Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a
Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Lifetec Process
Engineering , Lohbrgger Kirchstrasse 65, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
b
Bogazici University, Institute of Environmental Sciences , Bebek,
34342, Istanbul, Turkey
Published online: 28 Jan 2010.
To cite this article: Burak Demirel , Paul Scherer , Orhan Yenigun & Turgut T. Onay (2010)
Production of Methane and Hydrogen from Biomass through Conventional and High-Rate Anaerobic
Digestion Processes, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40:2, 116-146, DOI:
10.1080/10643380802013415
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Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40:116146, 2010
Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1064-3389 print / 1547-6537 online
DOI: 10.1080/10643380802013415
INTRODUCTION
This study was supported by the Boazici University Research Fund, project number
02S103.
Address correspondence to Orhan Yenigun, Bogazici University, Institute of Environ-
mental Sciences, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey; E-mail: yeniguno@boun.edu.tr
116
Production of CH4 and H2 through Anaerobic Digestion 117
TABLE 1. Applications of conventional single-phase anaerobic digestion processes for bioenergy recovery
Liquid swine waste Dispersed growth 35 532 0.36 L CH4 /g VS 63.4 (5 day HRT) 17
anaerobic added (5 day 65.2 (3 day HRT)
fermenter HRT)
Pig manure + fish oil Laboratory-scale Continuously stirred 30 15 73.6 18
waste + waste from anaerobic
bentonite of edible digester
oil filtration process
Brewery wastewater Laboratory-scale Anaerobic contact 0.28.035 m3 6779 21
with ultra CH4 /kg CODrem.
filtration
Cattle dung + digested Laboratory-scale Batch fermenter 2023 5560 24
slurry
Hog + poultry waste Laboratory-scale Batch fermenter 35 130 20 ml 25
CH4 /g VS
destroyed
Pharmaceutical Pilot-scale UASB 3036 4.5 67 cm3 /CH4 g 26
VSS/day
Fodder beet silage Laboratory-scale Continuous 5.515 40.1 2 m3 5862 28
anaerobic CH4 /ton fodder
digester beet silage
Fruit and vegetable Laboratory-scale Semi-continuous 35 20 64 29
waste tubular digester
Olive mill solid waste Laboratory-scale CSTR 35 408.3 1.243.79 L CH4 / 30
(d L)
Pineapple peel Laboratory-scale 30 0.67 m3 /kg VS 65 33
added
Pineapple peel Pilot-plant 2533 25 4365 33
Municipal garbage Laboratory-scale 2529 6272 34
Fruit and vegetable Laboratory-scale Tubular anaerobic 55 5862 35
waste digester
Fodder beet silage Laboratory-scale Continuous 42 8.3 L/(d L) (total 37
gas production)
119
(Continued on next page)
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TABLE 1. Applications of conventional single-phase anaerobic digestion processes for bioenergy recovery (Continued)
120
Temperature HRT Methane Methane
Substrate type Application status Digester type ( C) (day) productivity content (%) Reference
Whey solution was used as the substrate for methane production, which
was actually a simple type of substrate for anaerobic digestion.19 An anaero-
bic fixed-bed reactor was operated in this study, at HRTs of 15 and 10 days,
at 37 C. During continuous fermentation at 10 and 15 days of HRT, about
90% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was converted to biogas.
Laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters were operated for the anaerobic
conversion of municipal grey waste to biogas.20 The methane content in
digester biogas varied between 60 and 65% during the entire experimental
work.
In addition to dairy wastewater, energy recovery from anaerobic treat-
ment of brewery wastewater was also investigated in a pilot-scale anaerobic
contact digester coupled with an UF (ultrafiltration) membrane unit.21 The
anaerobic contact reactor was operated in a pH range between 6.9 and 7.2,
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seemed a promising method for treating these wastes with high efficiency,
in terms of degradation yield and biogas productivity.
A comprehensive analysis, in terms of technical-economical aspects, of
a full-scale biogas power plant was recently reported.46 For a feed substrate
concentration of 6.794% TS and an input of 6202 kg TS/d, the biogas plant
could produce a total gas volume of 3101 m3 /d, at a residence time of 20
days and 35 C.
Anaerobic codigestion of two different wastes (fresh vegetable waste
and precooked food waste) with agro-industrial wastewater treatment sludge
was investigated in a laboratory-scale work.47 Co-digestion of fresh vegetable
waste and sludge mixture provided higher methane yields after start-up (37%
at high organic load and 57% at low organic load).
An anaerobic CSTR and an anaerobic filter were used for the produc-
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0.937 and 6.33 g VS/L/d.60 The highest specific gas production rate of 0.72
L/gVS/d was obtained at a HRT of 25 days and a pH of 6.80. The methane
content of biogas was around 63%.
128
Application Temperature Methane Methane
Substrate type status Digester types ( C) HRT (day) productivity content (%) Reference
content in biogas was determined to be around 72% for the two-phase diges-
tion system. Specific biogas and methane production levels were observed
to be around 504 ml/g VS and 363 ml/g VS, respectively.
Two-phase anaerobic digestion of spent tea leaves was investigated
for biogas and manure generation.67 The system provided an average
biogas yield of 0.48 m3 /kg CODremoved and 73% of methane content in
biogas.
Two-phase semi-continuous methane production from mud sediment
was studied in laboratory-scale research using UASB reactor systems as aci-
dogenic and methanogenic reactors, both operated at 37 C.68 The system
resulted in a methane production of 110 mmol from the methanogenic reac-
tor.
A novel anaerobic processnamely, multi-step sequential batch two-
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phase had an OLR and a sludge retention time (SRT) of 11.9 kg VS/m3 /d
and 6 days, respectively, while the methanogenic phase was operated at an
OLR and a HRT of 5.4 kg COD/m3 /d and 0.6 days, respectively. The sys-
tem resulted in VS reduction, CH4 recovery (from VSremoved ), CH4 production
rate, and CH4 yield values of 73%, 70% COD, 1.75 m3 /m3 /d, and 0.21 m3 /kg
VSadded , respectively. The percentage of methane in the UASB reactor biogas
was slightly over 76%.
In a pilot-scale application, two-stage anaerobic digestion of energy
crops (i.e., willow, sugar beet, and grass silage) were investigated.77 The
specific methane yields observed were 0.16, 0.38, and 0.39 m3 /kg VSadded
for willow, sugar beet, and grass silage, respectively, which corresponded to
annual gross energy yields of 15, 53, and 26 MWh per hectare, respectively.
Recently, two-phase anaerobic digestion of cheese whey was studied,
using a stirred acidogenic reactor, followed by a stirred methanogenic reactor
coupled with a membrane filtration system.78 The acidogenic reactor was
operated at a HRT of 1 day, while the methanogenic reactor was operated at
a HRT of 4 days and up to an organic load of 19.78 g COD/L/d. The methane
content in biogas was greater than 70%.
Two-phase systems have the advantage to produce hydrogen and
methane, respectively; however, strict process control must be carried out.
In addition, the construction and operation of two separate reactor con-
figurations should also be considered beforehand. On the other hand, the
adjustment of pH and buffering capacity for the methane reactor is relatively
easier than that for a conventional single-phase reactor system.
provided the highest hydrogen productivity as 1.76 mol H2 /mol glucose, and
a specific hydrogen production rate of 456 mmol H2 /g VSS/d.
Batch experiments were carried out in order to determine the biological
hydrogen production potential of individual organic fraction of municipal
solid wastes, including rice, cabbage, carrot, egg, lean meat, fat, and chicken
skin.80 Biological hydrogen potential of some individual carbohydrates
namely, cabbage, carrot and ricewere determined to vary between 26.3
and 61.7 ml/g VS, 44.9 and 70.7 ml/g VS, and 19.3 and 96.0 ml/g VS, respec-
tively. The percentages of hydrogen in the total gas amount produced from
cabbage, carrot, and rice were found to be between 33.9 and 55.1%, 27.7
and 46.8%, and 44.0 and 45.6%, respectively.
An anaerobic chemostat reactor was operated to produce hydrogen
from starch.81 A maximum hydrogen production rate of 1600 L/m3 /d could
be achieved, under an OLR of 6 kg starch m3 /d, at a pH of 5.2 and a HRT
of 17 hours. During the experimental study, the percentage of hydrogen in
digester biogas was detected to be around 60%. Hydrogen could be produced
within a pH range of between 4.7 and 5.7 at a HRT of 17 hours.
Laboratory-scale continuous anaerobic fermenters were operated in a
HRT range between 13.3 and 6 hours (corresponding to a dilution rate
of 0.075 to 0.167/h), and at a pH of 6.7 and a temperature of 35 C, for
production of hydrogen from sucrose.82 Operation at dilution rates of 0.075 to
0.167/h seemed favorable for H2 production, resulting in a H2 concentration
of about 0.02 mol/L, with an optimum hydrogen production rate of 0.105
mol/h at a dilution rate of 0.125/h. The authors also reported that the product
formation in continuous hydrogen-producing cultures was essentially a linear
function of biomass concentration.
Mesophilic batch experiments were performed using a sucrose-rich syn-
thetic wastewater in order to investigate the effects of varying pH (4.57.5)
and substrate concentration (1.544.8 g COD/L) on hydrogen gas produc-
tion from wastewaters.83 The highest hydrogen production rate of 74.7 ml
H2 /L/h occured at a pH of 5.5 and a substrate concentration of 7.5 g COD/L,
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132
TABLE 3. Production of hydrogen by anaerobic acidogenesis
Glucose Laboratory-scale Chemostat 35 0.5 (as SRT) 1.76 mol H2 /mol 45.3 79
glucose
Starch Laboratory-scale Chemostat 17 (hour) 1.29 L H2 /g 60 81
starch-COD
Sucrose Laboratory-scale Continuous 35 13.36 (hour) 0.105 mol 82
fermenter H2 /hour
Sucrose rich Laboratory-scale Batch 37 74.7 ml H2 /L/hour 83
synthetic
wastewater
Glucose Laboratory-scale Completely mixed 37 39.1 (hour) 4548 91
continuous
fermenter
Sucrose Laboratory-scale Fixed-bed 35 15 (hour) 0.4151.32 L 2535 92
H2 /h/L
Rice winery Laboratory-scale Upflow 55 2 (hour) 9.33 L H2 /g VSS/d 5361 93
wastewater
Wheat starch Laboratory-scale CSTR 3035 1812 (hour) 1.3 mole H2 /mole 31.354.8 94
co-product hexose
Glucose Membrane 5760 96
bioreactor
Sucrose Laboratory-scale Anaerobic 35 412 (hour) 1535 97
sequencing
batch reactor
Food processing Laboratory-scale Batch system 0.12.8 l H2 /L 60 105
wastewaters wastewater
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133
134 B. Demirel et al.
ml/g VSS/h, while at 800 mg FeCl2 /L, the maximum hydrogen production
yield of 132 ml/g sucrose was obtained.
The effect of pH on microbial hydrogen fermentation was investigated
in laboratory-scale batch experiments performed at 37 C.86 At pH values
of 3, 11, and 12, no hydrogen production could be observed, while some
hydrogen production did occur at pH values of 5 and 5.5. The maximum
specific production yield of hydrogen and the maximum specific hydrogen
production rate were determined to be 126.9 cm3 /g sucrose (at a pH of 9)
and 37 cm3 /g VSS/h, respectively.
The influence of acid-base enrichment (by sludge pH adjustment) on
the anaerobic hydrogen-producing microorganisms were investigated, carry-
ing out batch experiments at 35 C.87 The hydrogen-production potential of
the sludge with acid or base enrichment was 200 and 333 times higher than
that of sludge not enriched, when the enrichment pH was 10 and 3, respec-
tively. According to the authors, the enhancement was due to a shortening
of the microorganisms lag-time, which occured at a proper cultivation-pH
level.
In an earlier review paper, information from continuous laboratory-
scale works on fermentative hydrogen production was given.88 The authors
suggested that for laboratory-scale work on continuous processes, operating
temperature, pH, and HRT should be 30 C, 5.5, and between 8 and 12 hours,
respectively, for simple type of substrates.
A hydrogen-producing anaerobic sludge degraded 99% of glucose sub-
strate at 36 C and a pH of 5.5, producing a methane-free biogas with a
hydrogen content of 64%.89 The yield and production rate were determined
to be 0.26 L H2 /g glucose and 4.6 L H2 /g VSS/d, respectively.
The effect of pH (4.07.0) on conversion of glucose to hydrogen by a
mixed culture of bacteria was evaluated at 36 C.90 At a pH of 5.5 and a HRT
of 6 hours, the biogas comprised 64 2% hydrogen. The yield and specific
production rate were computed to be 2.1 mol H2 /mol glucose and 4.6 L H2 /g
VSS/d, respectively.
Production of CH4 and H2 through Anaerobic Digestion 135
rates.
In a recent work, heat, acid, and alkaline pre-treatment methods were
used to suppress methanogenic mixed cultures to enrich H2 -producing
bacteria.113 The highest H2 yield of 2.00 mol-H2 /mol-glucose was achieved
with the heat-treated sludge, while lowest yield of 0.48 mol-H2 /mol-glucose
was obtained with the alkaline-treated sludge. A butyrate-type fermentation
was found out for both heat- and alkaline-treated sludge, while a mixed-type
fermentation occurred for the acid-treated sludge.
The biological sludge from an animal wastewater treatment plant was
also treated to enrich H2 -producing bacteria, and the effects on hydrogen
yield were further investigated in another work.114 Enrichment was carried
out on the inoculum withing a pH range of 3 to 5, and with and without addi-
tional heat treatment. The main effects of heat treatment and pH enrichment
were significantly observed on thermophilic hydrogen production.
Bacillus coagulans strain IIT-BT S1 isolated from anaerobically digested
activated sewage sludge was investigated for its capability to produce H2
from glucose-based medium using different environmental parameters.115
The highest H2 yield (2.28 mol H2 /mol glucose) was achieved at an initial
glucose concentration of 2% (w/v), pH 6.5, temperature 37 C, inoculum
volume of 10% (v/v), and inoculum age of 14 h. Cell growth rate and rate of
hydrogen production decreased when glucose concentration was increased
above 2% w/v, indicating substrate inhibition.
A membrane bioreactor was operated to produce H2 at low HRTs, using
glucose, sucrose, and fructose as substrates.116 The system exhibited hydro-
gen production rates of 1.48, 2.07, and 2.75 L/(h L), respectively, for using
glucose, sucrose, and fructose as the sole carbon source, at a HRT of 1 hour.
The optimum operating conditions in continuous flow anaerobic acido-
genic reactors was evaluated, in order to maximize the biological production
of hydrogen, using mixed cultures.117 A stable reactor operation could be
attained up to an OLR of 86.1 kg COD/m3 /d. The maximum hydrogen pro-
duction reached up to around 15 L/d.
Production of CH4 and H2 through Anaerobic Digestion 139
CONCLUSIONS
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