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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIA.2016.2594283, IEEE
Analysis of Impact of Integration of Large PV Generation Capacity and
Optimization of PV Capacity: Case Studies in Taiwan
Yuan-Kang Wu
National Chung-Cheng University
168 University Load
Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan
allenwu@ccu.edu.tw
Abstract -- Installed solar power has recently grown
dramatically in Taiwan. When a large amount of solar power is
integrated into a grid, its impacts on existing power systems
must be analyzed. Currently, the maximum solar power capacity
is installed in Central Taiwan Science Park, and the highest
penetration of Photovoltaics (PV) is in Penghu Island, Taiwan.
Therefore, this paper studies the effects of increased PV
installation capacity in these two locations in Taiwan, with
respect to both steady-state and dynamic performances. First, a
charged system search (CSS) algorithm is applied to determine
the optimal PV installed capacity at chosen buses, considering
the need to minimize transmission loss and voltage variation.
System impact analysis is then performed on the new system
with increased PV capacity. The effect of PV low-voltage-ride-
through (LVRT) capability on system dynamic performance is
further analyzed.
Index Terms--PV, Central Taiwan science park, Penghu,
Charged system search, System impact, Low-Voltage-Ride-
Through
I. INTRODUCTION
Taiwan does not possess sufficient energy resources and
depends greatly on imports. Therefore, it has eagerly followed
the global trend in developing renewable energy to satisfy its
energy needs. To encourage solar PV installations, the Bureau
of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs (BOE, MOEA) has
launched the Million Solar Rooftop Program to achieve a
goal of 6,200 MW in solar power installed capacity by 2030
[1]. At the end of 2014, the total installed PV power capacity
in Taiwan was 870 MW. The installation of more PV
connections is likely to represent a clear and imminent
challenge to steady-state and dynamic system operations. The
impact of large-scale PV installations on the reliability and
security of existing power grids must be urgently analyzed.
Solar PV distributed generation affects many aspects of the
planning and operation of distribution systems. These effects
can be steady-state or dynamic and vary in severity as a
function of penetration and location of the PV connection.
References [2-5] have summarized key technical challenges,
such as voltage rise, voltage fluctuation, frequency regulation,
stability, dynamic modeling of PV systems, grid codes,
harmonics and fault-ride through. Several real case studies for
integrating large-scale of PV capacity into grids have been
carried out [6-11]. However, different systems have different
characteristics; therefore, the main concerned challenges from
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Transactions on Industry Applications
Guan-Ting Ye Mohamed Shaaban
National Chung-Cheng University Dept. of Electrical Engineering
168 University Load Port Said University
Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan Port Fouad 42523, Egypt
those studies [6-11] are different. Furthermore, the literature
on the impacts of high penetration of PV on the AC grid is
extensive [12-16]. For instance, the effect of a high PV
penetration on the steady-state operation of distribution
networks has been investigated [12-13], in which the effects
of the location of the PV connection, the intermittency of
solar radiation, and reverse power flow as a result of
increased PV penetration have been examined. The analytical
results have indicated that a high PV penetration markedly
changes the voltage profile. The voltage, small-signal, and
transient stabilities following increased PV integration in
transmission systems have been investigated [14-16]. In
particular, a mathematical model of PV based solar plant
using the dynamic simulation software PSS/E has been
developed [16]. As the PV penetration increases, the
importance of LVRT for PV power systems under grid faults
should be considered [17]. The effect of LVRT of solar PV
on system stability was studied [18, 19]. In addition to
technical challenges for PV integration, the optimal
placement of a PV power plant in a distribution network is
also significant. Several studies have focused on this issue
[20-24]. For example, improved particle swarm optimization
(IPSO) and PSO algorithms have been utilized [21, 22] to
minimize active and reactive power losses, and to obtain an
optimal PV location planning.
This work analyzes the impact on a generation system of a
large-scale PV installation in two areas of Taiwan. The main
objective of this work is to investigate the possible steady-
state and dynamic problems for the present highest-capacity
PV connection (i.e., Central Taiwan Science Park (CTSP))
and highest PV penetration (i.e., Penghu Island) areas in
Taiwan. Additionally, new systems, consistent with future
expansion scenarios, with large-scale PV connections are also
analyzed in this work. Following a general connection design
discussion, this work comprises four major system impact
analyses: load flow, fault current, voltage variation, and
transient stability. Reference [25] shows the details of the
utilized PV model in this work. Additionally, the charged
system search (CSS) algorithm [26] was used to obtain the
optimal PV size in each possible location with the lowest
power losses, while satisfying the interconnection constraints
that are imposed by Taiwan Power Company (TPC). Finally,
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the effects of PV units with or without LVRT capability on project in Taiwan (with total installed capacity of 15MW).
system stability are analyzed. The analyzed results will Figure 1 presents the location of integration and the affected
provide a significant reference to revise the current grid code distribution system.
in Taiwan.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II 5545

introduces both power system configurations of interest.

Section III discusses the use of PSS/E to perform steady-state
5789
and dynamic simulations with the current installed PV 2171
5683 5659
capacity. Section IV discusses how the CSS algorithm is 2251
5777 15MW PV
utilized to optimize the integration capacity at each chosen connection point

bus, considering minimum transmission losses and voltage 5653 3521

variations; furthermore, the system impact analyses based on 5657
5655 5663
5651
the assumed increase in installed PV capacity in future 3521 5671
integration scenarios were also implemented. Section V 5685 5665
5693 5667
elucidates the effect of PV LVRT capability on the stability of 5669
the power system with a large PV capacity. Section VI
Fig. 1. Location of 15MW PV integration by Sen Jing Co., Ltd. of AUO
addresses challenges that are associated with PV integration
Corp
and summarizes the simulated effects of PV integration on the
grid. Finally, Section VII draws conclusions. B. Highest PV penetration Penghu Island
More PV power is generated on Penghu Island than
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS anywhere else in Taiwan. By the end of 2014, the total
interconnected PV capacity in Penghu was 2MW, accounting
A. Highest-capacity PV Connection - Central Taiwan for 3% of the peak load. However, the PV system
Science Park concentrates on some main feeders. Accordingly, elucidating
As many companies in the Central Taiwan Science Park the influence of the PV system on the voltage of these feeders
(CTSP) are solar panel manufacturers, a large amount of PV is valuable. The power system in Penghu is a typical isolated
generating equipment has been installed on rooftops. These island system with a highest voltage rating of 69kV; it can be
installations have caused reverse power flow in some periods divided into Jiangshan thermal power plant, Zhongtun and
and voltage fluctuations owing to variations in cloud cover. Husi wind parks, Husi and Makung substations, as presented
At the end of 2014, the Sen Jing Co., Ltd. of AUO Corp. in in Fig. 2. PV systems are currently installed at 29 locations of
the CTSP was responsible for the largest PV connection the feeders, which are marked by green marks in Fig. 2. In the

Jiangshan thermal power plant 13.2kV 12.285MVA 4

69kV 12.98MVA 8
6991

Husi substation 25MVA 25MVA 25MVA

11.95kV 11.95kV 11.95kV
1191 1192 1193
7030 23.5kW
499.1kW
200kW 7029 15.2kW
7031 17.2kW
22.8kW 7045 two-circuit
6.1kW
18.4kW 7040 14.3kW underground
7032 8.3kW
Husi wind Zhongtun Zhongtun cables
7037
7033 park wind park wind park
900kW 6 7.5kW 600kW 8 600kW 4
7034 8.5kW

Singren feeder Markung substation

6901
69kV
25MVA 25MVA 25MVA 25MVA
11.95kV 11.95kV 11.95kV 11.95kV
1101 1102 1103 1104

20.2kW 50.4kW 10.1kW 25.5kW

7087 7089 7091 7110 4.2kW
7065
7059 300kW 7077 40.7kW 360.8kW 7131
7094 7108 7134 174.8kW
9.9kW
60.7kW 6.1kW
9.4kW 6.6kW
60.7kW 126.5kW 2.6kW

Fig. 2. Single-line diagram of Penghu Island system.

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simulation that is discussed below, the total summer peak MCCC to 46%. However, the interconnection of 15 MW PV
load is 68MW. reduces the MCCC to 22% under normal conditions and to
34% under the N-1 criterion. Analytical results reveal no
III. SYSTEM IMPACT ANALYSES overload before or after the integration of PV. Table I
The impacts of the connection of the two systems that are demonstrates that equivalent results were obtained for Penghu
described above are studied. The summer peak period of July Island. Analysis of the impact of PV connection on voltage
2014 is considered in both analyses. Steady-state and shows that the voltage at various buses around the CTSP is
dynamic simulations with current PV installed capacity are slightly increased because PV generation reduces the feeder
conducted using PSS/E. load current. Table II presents the voltage values of the CTSP
In this study, the PSS/E program was used to develop the and Penghu Island before and after PV integration. Clearly,
PV generator model for simulation purposes. PSS/E supports voltage deviations on Penghu Island exceed those in the
four types (type 1~4) of the generic wind and PV models. The CTSP interconnected system.
PSS/E Solar PV Unit dynamic stability model is based on the TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THE MAXIMUM CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY (%) BEFORE
generic type 4 model, with the added ability to simulate AND AFTER THE PV INTEGRATION
output changes that are caused by solar irradiation. This Before After
model is composed of four parts, which is displayed in Fig. 3. PV connection
N N-1 N N-1
PVGU: power converter/generator module CTSP 31 46 22 34
PVEU: electrical control module Penghu Island 25 50 24 49
PANEL: linearized model of a panel's output curve
IRRAD: linearized solar irradiance profile TABLE II
Rest of COMPARISON OF SYSTEM IMPACTS BEFORE AND AFTER PV INTEGRATION
IRRAD module Panel module Converter module:
9.0 1000(W/m2)
240
PVEU and PVGU system CTSP
8.0 220
Irradiance module 200
1.2 7.0
6.0
800(W/m2)
180
160
Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)
Current(A)

1.0
Power(W)

0.8 5.0
600(W/m2) 140
120
Voltage
Number1 Before After V (10-3) Before After I
0.6 4.0 100 WT4 PSS/E
0.4
Irrad(I)
3.0 80
Pdc(I)
2171H 1.0119 1.0121 0.284 9,442.2 9,442.8 0.6
0.2
2.0 60
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.0
40
20
IP,IQ 2172H 1.0099 1.0102 0.288 17,017.9 17,019.9 2
Time 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Voltage(V)
0
2251H 1.0167 1.0172 0.444 32,327.6 32,356.7 29.1
3521H 1.0202 1.0207 0.529 39,105.5 39,155.2 49.7
5545H 1.0197 1.0202 0.516 26,560.6 26,579.8 19.2
Fig. 3. PSS/E PV model
5651H 1.0203 1.0209 0.554 36,719.6 36,772.2 52.6
5653H 1.0204 1.0209 0.572 33,712.6 33,772.5 59.9
Based on the PV model, if the PV installed capacity is 5655H 1.0199 1.0205 0.524 39,764.8 39,811.8 47
1MW, then the relationship between the irradiance and the 5657H 1.0200 1.0206 0.52 40,143.6 40,190.4 46.8
PV power output is as presented in Fig. 4. More details of the 5659H 1.0182 1.0188 0.575 28,026.6 28,048 21.4
modeling and control of PV generators using the PSS/E 5663H 1.0196 1.0202 0.544 33,786.1 33,828.3 42.2
5665H 1.0199 1.0204 0.535 34,937.8 34,979.6 41.8
program can be found elsewhere [27]. Notably, the 5667H 1.0199 1.0204 0.532 35,134.2 35,175.2 41
relationship between the change of voltage (or frequency) and 5669H 1.0203 1.0209 0.531 30,578.8 30,609.5 30.7
irradiance depends on the parameters of the power system and 5671H 1.0199 1.0204 0.534 35,264.9 35,306.7 41.8
the rate of change of irradiance. For example, if the point of 5683H 1.0161 1.0165 0.445 28,464.9 28,487.5 22.6
interconnection of the PV system is a strong one, the variation 5685H 1.0200 1.0206 0.525 38,463 38,507.1 44.1
in voltage with the irradiance would be small, and vice versa. 5693H 1.0204 1.0209 0.532 27,099.3 27,123.5 24.2
5777H 1.0093 1.0096 0.287 16,206.8 16,208.4 1.6
5789H 1.0162 1.0166 0.444 28,556.2 28,578.9 22.7
8368H 1.0097 1.0100 0.288 16,357.4 16,359.1 1.7
8369H 1.0093 1.0096 0.288 15,216.3 15,217.7 1.4
8370H 1.0093 1.0096 0.288 15,443.9 15,445.3 1.4
8371H 1.0099 1.0102 0.288 16,135.8 16,137.4 1.6
8379H 1.0099 1.0101 0.288 16,291.5 16,293.1 1.6
8380H 1.0098 1.0101 0.288 16,252.7 16,254.3 1.6
8550H 1.0094 1.0096 0.288 15,444.5 15,445.9 1.4
Penghu Island
Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)2
Number Before After V Before After I
6901 0.96824 0.96913 0.091919 2,325.2 2,342 16.8
Fig.4. Relationship between the irradiance and PV power output by PSS/E 6991 0.97375 0.97454 0.08113 2,516.1 2,534 17.9
PV model
7030 0.99462 0.99728 0.267439 -- -- --
A. Steady-state 7031 0.99369 0.99637 0.269702 -- -- --
7032 0.99353 0.99621 0.269745 -- -- --
In the load flow analysis, the maximum current carrying 7033 0.99292 0.9956 0.269911 -- -- --
capacity (MCCC) of power lines under normal conditions 7034 0.99282 0.99551 0.270945 -- -- --
before the PV connection in CTSP was found to be 31%. The 1. THE BUS NUMBERS (8368 TO 8550) ARE EXTRA-HIGH VOLTAGE USERS, IN WHICH THE 345KV IS
CONVERTED INTO 161KV BY TRANSFORMERS IN 5777 D/S AND 2171 E/S SUBSTATIONS.
imposition of the N-1 contingency criterion increases the 2. THE FAULT CURRENT IS OBSERVED IN THE MAIN BUSES (6901 AND 6991).

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B. Fault current example, Table III presents the transient minimum

Interconnection of the 15 MW PV system into the CTSP frequencies when the solar irradiance is reduced from 1000
slightly increases the fault current. Additionally, the fault W/m2 to 0 W/m2 in the CTSP system with various ramp-down
current of the 161 kV system is less than 50 kA before and rates. The transient voltage also reduces as solar irradiance
after the PV integration. Therefore, the interconnection of 15 declines but the drop is very small.
MW PV does not affect the breakers of the TPC system. Table III
Similar results were observed for Penghu Island. Table II FREQUENCY RESPONSE UNDER VARIOUS SCENARIOS
shows the fault currents of the system buses before and after Ramp-down rate 5s 10s 30s 60s
PV integration.
Transient Frequency, fmin (Hz) 59.74 59.87 59.95 59.99
C. Variation of Solar radiance
The effect of rapid changes in solar radiance from D. Ground fault
1,000W/m2 to 0W/m2 in 5s on the dynamic response of the A 0.2s three-phase ground fault in the main bus is also
power system is examined. Figures 5 (a) and (b) plot the simulated to detect the voltage variation at the buses with PV
results for the CTSP and Penghu Island, respectively, integration. In both systems, PV integration reduces the
following connection of the PV. Both systems exhibit a dynamic voltage drop but the improvement is limited because
temporary voltage drop as the solar radiance rapidly falls, but the PV connected capacity is too low to supply sufficient
the decline is very small, and its impact on the frequency is reactive power. Figures 6 (a) and (b) display the amplitudes
negligible. of voltage drop in the CTSP and Penghu Island, respectively,
when a fault occurs. Figure 6 shows that integrating PV
reduces the dynamic voltage drop when a short-circuit ground
fault appears, but the improvement is very small.

(a)

(a)

(b)
Fig. 5. Effect of solar radiance variation on system transient voltage and
frequency in (a) CTSP and (b) Penghu Island.

Figure 5 indicates that the transient frequency of the system (b)

Fig. 6. Voltage drop when a short-circuit ground fault appears in (a)
declines as the solar irradiance declines over a short period. If CTSP and (b) Penghu Island.
the decrease in solar irradiance is rapid, then the drop in the
amplitude of the voltage or the frequency is large. For

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IV. OPTIMIZATION OF PV CAPACITY SIZE CPs:

This section discusses the use of the charged system search
(CSS) algorithm to find the optimal PV size that minimizes
transmission loss and voltage variation in the CTSP and
Penghu systems. System impact analyses are then performed
by simulating large-scale PV connections.
A. Charged System Search (CSS)
CSS is a new optimization technique that is based on
physical and mechanical principles [26]. In CSS, each
solution candidate Xi that comprises numerous decision
variables is regarded as a charged particle (CP). The CP is
affected by the electrical fields of the other particles. The
resultant force on the CP is determined by electrostatic laws,
and the motion of the CP is determined by Newtons laws.
CSS has the following rules [26].
fit (i) - fitbest
1 rand fit ( j ) fit (i ), (6)
pij fit ( j ) - fit (i)
0
otherwise
Under the above conditions, the algorithm is exploitative
when a good CP attracts a bad CP and explorative when a bad
CP attracts a good CP. When a CP moves toward a good CP,
its performance improves according to the self-adaptation
principle. Moving a good CP toward a bad one may cause the
loss of the previous good solution or, at least, increase the
computational burden of finding a good solution. To solve
this problem, the best-so-far solution is retained in memory.
4) Rule 4: The value of the resultant electrical force on a CP
can be expressed as:

1) Rule 1: CSS involves many CPs, each of which has a j 1,2,...,N

qi qi (7)
charge (qi) that creates an electrical field around it. The Fj q j ( r i
ij 1 i2 ) pij ( X i X j ), i1 1, i2 0 rij a
magnitude of the charge is as follows. i ,i j a3 rij2
i1 0, i2 1 rij a
fit (i) fitworst
qi , i 1,2, N (1) where Fj is the resultant force on the jth CP, as shown in Fig. 7.
fitbest fitworst
This algorithm considers each CP as a charged sphere of
where fitbest and fitworst are the particles with the best and radius a, that has a uniform volume charge density. In this
worst fitness so far, respectively. fit(i) represents the objective study, the magnitude of a is set to unity.
function value or the fitness of the particle i and N is the total
number of CPs. The distance rij between two CPs is defined
as follows:
Xi X j
q1
F4 Fi4
rij (2)
X i X j / 2 X best

where Xi and Xj are the positions of the ith and jth CPs, q3
respectively; Xbest is position of the current best CP, and is a
F14
small positive number that prevents singularities. q5
2) Rule 2: The initial CP positions are set randomly in the
search space. F34
x ( 0)
i, j xi ,min rand ( xi ,max xi ,min ), i 1,2,..., n (3)
F24 q4 F64
where xi,0j determines the initial value of the i variable for th q2
q6
the jth CP; xi,min and xi,max are the minimum and maximum
allowable values for the ith variable, respectively; rand is a
random number in the interval [0,1]; and n is the number of
variables. The CPs have an initial velocity of zero.
Fig. 7. Determining the resultant electrical force acting on a CP.
vi(,0j) 0, i 1,2,..., n (4)
5) Rule 5: The new position and velocity of each CP are
3) Rule 3: Three conditions govern the attractive forces. calculated as,
First, any CP can affect another; a bad CP can influence a
good one and vice versa (pij = 1). A CP can attract another Fj
X j ,new rand j1 ka t 2 rand j 2 kv V j ,old t X j ,old (8)
if its electric charge exceeds that of the other CP. Restated, mj
a good CP attracts a bad CP:
X j ,new X j ,old
1 fit j fit i V j ,new (9)
pij (5) t
0 otherwise where ka is the acceleration coefficient; kv is the velocity
Then, based on the following probability function, all good coefficient that controls the effect of the previous velocity on
CPs can attract bad CPs, but only some bad CPs attract good the CP, and randj1 and randj2 are two random numbers that

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are uniformly distributed in the range of (0,1). mj is the mass
of the jth CP, which equals qj. t is the time step and is set to
unity.
Since ka is the parameter that is related to the forces of
attraction, setting a large value for this parameter may cause a
rapid convergence. Conversely, a small value can increase the
computational time. The velocity coefficient kv actually
controls the exploration process and so a decreasing function
can be chosen to represent it. kv and ka are thus defined as:
kv 0.5(1 iter / itermax ), ka 0.5(1 iter / itermax )
where iter is the number of the current iteration and itermax is
the maximum number of iterations. In (10), kv is reduced
linearly to zero, whereas ka increases to unity as the number
of iterations increases. This approach maintains the balance
between the need for exploration and the need for rapid
convergence. Given the values of these parameters, Eqs. (8)
and (9) can be rewritten as:
qi
X j ,new 0.5rand j1 (1 iter / itermax ) ( r i 2i i2 ) pij ( X i X j )
3 ij 1
i ,i j a rij
0.5rand j 2 (1 iter / itermax )V j ,old X j ,old
V j ,new X j ,new X j ,old
6) Rule 6: To improve the performance of the algorithm
without increasing the computational burden, charged
memory (CM) is used to save a number of the best-so-far
solutions. Rules 5 and 6 concern cooperation of CPs, in
which CPs collaborate by sharing information.
The CSS algorithm eventually terminates when the pre-
specified maximum number of iterations is reached.
B. Determination of PV capacity at each location using
CSS
The problem of finding the optimal PV capacity at each
bus is formulated as an optimization problem. The objective
function is the minimization of transmission loss in the
analyzed system, bound by the some technical constraints,
and can be represented as follows:
Objective function: Minimum Ploss
Constraints: Pmin < PPV < Pmax
0.95 p.u. Vbus 1.03 p.u.
where Vbus is the bus voltage; PPV is the PV connection power;
Pmax and Pmin are the maximum and minimum allowed PV
connection powers, respectively, at each bus consistent with
the requirements set by TPC. Figure 8 displays a flowchart of
the procedure for using the CSS algorithm to optimize the PV
capacity in each selected bus. In this study, the number of CPs
is 10, and the maximum iteration number is 50.
This study considers the optimization of the PV capacity at
each location. The optimal locations of installed PV systems
were not considered because they were pre-specified. The
optimal PV capacity at each location depended on many
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factors, such as loss, voltage deviation, stability and others.
Different objective functions, including the minimizations of
curtailed PV energy [28], voltage deviation [29], transformer
tap changer switching [30], or network losses [31-33] have
been proposed. Network loss is one of the main concerns in
relation to the optimal problem because network losses are
typically used to evaluate the performance of the PV
distribution scheme.
Start
Input simulation data of system, solve power flow by PSS/E,
(10) and output voltage at each bus before integrating PV
Generate randomly the PV capacity at each integration point (i.e. initial
position of each CP). The initial velocity of CPs is set as zero.
Transfer the PV capacity at each integration point to solve power flow by
PSS/E, output transmission loss of system (fitness value) and voltage at
each bus after integrating PV, and return the result to MATLAB.
Calculate the magnitude of charge (qi) for each CP based on (1)
q
Calculate the separation distance (rij) between two CPs based on (2)
(11) Determine the probability of moving each CP toward others
based on (6)
(12)
Calculate the attracting force vector for each CP based on (7)
Move each CP to the new position and find the velocities
based on (11) and (12)
After updating the PV capacity at each integration point, solve power flow
by PSS/E, output transmission loss of system (fitness value) and voltage at
each bus after integrating PV, and return the result to MATLAB.
Set the record of the obtained solution as the best solution.
No Whether the convergence
conditions (number of iteration)
are met?
Yes
End
Fig. 8. Flowchart of applying the CSS algorithm on the PV size
determination at each location
(13)
In this study, the optimization of PV capacity at each of a
(14) set of pre-determined locations is considered. The selection of
(15) PV locations is another optimization problem. The effective
placement of large PV generators can reduce transmission
losses and even improve voltage stability. Typically, PV is
best placed at the sending end of the feeder line because it is
more effective for reactive power support. Sensitivity tests
should be conducted to find suitable PV placements, or to
identify appropriate sensitivity indices to help to determine
PV locations.
C. Connection of 200MW PV into CTSP
The 200MW PV system that is planned to be integrated at
the CTSP is allocated among various buses in the CTSP
distribution system. Table IV lists the available
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interconnected 161kV buses, of which each has a In dynamic analysis, it is assumed that the solar radiation
161kV/22.8kV transformer. According to the current falls from 1,000W/m2 to 0W/m2 at different rates (5s, 10s, 30s,
specifications provided by TPC, generation equipment with and 60s). Figure 9(a) shows that, even if the solar radiation
total capacity of over 100 kW and below 20 MW must be declines from 1,000W/m2 to 0W/m2 in 5s, the decrease in
connected to the 22.8kV system. Table IV also presents the frequency remains very small (from 60Hz to 59.91 Hz).
installed capacity at each bus that is obtained using the CSS Additionally, the voltage fluctuation is not large (Fig. 9(b)).
method. To evaluate the performance of CSS algorithm, other Restated, a large variation in solar radiation does not rapidly
mature algorithms, including Genetic Algorithm (GA) and alter the voltage or frequency in the CTSP system. Therefore,
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were utilized to find the its impact on dynamic system performance is marginal.
transmission losses and voltage variation. Table V compares
the results obtained using CSS, average distribution, PSO, TABLE VII
and GA. The table reveals that the transmission loss and COMPARISON OF SYSTEM IMPACTS BEFORE AND AFTER LARGE-SCALE PV
voltage variation that are obtained using the CSS method are INTEGRATION BY CSS METHOD
less than those obtained by the average distributed, PSO, and CTSP
GA methods. Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)
TABLE IV Number Before After V (10-3) Before After I
PV INTEGRATED CAPACITY IN CTSP BY CSS METHOD 2171H 1.0119 1.0149 3 9,442.2 9,486.4 44.2
CSS CSS 2172H 1.0099 1.013 3.1 17,017.9 17,073.6 55.7
Bus Number Bus Number 2251H 1.0167 1.0208 4.1 32,327.6 32,617.6 290
(MW) (MW)
2251D 4.696 5653D 10.129 3521H 1.0202 1.025 4.8 39,105.5 39,681.0 575.5
5693D 10.729 5657D 13.407 5545H 1.0197 1.0244 4.7 26,560.6 26,811.4 250.8
5777D 10.527 5665D 10.389 5651H 1.0203 1.0252 4.9 36,719.6 37,239.6 520
2171D 11.294 3521D 10.766 5653H 1.0204 1.0252 4.8 33,712.6 34,143.5 430.9
5545D 9.741 5655D 5.723 5655H 1.0199 1.0247 4.8 39,764.8 40,324.1 559.3
5683D 11.466 5671D 11.753 5657H 1.02 1.0248 4.8 40,143.6 40,704.9 561.3
5659D 8.494 5651D 7.956 5659H 1.0182 1.023 4.8 28,026.6 28,300 273.4
5669D 14.023 5663D 7.028 5663H 1.0196 1.0246 5 33,786.1 34,239.6 453.5
5789D 9.706 5667D 16.924 5665H 1.0199 1.0248 4.9 34,937.8 35,425 487.2
5685D 10.138 5667H 1.0199 1.0248 4.9 35,134.2 35,629.5 495.3
5669H 1.0203 1.0253 5 30,578.8 30,971.8 393
TABLE V 5671H 1.0199 1.0248 4.9 35,264.9 35,762.1 497.2
COMPARISON AMONG FOUR SIMULATION RESULTS 5683H 1.0161 1.0202 4.1 28,464.9 28,704 239.1
Average PSO GA CSS 5685H 1.02 1.0248 4.8 38,463 38,988.3 525.3
Algorithm 5693H 1.0204 1.0254 5 27,099.3 27,415.5 316.2
distributed
Loss (MW) 512.89 508.76 509.39 507.84 5777H 1.0093 1.0124 3.1 16,206.8 16,260.6 53.8
V (p.u.) 0.0947 0.05912 0.06351 0.05548 5789H 1.0162 1.0203 4.1 28,556.2 28,796.4 240.2
8368H 1.0097 1.0128 3.1 16,357.4 16,408.8 51.4
8369H 1.0093 1.0125 3.2 15,216.3 15,263.7 47.4
Load flow analysis indicates that, under normal conditions, 8370H 1.0093 1.0125 3.2 15,443.9 15,492.7 48.8
the MCCC of the power lines after PV integration is 17%. As 8371H 1.0099 1.0131 3.2 16,135.8 16,185.8 50
N-1 occurs, it increases to 25% (see Table VI). The relevant 8379H 1.0099 1.013 3.1 16,291.5 16,342.4 50.9
8380H 1.0098 1.013 3.2 16,252.7 16,303.5 50.8
results show that the system lines are not overloaded 8550H 1.0094 1.0125 3.1 15,444.5 15,493.3 48.8
following the PV connection, which reduces the line current Penghu Island
carrying rate, obviating the need to increase the capacity of Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)
distribution lines. Number Before After V (10-3) Before After I
TABLE VI 6901 -- -- -- 2,325.2 2,238.4 -86.8
COMPARISON OF THE MAXIMUM CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY (%) BEFORE 6991 -- -- -- 2,516.1 2,394.2 -121.9
AND AFTER THE LARGE-SCALE PV INTEGRATION BY CSS METHOD 7030 0.99462 0.9927 -1.92 -- -- --
Before After 7031 0.99369 0.9927 -0.99 -- -- --
PV connection
N N-1 N N-1 7032 0.99353 0.9927 -0.83 -- -- --
CTSP 31 46 17 25 7033 0.99292 0.993 0.08 -- -- --
Penghu Island 25 50 18 37 7034 0.99282 0.9934 0.58 -- -- --

Table VII shows the voltages of various buses around the

CTSP before and after the integration of 200 MW PV. The
table shows that PV connection slightly increases the voltage.
The fault current in the 161 kV system is lower than 50 kA
before or after 200 MW PV connection. Thus, a large-scale
PV integration does not influence the design of the system
protection. Table VII also presents the fault currents in
various buses before and after PV integration.
D. Connection of 20MW PV into Penghu Island
A 20 MW PV connection for Penghu Island is planned for
distributed integration at various buses. Table VIII lists the
available integration points. Table VIII also presents the
installed PV capacities at all integration points, as obtained by
the CSS. Table IX compared the results of system loss and
voltage variation with those obtained by the four methods,

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revealing that the CSS gives the lowest voltage variation 7037 0.469 7120 0.4
compared to other methods. 7131 0.684 7043 1.545
7087 0.691 7132 1.342
Integrating 20MW PV into the system reduces the MCCC
under normal conditions from 25% to 18%, and that under N- TABLE IX
1 from 50% to 37%, as indicated in Table VI. The system COMPARISON AMONG FOUR SIMULATION RESULTS
lines are not overloaded following PV integration. According Algorithm
Average PSO GA CSS
to fault current analysis, the fault current in the 69 kV system distributed
Loss (MW) 0.66 0.59 0.60 0.58
is lower than 40 kA before and after 20 MW PV connection. V (p.u.) 0.2678 0.2105 0.2098 0.2031
Therefore, the existing system protection is unaffected.
Figures 10 (a) and (b) plot the variations in frequency and
voltage with declining solar radiation from 1,000W/m2 to
0W/m2 at different rates (5s, 10s, 30s and 60s). Among the
four analyzed scenarios, the minimum frequency is 57.19Hz,
which triggers the first-stage low-frequency protective relay
(57.4Hz) and causes a blackout in some areas of Penghu.
However, the voltage fluctuation in the system is small.
Accordingly, the variation in large solar radiation does not
rapidly change the voltage but significantly affects the
frequency because the PV penetration is high approximately
30%. The frequency stability can be improved by starting up
additional generators to increase the spinning reserve of the
system.

(a)

(a)
(b)
Fig. 9. The variations of (a) frequency and (b) voltage in different
scenarios of solar radiation changes as 200MW PV integrated with CTSP.

TABLE VIII
PV INTEGRATION CAPACITY IN PENGHU ISLAND BY THE CSS
METHOD
CSS CSS
Bus Number Bus Number
(MW) (MW)
7134 0.141 7048 1.54
7029 0.73 7063 0.191
7059 0.129 7083 0.856
7110 0.475 7069 0.153
7089 0.557 7133 0.574
7045 0.235 7105 0.934
7040 0.988 7125 0.26
7034 0.921 7025 1.208 (b)
7094 0.135 7099 0.818 Fig. 10. The variations of (a) frequency and (b) voltage in different
7091 0.126 7054 0.207 scenarios of solar radiation changes as 20MW PV integrated with Penghu
7108 0.1 7057 1.138 area
7065 0.39 7081 1.505
7077 0.165 7118 0.393

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V. EFFECT OF LARGE-SCALE PV CONNECTION WITH LVRT

ON VOLTAGE DROP
Taiwan has not specified the PV LVRT in its grid code.
Nonetheless, as the proportion of PV capacity gradually
increases, the PV LVRT curve must be considered to ensure
the safe operation of the system. This study considers a severe
voltage drop to compare the effects of PV on stability with
and without LVRT capability, and the required LVRT curve
is assumed to be based on the E.on Netz, Grid Code [34]. The
integrated buses with PV generation in the CTSP and Penghu
Island are the same as in Table IV and Table VIII,
respectively.
Fig. 11. Frequency response without LVRT in CTSP system
A. PV with LVRT in CTSP system
The considered fault is a three-phase to ground that occurs
at bus 2171 and continues for 12 cycles. The simulation B. PV with LVRT in Penghu Island
assumes PV capacities of 200 MW. The differences between A three-phase to ground fault occurs at bus 6901 and
the main bus voltage drops and frequency variations with and continues for 12 cycles. The simulation assumes PV
without LVRT are examined. Table X shows the simulation capacities of 10 MW and 20 MW. Table XI presents the
results, which indicate that, when the PV system has LVRT simulation results, which indicate that the voltage drop is less
capability, the amplitude of the voltage drop is smaller than when the PV system has the LVRT function, especially with
when it does not, although the difference is very small. the higher PV capacity. However, when the PV does not have
the LVRT capability and disconnects from the system, the
TABLE X frequency falls considerably, as presented in Fig. 12(a), in
EFFECT OF PV LVRT ON THE DYNAMIC VOLTAGE (P.U.) IN THE
CTSP AS FAULT OCCURS IN BUS 2171 which the frequency valley is 59.68Hz when the PV has
case PV 200MW LVRT capability, but the frequency valley is 56.86Hz when
Observed bus with LVRT without LVRT PV does not have LVRT capability.
2171H 0 0 If the Penghu system is interconnected with 20MW PV
3521H 0.531 0.528 with no LVRT capability, the same fault causes an even the
5625H 0.627 0.623
frequency drop to 56.12 Hz, as presented in Fig. 12(b). The
5651H 0.559 0.556
5653H 0.594 0.591
frequency substantially decreases because energy output is
5655H 0.523 0.520 suddenly lost. Therefore, a system with a high proportion of
5657H 0.518 0.515 PV requires the LVRT capability to prevent a PV trip from
5659H 0.660 0.655 causing unstable frequency phenomena in the system.
5663H 0.593 0.589
5665H 0.579 0.576
TABLE XI
5667H 0.577 0.573
EFFECT OF PV LVRT ON THE DYNAMIC VOLTAGE (P.U.) IN THE
5669H 0.630 0.626
PENHGU SYSTEM AS FAULT OCCURS IN BUS 6901
5671H 0.575 0.572
cases 10MW 20MW
5685H 0.537 0.534
Observed bus with LVRT without LVRT with LVRT without LVRT
5693H 0.671 0.666
5777H 0.048 0.047 6901 0 0 0 0
6991 0 0 0 0
1101 0.429 0.405 0.519 0.477
When the PV has LVRT, it is not disconnected from the 1102 0.427 0.401 0.515 0.474
1103 0.426 0.401 0.516 0.474
system during the fault, and the PV can compensate for
1104 0.434 0.407 0.518 0.472
reactive power. When the fault is cleared, the system 1191 0.436 0.408 0.538 0.489
frequency returns to its original steady-state value. If the PV 1192 0.437 0.407 0.538 0.487
does not have LVRT, it is disconnected from the system 1193 0.445 0.414 0.533 0.486
during the fault, and the instantaneous frequency of the
system decreases slightly. The simulation results indicate that
the frequency drops to 59.92Hz, which is shown in Fig. 11.

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(a)
(b)
Fig. 12. Frequency responses with and without LVRT in the (a) 10MW
and (b) 20MW PV system as fault occurs in bus 1193.
With respect to voltage, the above analysis demonstrates
that the benefit that is provided by the LVRT is increased
voltage support during a grid fault - especially in Penghu
Island with its high PV penetration. Table XI shows that as
the PV installed capacity increases, the transient voltage
during the fault increases when the LVRT capability is
present. The frequency analysis also reveals that the LVRT is
important on Penghu Island. In Fig. 12, frequency is more
stable in the case with LVRT capability, but this finding does
not apply for the CTSP. The PV LVRT capability does not
significantly improve voltage drop during the fault because
the CTSP is connected to the strong Taiwanese grid. A typical
strong grid is characterized by a large short-circuit capacity
and sufficient reserve capacity. These properties affect the
voltage and frequency responses in the CTSP.
VI. DISCUSSIONS
While the penetration of PV continues to increase rapidly,
related challenges and possible resolutions deserve in-depth
investigation. The following content will address challenges
that are associated with PV integration and potential
resolutions. This section also elucidates the simulated effects
of PV integration on the grid.
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A. Challenges raised by PV integration
The challenges of large-scale PV integration include the
following.
Steady-state
Steady-state voltage rise
Thermal overload (congestion of lines or other
system elements)
Upstream reverse power flows (cause problems in
the coordination of protective devices)
Dynamic
Frequency or voltage instability caused by cloud
transient or grid faults
A reduction in system inertia and consequent
reduced frequency stability
Operating rules and system planning
Revision of grid code
PV generation forecasting
Required flexibility of PV inverter functions
Required flexibility of conventional power plants
Challenges associated with steady-state voltage and thermal
limits are normally faced in the initial stage of PV integration.
Inverters, on-load tap changers, and switched capacitors are
useful devices for mitigating the voltage-rise problem but
their response times must be considered. Re-conductoring of
the feeder with large conductors or re-configuring the
network by rearranging the load and PV power between
phases could solve the thermal load problem. Advanced
inverter functions, such as reactive power provision or active
power curtailment, become increasingly important. The
determination of the PV inverter size is also important.
Although the reactive-power support that is provided by PV
inverters is well accepted as a means of regulating voltage, it
puts more technical stress on the inverters, so most previously
established PV systems are controlled to maintain a power
factor of unity.
Numerous devices or controls, such as energy storage
systems, static compensators, PV inverter control or even PV
curtailment devices, should mitigate the problem of the
dynamic impacts of cloud transients or grid faults. For
example, several technologies for controlling PV inverters
have recently been developed to provide virtual rotating
inertia. Accurate PV generation forecasts can also mitigate
the impact of PV integration, by identifying possible grid
congestions, voltage violations, and flexibility requirements.
Generally, the dynamic responses of PV-based generation
systems and conventional thermal generators differ from each
other because of the associated control systems and inertia.
Distribution systems have evolved from load-dominated to
generation-dominated. Therefore, several standards or rules
for PV integration are continually revised. For instance,
numerous standards, such as IEEE 1547, German Standard
VDE-AR-N 4105, and Italian Standard CEI 0-21, require that
distributed generators should apply a power factor adjustment
to regulate voltage. VDE-AR-N 4105 also requires that DG
systems exhibit a LVRT function, which enables the
continued operation of PV inverter devices with a user-
specified voltage limit rather than their immediately
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disconnection from the grid. As PV penetration increases, the
dynamic behavior and the interaction of the PV generators
with power systems will be dominated by the characteristics
and control of the inverters.
B. Simulated impact of PV integration on grid
In this study, two systems with different characteristics
were analyzed. The PV system in the CTSP is connected to
the whole Taiwan grid. Therefore, the PV penetration in this
case is very small. Accordingly, the simulation results reveal
that its impact on voltage, frequency and stability is very
small. The system can operate reliably after a 200MW PV
system is integrated. If the PV integrated capacity increases
beyond 200MW, then thermal overload and voltage rise
problems would occur first. In contrast, the Penghu system is
a completely isolated grid. Therefore, high PV penetration
strongly affects frequency stability, and more attention should
be paid to the impact of PV integration on frequency. The
following three factors that influence frequency stability are
addressed herein.
1. Reduced system rotational inertia
The integration of, or replacement of traditional thermal
power plants by, PV systems reduces rotating inertia and may
reduce the dynamic stability of the system. Table XII presents
the results of the scenario-analysis for various rates of decline
of solar irradiance and PV penetrations, in which the solar
irradiance is assumed to fall from 1000 W/m2 to 0 W/m2.
Clearly, increasing PV penetration reduces inertia and
frequency stability. In this scenario analysis, the integrated
buses with PV generation in the Penghu Island are the same
as in Table VIII.
TABLE XII
THE MINIMUM FREQUENCY WITH DIFFERENT PV PENETRATIONS
AND RATES OF CHANGE OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Penetration 5s 10s 30s 60s
5% 59.51Hz 59.72Hz 59.89Hz 59.94Hz
10% 59.01Hz 59.43Hz 59.78Hz 59.89Hz
20% 58.02Hz 58.87Hz 59.57Hz 59.77Hz
30% 57.10Hz 58.12Hz 59.27Hz 59.63Hz
2. Rapidly changing solar irradiance
The rate of change of solar irradiance affects frequency
stability. As shown in Table XII, if the rate of change is slow,
then the transient frequency minimum is near to the normal
operating frequency. However, if the rate of change is high,
then the transient frequency minimum falls to a low value,
reflecting low frequency stability. Close attention should be
paid to such a rapid change of solar irradiance, which may be
caused by cloud transients. Historical measurements in
several areas have revealed that short-term PV volatility can
reach high values in a very short time, and remarkable power
gradients will become more frequent in the future. Therefore,
the need for controllable power to balance the power system
frequency is going to rise.
The aforementioned sensitivity analysis demonstrates the
considerable impacts on frequency stability of various PV
penetrations and rates of change of solar irradiance.
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3. PV inverter trip out (with/without LVRT function)
In a system with high PV penetration, PV inverters cannot
trip out easily during a system fault. Therefore, the LVRT
requirement for PV inverters in a system with high PV
penetration is significant. Enabling the LVRT feature allows
the PV system to ride through the fault event, favoring the
restoration of the system to its original state immediately after
the fault is cleared.
With respect to the impact of PV integration on voltage,
Table XIII presents the transient minimum voltages for
various PV penetration levels that are associated with the
cloud transients. The results reveal that the voltage varies
slightly as the PV capacity increases; this effect differs from
that on frequency because frequency variation depends
strongly on system inertia.
TABLE XIII
THE MINIMUM VOLTAGE WITH DIFFERENT PV PENETRATIONS
AND RATES OF CHANGE OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Penetration 5s 10s 30s 60s
5% 0.9724pu 0.9727pu 0.9731pu 0.9733pu
10% 0.9714pu 0.9721pu 0.9727pu 0.9730pu
20% 0.9701pu 0.9714pu 0.9723pu 0.9726pu
30% 0.9692pu 0.9709pu 0.9720pu 0.9723pu
As revealed by the simulation results (Tables X and XI),
when a grid fault occurs, the PV system without the LVRT
function is disconnected from the grid, causing a larger
frequency drop than in a system with the LVRT function;
however, the difference is not significant.
C. Penetration study with the worst case scenario
This work is mainly concerned with the effects of PV
integration on the two analyzed systems. The penetration
study considers many scenarios and the maximum allowed
PV capacity cannot be represented simply as a specified value.
Different systems have different characteristics and issues.
For example, Penghus power system is a diesel-renewable
hybrid system but Taiwans power system includes various
generators, including coal, gas, and oil-fired generating units.
Accordingly, the generators in both systems differ in terms of
flexibility, affecting the results of the penetration study.
Additionally, the R/X ratio of lines in distribution systems
typically exceeds that in transmission systems, so PV
variation can have a comparable effect on grid voltage.
Traditional offshore island power systems, such as
Penghus system, include fewer generators than large systems,
each with a higher individual capacity, usually resulting in
high off-peak penetration of each generator. When a
contingency event occurs or renewable energy generation
varies sharply, the transient frequency drop of the system is
likely to trigger the under-frequency shedding relay.
Accordingly, frequency stability is a major concern in relation
to small offshore island power systems, and the maximum
penetration is determined by it. A penetration study of the
Penghu power system herein considers the effect of solar
irradiance and PV tripping on frequency stability.
1. Effect of sudden change of solar irradiance on frequency
stability
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The effects of cloud transients on the systems frequency
and voltage warrant close examination. To examine the
impact of the change of irradiance on the frequency stability
of the Penghus system, the solar irradiance is assumed to fall
from 1000 W/m2 to 0 W/m2 in 5s, representing the worst case
for PV variability. The purpose is to find the maximum PV
penetration above which the system may become unstable or
require some load shedding. Figure 13 plots the frequency
response during the change of irradiance. If the installed PV
capacity is 16MW (23.59% penetration) or 20MW (29.41%),
then the specified change in irradiance in 5s would cause a
frequency drop to 57.67 Hz or 57.19Hz, respectively. When
the PV penetration is 26.32%, the frequency nadir is 57.4Hz,
which is the first-stage under-frequency load shedding
frequency. Consequently, the critical PV penetration in this
case is 26.32%. However, if the ramp-down time of the solar
irradiance is extended from 5s to 30s, then the transient
frequency drop during this period would not be severe. Figure
14 plots the frequency response during the change of
irradiance. The above simulation considers the effect of solar
irradiance on the frequency stability.
Fig. 13 Frequency response during the change of solar irradiance in 5s
Fig. 14 Frequency response during the change of solar irradiance in 30s
2. Effect of tripping out of PV on frequency stability
The sudden loss of all available PV power is quite likely
owing to grid faults or voltage sags. Therefore, the worst-case
scenario is simulated by assuming that the PV generator trips
out. If the PV penetration is high, then the frequency nadir
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(minimum transient frequency fmin) after the contingency
would be low. The frequency nadir is determined by the
operating system parameters, such as inertia, spinning reserve,
generator flexibility, number of online units and other
variables. Figure 15 plots the frequency responses in different
scenarios. For instance, when 12MW, 13.5MW or 15MW PV
trips out at 5s, the frequency nadir is 57.68, 57.4, or 57.13Hz,
respectively. Consequently, as the penetration increases, the
impact of PV tripping on the frequency stability also
increases. The maximum PV penetration in this case is
19.85%. If the PV penetration exceeds 19.85%, then the
system operators have to curtail PV generation or shed load if
PV tripping occurs.
From the above simulations, it is obviously that the
maximum PV penetration depends on different operating
scenarios; it cannot be represented simply as a specified value.
Fig. 15 Frequency response when the PV trips out
Factors other than frequency stability also influence the
maximum PV penetration of a power system; they include the
steady-state voltage quality and thermal limits of grid
elements and other factors related to dynamic stability (such
as voltage stability, rotor-angle stability, and others).
Therefore, both steady-state and dynamic penetration limits
must be considered in a penetration study. As the share of PV
generation increases, the stability and security of the power
system become more important. Furthermore, the flexibility
of existing power generators (in terms of the minimal and
maximum power production, ramp rate and other factors), the
dispatch of existing synchronous generators, the accuracy of
renewable power forecasts, the use of static or dynamic load
models, the demand response strategy, the capacity of energy
storage systems, the size of the reserve, and even the
technologies for controlling renewable energy generation
(such as inertial emulation) affect the maximum PV
penetration. Additionally, the maximum penetration or the
allowed PV integration at each bus varies over time and is
non-uniform across the targeted region, in which some areas
have a high allowed PV capacity while others have a low
capacity.
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VII. CONCLUSIONS
An impact study to identify the potential problems of PV
integration and support system modifications becomes
increasingly critical, as more PV generation capacity is
connected to the grid system is Taiwan. This work analyzed
the impacts of connecting Central Taiwan Science Park and
Penghu Island. The steady-state maximum current carrying
capacity and voltage variation, as well as dynamic system
performance, are studied. Additionally, the charged system
search is employed to obtain the optimal PV installed
capacity on each chosen bus. The objective function
minimizes transmission loss under the relevant constraints.
New systems, consistent with future expansion scenarios, with
large-scale PV connections are also analyzed.
Simulation results show that increasing PV capacity
considerably influences power flow, voltage variation, short-
circuit current and dynamic system behaviors. For instance,
increasing the PV capacity to 20MW in Penghu Island would
have a large impact on system stability. Additionally, the
effects of PV units with or without LVRT capability on
system stability are analyzed. Analytical results indicate that,
although LVRT capability does not markedly improve voltage
stability, it can help prevent PV devices from being tripped
offline owing to the system voltage drop. Since a PV trip
when PV penetration is increased would cause a severe drop
in dynamic frequency, resulting in load shedding, in a system
with high PV penetration, the LVRT functionality must be
provided to maintain system stability.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support
by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan
under Grant NSC 104-2221-E-194 -031 -.
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