade of the church rises in
the wide open space of a square. It is incorporated in a four-
storey building that has three additional floors further to the base.
The underpass was therefore carefully monitored even being the
design predictions very satisfactory and no damages were
expected to occur. The results of 3D numerical greenfield and

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.10.007
0886-7798/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
222 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232

simplified interaction analyses are presented and discussed in each calculation step, namely excavation span, front pressure,
comparison with the monitored movements. grouting radial pressure, jack loads and shield conicity, these
parameters being the most relevant ones.
In Fig. 4 a plan view of the tunnel stretch underpassing the
2. Description of works and ground conditions
church of Santa Maria della Vittoria (hatched in the figure) is
sketched. The area is a densely urbanized one. However, for a
Line 6 of the Naples Underground is part of the network of pub-
rather long stretch, which extends for some hundreds of metres
lic rail provided by the Municipal Plan of Transport for the
in front of the church, greenfield conditions can be assumed due
Metropolitan Area of Naples (Italy). The church of Santa Maria della
to the mere presence of streets and gardens. The tunnel path is
Vittoria is located along the path of the Line 6 tunnel that has been
slightly curve in plan. Fig. 5 shows a longitudinal profile of the tun-
excavated between 2009 and 2011 (Russo et al., 2012). The stretch
nel, indicating an average slope of about 2 degrees. Moreover it is
was made by using an Earth Pressure Balance Tunnel Boring
possible to observe the ground stratigraphy, showing that the tun-
Machine whose maximum diameter is D = 8.15 m. The ground con-
nel enters into the tuff formation just beneath the church.
ditions along this stretch are shown in Fig. 1. The ground consists
The numerical mesh is shown in Fig. 6 (3D view and longitudi-
mainly of soils and rocks of pyroclastic origin (pozzolana, pumices,
nal section). The analysed block corresponds to the volume delim-
tuff) and of marine sands. The most superficial layers are sedi-
ited by dash and dot line in the plan view of Fig. 4 and in the
ments deposited in the marine environment or backshore. Close
section of Fig. 5. Marine sand (S) and Pyroclastic silty sand (P) were
to the ground surface landfills of different origin can be found, with
modelled using the Hardening Soil model (Schanz et al., 1999) with
thickness that come up to ten metres. Both natural soils and land-
small strain overlay (Benz et al., 2009), Made Ground (M) using
fills are characterised by a state of medium-high density with a
Hardening Soil model and Tuff (T) using Mohr-Coulomb elasto-
medium or high permeability. The main ground is flat and is
plastic model, with non associated flow rule. Table 1 shows the val-
located only a few metres above mean sea level. Hence the water
ues of the mechanical parameters adopted in the analyses. They
table is found at shallow depth, at an elevation of 11.5 m above
have been obtained from a wide campaign of ground investigation
sea level. Line tunnel and stations are then below the groundwater
both in the area (e.g. see boreholes indicated as black circles in
table. The soil mass overlies a tuff substrate. In the stretch between
Fig. 4) and in the close surroundings (LAmante et al., 2012). Stan-
the stations of Arco Mirelli and S. Pasquale, the roof of the tuff rises
dard Penetration Tests, Cone Penetration Tests and Cross-Hole
up to a depth of about 9 m below the ground surface. In this area,
tests were carried out on site, while laboratory tests were carried
the tunnel affects the tuff layer for a certain length. In the area of
out on samples of the yellow tuff. It has to be underlined that
Piazza Vittoria, where the church is located, the stretch is exca-
the soil layers involved into the tunnel excavations are all well
vated partly in soil and partly in the tuff formation.
known and typical of Naples urban area. Aversa et al., 2013b
The church of S.Maria della Vittoria is located just on the
recently published a summary on the physical and mechanical
boundary of the wide open space constituted by a square (Piazza
properties of soils and soft rocks present in the ground and on their
Vittoria) and a public garden (Villa Comunale di Napoli), in front
effect on the urban development of Naples.
of the Bay of Naples.
An initial normally consolidated state of stress at rest (K0 -
The church was built by in 1573. In the following centuries it
= 1
sinu0 ) was assumed. Then tunnelling was modelled by
underwent some renovation works. The present appearance of
removing soil elements inside the excavation, simulating TBM
the church is due to other changes ended in 1824, when the com-
advancement in slices and progressive lining ring installation at
plex was heavily modified and the dome was incorporated in the
the TBM tail. A distributed horizontal load at the face, linearly
courtyard of a residential building. Hence the faade of the church
varying with depth, modelled the earth balancing pressure at the
is nowadays part of a four-storey building (Fig. 2).
front. The TBM thrust jacks were also modelled, by means of a dis-
The plan of the church is divided into three naves (Fig. 3a), the
tributed horizontal load applied in longitudinal direction against
central one is covered by barrel vaults with lunettes, while the two
the final lining. The grout pressure at the shield was modelled by
side naves are covered by a succession of arch/vaults or basin
means of a radial pressure (170 kPa at crown, vertical gradient of
vaults.
20 kPa/m down to the invert). These values were selected on the
The naves are divided into five spans, the third one correspond-
basis of the range of values measured in the first stretch of the line
ing to the transept, covered by a dome, which is the central ele-
and reported by Bitetti et al. (2012).
ment of the composition (Fig. 3d). Longitudinally (Fig. 3c) the
The over-excavation caused by the difference between the lar-
system ends with the altar. A crypt is located below the church.
ger diameter of the cutterhead and that of the shield was modelled
Further details on the church and its history can be found in
by imposing a contraction to the circular tunnel surface linearly
Aversa et al. (2013a, 2015).
varying along the shield length to simulate conicity. This corre-
According to the view that geotechnical monitoring plays a vital
sponds to a volumetric contraction of 0.42%. Because of the high
role for the preservation of historic buildings (Burland and
permeability of the interested soils, the analyses were carried out
Standing, 1997), a monitoring plan for the church during tun-
in drained conditions and the final lining was assumed as perfectly
nelling was undertaken, consisting in optical survey of targets
impermeable.
installed on the two external faades of the church, in addition to
The results of the analyses for progressive positions of the front
monitoring transepts (for both surface settlements and under-
excavation face are shown in Fig. 7 as surface settlement profile
ground displacements) that were positioned along the tunnel path.
along a transverse section located 25 m behind the excavation face
and along the longitudinal axis.
3. Greenfield analyses The FEM results are compared in the same figures with the
trends derived from the empirical method and the monitored
In order to perform a back-analysis on the basis of the collected data along three transepts in the greenfield area in front of the
monitoring data and to draw some general conclusions on the church.
effects of building on induced movements, a number of FEM mod- The surface settlement recorded in this area allowed the aver-
els have been implemented using Plaxis 3D (Brinkgreve et al., age parameters of the Gaussian fitting curve (Peck, 1969) to be
2013). The software allows to follow the real 3D tunnel excavation back-calculated: the volume loss parameter, V0 , ranges between
process that can be simulated by defining different parameters for 0.25% and 0.3% and the trough width parameter, K, between 0.3
 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232
Fig. 1. Schematic profile of the tunnel stretch and ground conditions.
Fig. 2. Main facade of the building.
and 0.4. In the plots of Fig. 7 V0 = 0.25% and K = 0.4 were assumed
and a variable depth of the tunnel axis was considered.
The horizontal and vertical displacements recorded in the incli-
nometer and extensometers tubes EI1/ES1 (at x =
9.6 m y = 55 m)
and EI2/ES2 (at x = 8.35 m y = 55 m) are compared in Fig. 8 to the
FEM results for the TBM position shown in the same figure
(10.06.2011; calculation stage #44).
Table 2 shows the correspondence between the TBM advance-
ment date, the corresponding TBM face location and the relevant
calculation stage.
223
4. Interaction analysis
With the purpose of having an accurate prediction of the settle-
ment field underneath the church, the presence of the building was
modelled in a simplified way. Although a wide research was car-
ried about the structure of the church and its history, some uncer-
tainties on its structural behaviour still remain. Taking into
account the purpose of the present research (i.e. evaluation of
the effect of the presence of the church on the settlement induced
by the tunnel excavation), some considerations can be made in
order to simplify the model of the structure of the church. Above
the ground level, this structure is constituted by tall and relative
slender walls, connected with each other by means of arches and
vaults. Below the ground level, the walls are much larger and very
well connected with each other. These considerations permitted to
simplify the structure of the church, estimating that the flexural
stiffness of the whole building could be roughly approximated
through a continuous foundation slab, 3 m thick (almost as deep
as the crypt of the church). As shown in the following, where the
results of a parametric study on the effects of the stiffness of the
structure, this rough hypothesis on the flexural stiffness of the
structure, seems acceptable. The effect on the foundation soil of
the weight of the monumental building has been considered equiv-
alent to a uniformly distributed load estimated in the range
between 50 kPa and 100 kPa. The exact 3D church location with
respect to the tunnel axis is properly taken into account in the
FEM model as shown in Fig. 9, where the footprint of the church,
17.3 m wide (front faade) and 34.5 m long (lateral faade), is
clearly pointed out. The presence of other buildings nearby the
church has not been taken into account in the numerical model.
Ground properties and groundwater table level are the same as
those of the greenfield model.
The foundation of the church was modelled as a linear elastic
isotropic material, with the specific properties reported in Table 3.
The numerical procedure was almost identical to the greenfield
model, except for the initial stress since the slab self-weight and
the vertical loads acting on it were applied, and the consequent
deformation was reset to zero, before starting the simulation of
tunnel excavation.
Due to the uncertainties on the loads acting on the foundation
slab, their intensity, q, was varied in different analyses, between
0 (no loads acting on the slab) and 100 kPa (estimated as an upper
bound of the real load acting on the foundation).
224 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232

Fig. 3. Plan view of the church and the crypt below (a); main nave of the church (b); transverse section of the church (c); longitudinal section of the church (d) (modified after
Sanseverino and Rahati, 2012).

A comparison between the vertical displacements calculated in
the greenfield and the interaction models (for several assumptions
on the load intensity q) along the lateral faade is shown in Fig. 10.
In the same figure the measured vertical displacements are shown.
A similar comparison is shown in Fig. 11 for the front faade. Both
measurements and calculations refer to a condition when the front
of the excavation is far enough from the church faades (at least 3
tunnel diameters along the tunnel axis, see plan view in Fig. 8). It is
worth noting that the deflection ratio that can be calculated for
both faades from measurements is actually very small. Values of
D/L in the range of 0.010.015% can be estimated. In addition, even
the almost rigid tilt is very low, being in the range of 2  10
4 to
6  10
4.
Both figures show the influence of the self-weight of the build-
ing on the calculated settlement. The higher the load intensity, q,
the closer are the predicted settlement profiles beneath the church
to the measured ones (STL132 to STL138 on the front faade,
STL140 to STL156 on the lateral faade).
As it might be expected, the load magnitude mainly influences
the rigid body motion (rigid translation and tilt). This is even more
 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232
Fig. 4. Plan view of tunnel path and site investigation.
Fig. 5. Vertical section along the tunnel axis.
evident along the front faade. For each value of the applied load
the general path of the rigid rotation of the foundation is always
225
confirmed, but at increasing loads the maximum settlement
increases as well as the amount of tilting.
The influence of the assumed slab stiffness was also matter of
investigation. In Figs. 12 and 13 the calculated settlements are
shown, respectively, along the lateral faade and the front faade,
for different values of the foundation stiffness in the range from
6.3  102 MPa to 6.3  104 MPa, keeping the uniform load
q = 100 kPa.
It is worth noting that the slab stiffness mainly influences the
magnitude of the deformation and associated parameters (such
as deflection ratio or angular distortion) that are generally adopted
for damage assessment according for instance to Burland (1995).
Overall, the interaction model satisfactorily predicts settle-
ments, which match the measured ones: considering the presence
of building, larger settlements are calculated than without the
building. Compared to the greenfield model, the interaction model
takes into account the influence of the weight, the stiffness and the
relative position of the church with respect to the tunnel axis.
Hence it is capable of a closer agreement with measurements. Nev-
ertheless it should be honestly recognized that the assumption for
the load intensity that produced the best fit of the measured settle-
ment is q = 100 kPa, which was considered as un upper bound
compared to the pressure exerted by the real church.
It is worth noting that the value of volumetric contraction 0.42%
that was used in the analyses to model the shield conicity (or the
difference between the diameter of cutter-head and the diameter
of the shield tail) does not take into account the influence of the
extra-excavation associated to difficult ground conditions. This
assumption however allowed to catch quite well the maximum
greenfield settlement measured in most part of the stretch in
ground conditions similar to those reported below the Piazza Vit-
toria and before the church is encountered.
As a matter of fact, measurements collected along the whole
stretch have shown (Matrone, 2011) that when TBM passes from
226 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232

Fig. 6. Numerical model: 3D view (a) and longitudinal section (b).

Table 1
Mechanical parameters.

Parameters S P M T
c (kN/m3) 16 14 16 14
csat (kN/m3) 18 16 18 16
E (MPa) 6300
E50,ref (MPa) 40 47 50
Eoed,ref (MPa) 40 47 50
Eur,ref (MPa) 85 100 200
pref (kPa) 100 170 170
mur 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
m () 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
G0,ref (MPa) 88 182
c0.7 1.3  10
4 1.9  10
4
u0 (deg) 37 37 37 27
w (deg) 0 0 0
c0 (kPa) 0 0 0 500

soils to tuff (see profile in Fig. 1), the measured volume losses
locally increase to higher values than those routinely measured.
This evidence has been associated to a larger amount of extra-
excavation at the transition between the soft alluvial and pyroclas-
tic ground and the soft rock. For the same reason, beneath the
church, where a similar transition exists (see Figs. 1 and 5), a sim-
ilar problem may have occurred. Hence the influence of the volu-
metric contraction has been investigated by a small increase of
its value (from 0.42% up to 0.6%), at the same time varying the
applied load q. A selection of results is shown in Figs. 14 and 15.
They show that in the likely scenario of a local increase of extra-
cutting due to soil-rock transition, the prediction of building settle-
ment is more accurate even for a more realistic assumption on the
pressure exerted on the foundation by the building total weight.
 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232 227

Fig. 7. Results of the greenfield model and comparison with measurements: longitudinal direction (a, c, e, g) and transverse section (b, d, f, h).
228 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232

Fig. 8. Results of the greenfield model and comparison with measurements: deep ground movements.
 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232 229

Table 2 and of surface and deep ground movements in the proximity of

TBM advancement information. the building due to the construction of an EPB tunnel for the Line
Date TBM face Calculation Shown in 6 of the underground network. The relative position between the
position, Y (m) stage # tunnel and the church plan was considered a critical issue in the
25.05.2011 42 7 Fig. 7b preliminary design stage. First of all in plan the tunnel axis was
26.05.2011 50.5 10 very close to the corner of the building and furthermore the dis-
28.05.2011 55.6 13 Fig. 7d tance between the crown of the tunnel and the foundation level
30.05.2011 60.7 16
06.06.2011 65.8 19 Fig. 7f
was small (between 1.5D and 2D). Very luckily a long stretch in
08.06.2011 84.5 30 Fig. 7h pure greenfield conditions was excavated before the interaction
09.06.2011 99.7 39 with the church and the performance of the EPB machine in terms
10.06.2011 108.2 44 of volume loss underwent a tight check. As a matter of fact, the
13.06.2011 118.5 50
crossing did not cause any problem and the surface settlement
measured on the ground surface and at the bottom of the faade
rarely exceeded 10 mm, with the average value ranging between
6 and 7 mm.
Both the geometry of the intersection and the soil layering sug-
gested using a 3D numerical model to back-analyse the case. The
process of the tunnel construction was simulated by considering
the factors playing a major role as, for instance, the pressure at
the front face, the pressure at the shield tail, the lining installation
procedure, the thrust applied by the jacks installed on the TBM
against the lining, the contraction of the cross section around the
shield due to the larger diameter of the cutter-head compared to
the tail diameter. The ground involved in the excavation belongs
partly to very well known pyroclastic formations, as the yellow tuff
and the silty sand pozzolana, and partly consists of marine sands
Fig. 9. Interaction 3D model.
and made ground. The parameters for the adopted hardening soil
Table 3
model were deduced by in situ and laboratory tests performed in
Foundation material properties. the design stage and by the conspicuous available scientific
literature.
Material model Unit weight, c Youngs modulus, E Poisson
(kN/m3) (MPa) ratio, m
Firstly, the comparison between greenfield 3D FEM predictions
and monitoring results is presented showing a rather good agree-
Non-porous linear 16 6300 0.3
elastic
ment. Searching for a better agreement and looking at a more real-
istic model of the problem the authors were pushed to investigate
the influence of the stiffness of the monumental building, simu-
lated as a simple flexible plate with a uniformly distributed load
on it, thus considering the weight of the structure. A study of sen-
sitivity of the calculated settlement to these parameters was car-
ried out. It was concluded that further to the volumetric
contraction, a major role in defining the absolute value of the set-
tlement was played also by the building weight, which could be
only reasonably estimated. As it could be expected the equivalent
stiffness of the building was only influent on the shape of the set-
tlement trough and an appropriate equivalent flexural stiffness of
the plate was found with a trial and error procedure. The final
agreement obtained considering also the influence of this two last
items was judged as completely satisfactory by an engineering
point of view and it was concluded that refinements about the
structural behaviour of the building were not needed.
Starting from the observed data and taking into account the
parametric study performed in the back analysis, some general
Fig. 10. Predicted settlements along the lateral faade influence of building loads. conclusions can be drawn.
As already mentioned in the previous sections, a more detailed
 The presence of a building does not necessarily reduce the max-
model of the building, although out of the scope of the work, is
imum settlement induced by tunnel excavation if compared
expected to improve the agreement between measurements and
with the greenfield conditions. This is in line with similar
numerical results. Nevertheless, both the complexity of the monu-
results already obtained by Burd et al. (2000) and Franzius
mental building and the already gained satisfactory agreement
et al. (2004).
between observed and calculated settlement values and profiles
 The effect of the state of shear stress induced by the buildings
were judged as a clear indication that making more complex
can reduce the soil stiffness and increase the induced ground
back-analyses of the case history is unnecessary.
movements. In order to correctly simulate this effect a model
accounting for the dependence of the stiffness from the shear
5. Conclusions level should be used.
 The effect of shear stress in the ground is particularly relevant
This paper presents the monitoring results of settlements, when the tunnel underpasses a corner of the building at shallow
which affected a historic church in the central part of Naples, depth.
230 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232

Fig. 11. Predicted settlements along the front faade influence of building loads.

Fig. 12. Influence of foundation stiffness on the predicted settlements along the Fig. 14. Influence of volumetric contraction on the predicted settlements along the
lateral faade. lateral faade.

 For this reason the relative position of the tunnel and the build-
 The presence of a stretch of tunnel excavated in greenfield con-
ing should be taken into account in evaluating induced settle-
ditions is very useful in order to calibrate settlement predictions
ments and simple approaches cannot be applied in such
when the tunnel interacts with urbanized sites.
conditions; in these cases, more complex analyses, with ade-
 Also in this case, as shown in this paper, a cautious approach
quate constitutive models, should be carried out.
should be followed in order to reproduce some possible

Fig. 13. Influence of foundation stiffness on the predicted settlements along the front faade.
 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232
Fig. 15. Influence of the volumetric contraction on the predicted settlements along the front faade.
deviations from the predictions, due to change in operation pro-
cedures or to changes in ground conditions (as in the present
case, due to the transition from soil to tuff under the church),
which can induce sudden variation of volume loss.
 This is especially true when dealing with historic buildings,
more sensible to settlements.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Ansaldo STS for the per-
mission to use monitoring data. The research at the basis of the
present paper has been partly carried out in the framework of
ReLUIS research project.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.10.007.
These data include Google maps of the most important areas
described in this article.
References
Amorosi, A., Boldini, D., de Felice, G., Malena, M., Sebastianelli, M., 2014. Tunnelling-
induced deformation and damage on historical masonry structures.
Gotechnique 64 (2), 118130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.032.
Attewell, P.B., Woodman, J.P., 1982. Predicting the dynamic of ground settlement
and its derivatives caused by tunnelling in soil. Ground Eng. 15 (7), 1322.
Aversa, S., Bilotta, E., Russo, G., Di Luccio, A., 2013a. Settlement induced by TBM
excavation under the Vittorias Church in Napoli. In: Bilotta, Flora, Lirer,
Viggiani (Eds.), Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments
and Historic Sites. CRC Press, London, UK, pp. 157164.
Aversa, S., Bilotta, E., Russo, G., Di Luccio, A., 2015. Ground movements induced by
TBM excavation under an historic church in Napoli. In: Proceedings of the XVI
ECSMGEGeotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development. ICE
Publishing, pp. 425430. ISBN 978-0-7277-6067-8.
Aversa, S., Evangelista, A., Scotto di Santolo, A., 2013b. Influence of the subsoil on
the urban development of Napoli. In: Bilotta, Flora, Lirer, Viggiani (Eds.),
Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites.
CRC Press, pp. 1544.
Benz, T., Vermeer, P.A., Schwab, R., 2009. A small-strain overlay model. Int. J. Numer.
Anal. Meth. Geomech. 33 (1), 2544.
Bitetti, B., Mandolini, A., Van Tol, A.F., Broere, W., Brinkgreve, R., 2012. On the effects
of Line 6 tunnel excavation in Naples. In: Proceedings of the 7th Int Symp on
Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground. CRC Press,
pp. 10191026.
231
Boscardin, M.D., Cording, E.G., 1989. Building response to excavation induced
settlement. J. ASCE J. - Geotech. Eng. 115 (1), 121.
Brinkgreve, R.B.J., Swolfs, W.M., Engine, E., 2013. PLAXIS 3D Users Manual. PLAXIS
bv, The Netherlands.
Burd, H.J., Houlsby, G.T., Augarde, C.E., Liu, G., 2000. Modelling tunnelling-induced
settlement of masonry buildings. Proc. Instn Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 143 (1),
1729.
Burland, J.B., 1995. Assessment of risk of damage to buildings due to tunnelling
excavation. In: Ishihara, K. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference
on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, IS Tokyo. ICSMFE, Tokyo, Japan, pp.
11891201.
Burland, J.B., Broms, B.B., de Mello, V.F.B., 1977. Behavior of foundations and
structures. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering. IS-Tokyo, vol. 2, pp. 495546.
Burland, J.B., Standing, J.R., 1997. Geotechnical monitoring of historic monuments.
In: Proc. of the Arrigo Croce Memorial Symposium - Geotechnical Engineering
for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites, Napoli. A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam.
Fargnoli, V., Gragnano, C.G., Boldini, D., Amorosi, A., 2015. 3D numerical modelling
of soilstructure interaction during EPB tunnelling. Gotechnique 65 (1), 2337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.14.P.091.
Franzius, J.N., Potts, D.M., Addenbrooke, T.I., Burland, J.B., 2004. The influence of
building weight on tunnelling-induced ground and building deformation. Soils
Found. 44 (1), 2538.
LAmante, D., Flora, G., Russo, G., Viggiani, C., 2012. Displacements induced by the
installation of diaphragm panels. Acta Geotech. 7 (3), 213218. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1007/s11440-012-0164-9.
Liu, J., Qi, T., Wu, Z., 2012. Analysis of ground movement due to metro station driven
with enlarging shield tunnels under building and its parameter sensitivity
analysis. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 28, 287296.
Mair, R.J., 2008. 46th Rankine lecture. Tunnelling and geotechnics: new horizons.
Gotechnique 58 (9), 695736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.58.9.695.
Mair, R.J., Taylor, R.N., Burland, J.B., 1996. Prediction of ground movements and
assessment of risk of building damage due to bored tunnelling. In: Mair, Taylor.
(Ed.), Int. Symp. on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft
Ground. Balkema, London, pp. 713718.
Maleki, M., Sereshteh, M., Mousivand, M., Bayat, M., 2011. An equivalent beam
model for the analysis of tunnel-building interaction. Tunn. Undergr. Space
Technol. 26, 524533.
Matrone, C., 2011. Misure ed interpretazione di spostamenti indotti dallo scavo di
gallerie con macchina TBM in ambiente urbano Master Thesis. School of
Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II (in Italian).
OReilly, M.P., New, B.M., 1982. Settlements above tunnels in the United Kindom
their magnitudes and prediction. In: Jones, M.J. (Ed.), Proceedings of
Tunnelling82 Symposium. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, pp.
173181.
Peck, R.B., 1969. Deep excavations and tunnelling in soft ground. In: Proc. of 7th
ICSMFE, Mexico City. State of the Art Volume, pp. 225290.
Potts, D.M., Addenbrooke, T.I., 1997. A structures influence on tunnelling-induced
ground movements. Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers-Geotechnical
Engineering 125 (2), 109125.
Rampello, S., Callisto, L., Viggiani, G., Soccodato, F., 2012. Evaluating the effects of
tunnelling on historical buildings: the example of a new subway in Rome.
Geomech. Tunn. 5 (3), 275299.
232 E. Bilotta et al. / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 61 (2017) 221232

Russo, G., Autuori, S., Corbo, A., Cavuoto, F., 2015. Artificial Ground Freezing to
excavate a tunnel in sandy soil. Measurements and back analysis. Tunn.
Undergr. Space Technol. 2015 (50), 226238.
Russo, G., Viggiani, C., Viggiani, G.M.B., 2012. Geotechnical design and construction
issues for lines 1 and 6 of the Naples underground. Geomechanik Tunnelbau 5
(3), 300311.
Sanseverino, I., Rahati, Y., 2012. La chiesa di S.M. della Vittoria in Napoli Master
Thesis. School of Architecture, University of Napoli Federico II (in Italian).
Schanz, T., Vermeer, P.A., Bonnier, P.G., 1999. The hardening soil model: formulation
and verification. In: Brinkgreve, R.B.J. (Ed.), Beyond 2000 in Computation
Geotechnics. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, pp. 281290.