Unidad 1: So, what's your deal?

Tema 1. Welcome to CEOLS.

GRAMMAR
ENGLISH TENSES

Simple present Present Present perfect Present

continuous perfect
continuous
Meaning 1: Habitual, Meaning 1: The Meaning 1: The Meaning 1:
regular action in the action is going on action has just The action has
present. right now. ended. lasted for
Time Time Time some time by
expressions:usually; expressions: expressions:alread now and is still
every day; often; now; right now; y; just; yet. going on.
sometimes; rarely; at the moment. Examples: He has Time
never. Examples: You already done it. I expressions:
Examples: I usually are reading this have just seen for an hour;
work till seven material now. I'm him. for a week; for
o'clock. I often talk writing a letter at Meaning 2: five years; all
to him on the phone. the moment. Reporting how day; since.
He visits them Look! Anton is things have Examples: He
sometimes. playing the piano. developed by now. has been
Meaning 2: Stating a Meaning 2: The Time expressions: sleeping for
fact, general truth, action is going on by now; so far; two hours
state or condition. at the present never; ever; already. She
Examples: He lives in period of time several times. has been
Moscow and works at (but not at the Examples: So far, working as a
a bank. He plays the moment of he has read five teacher since
piano quite well. Her speaking). books. He has she graduated
house is very small. Time never been there. from college.
The sun rises in the expressions: Meaning 3: The How long have
east. now; at present; action has lasted you been
today; this year. for some time by waiting here?
Examples: She is now. Meaning 2:
 writing a new Time expressions: The action has
novel now. He is for a year; since; been going on
studying German lately. lately.
this year. Example: He has Examples: All
lived here since of them have
1995. been working
very hard
lately. I have
been thinking
about starting
my own
business. We
have just been
talking about
you.
Note: Simple present Note: Present Note: Present Note: Present
can replace the continuous can perfect may perfect
simple future with replace the replace the continuous in
the meaning simple future present perfect Meaning 2 is
"according to with the meaning continuous for the often used
schedule, timetable". "preplanned action that has without time
Examples: The ship action". lasted for some expressions.
arrives next week. Examples: I'm time by now. Example: It
He works tomorrow. going to leave Example: He has has been
tomorrow. I am worked in this raining hard,
leaving tomorrow. company for ten and the ground
years. is still wet.
Note: Simple present Note: Stative Note: Present Note: Stative
is used instead of the verbs "know, perfect is used verbs "know,
present continuous understand, instead of the understand,
with stative verbs. remember, like, present perfect remember,
Examples: I see a love, hate, want, continuous with like, love,
little boy. I see, hear, seem, stative verbs. hate, want,
understand what you look", etc., are Examples: She has see, hear,
mean. generally not known them for six seem, look",
used in the years. She has etc., are
continuous loved him all her generally not
 tenses. life. used in the
continuous
tenses.
Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect
continuous
Meaning: The action Meaning: The Meaning: The Meaning: The
happened (started action was going action happened action lasted
and ended) in the on (1) when before another for some time
past. another past past action or before another
Time action happened before some point past action or
expressions:yesterda or (2) at some of time in the past. before some
y; last week; last point of time in Time expressions: point of time
year; in 1995; in the past. by the time; in the past.
2009; two hours ago; Time before; after; by Time
four years ago. expressions: 1998; by expressions:
Examples: I saw him while; when; at yesterday; by last by the time;
an hour ago. He five o'clock Sunday. before; after;
came back last yesterday. Examples: By the by yesterday;
Friday. She went to Examples: When time he returned, by 2005; for
the theater he came in, I was she had already two hours; for
yesterday. They reading a letter. left. He left only a long time.
visited London in We were after he had Examples: By
2009. watching TV at finished his work. the time he
three o'clock returned, I had
yesterday. been working
for six hours.
By 2006, he
had been living
there for
twenty years.
Note: Simple past is Note: Simple past Note: Past perfect Note: Past
used for completed is used instead of may replace the perfect is used
past actions, the past past perfect instead of the
including past actions continuous with continuous for the past perfect
that lasted for some stative verbs. action that lasted continuous
time or happened Example: She for some time with stative
one after another. looked tired when before another verbs.
Example: He sold I saw her at the action in the past. Example: She
cars for two years, party yesterday. Example: By the had known him
and then he quit his time he returned, I for five years
job and began to had worked for six by the time
write novels. hours. they got
married.
Simple future Future continuous Future perfect
Meaning: The action Meaning: The Meaning: The
will happen in the action will be action will happen
future. going on (1) when before another
Time another future future action or
expressions:tomorro action happens or before some point
w; in a few days; (2) at some point of time in the
next week; in 2025; of time in the future.
in the future. future. Time expressions:
Examples: I think he Time by the time; by
will return next expressions: at 2035; by
week. I will probably three tomorrow; tomorrow; before.
see him in a few at this time next Examples: By the
days. We'll be home year; when. time I get there,
after eight. Examples: He'll she will have left.
be sleeping at By 2050, scientists
two o'clock. When will have found the
you come to the cure for cancer.
library, I'll be
sitting by the
central window.

VOCABULARY
a youngster
to set foot on a place
to be spotted by someone
a (free) (online) resource
a harbour
the staff
to research rewarding (results)
to commit to something
to engage (students)
a hands-on approach
to enable something
accuracy
a motto
to do something on behalf of someone
to comply with a requirement = to meet a requirement
a schedule
to get along with someone
to be in touch with someone
to miss someone or something

COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS
ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Could you tell me...?

Do you know...?
Do you happen to know...?
I'd like to know...
I'm interested in...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

I'm calling to find out...

I'm calling about...

Replying to a Request for Information

Informal

Sure

No problem.

Let me see ...

More Formal

I'd be happy to answer that.

It'd be a pleasure to help you.

Saying No

Informal

Sorry, I can't help you out.

Sorry, but I don't know that.

That's beyond me.

More Formal

I'm afraid I don't have the answer to that question.

I'd like to help you. Unfortunately, I don't have that information / don't know.

Tema 2. Australia and New Zealand.

GRAMMAR
Likely and unlikely

Likely and unlikely are adjectives. We use them to say that something will
probably happen or not happen in the future. We can use them before a noun, or
with the verbsbe, seem and appear:

What is the most likely outcome of the referendum?

It seems unlikely that inflation will fall below 3% this year.

We can follow likely or unlikely by a verb in the to-infinitive form:

The economy is likely to recover slowly after the long recession.

Are you likely to want this cardboard box or shall I throw it out?

The weather seems unlikely to change over the next few days.

Instead of unlikely, we can say not likely:

Zoes not likely to arrive before eight oclock. She doesnt finish work till seven.

We can also follow likely and unlikely by a that-clause with will. This pattern is
less common than likely/unlikely + to-infinitive:

It is likely that there will be a general election next year. or There is likely to be
a general election next year.

It seems unlikely that space travel for ordinary people will become common in
the near future.

We can use adverbs such as very, quite, highly and extremely before likely and
unlikely to make their meaning stronger:

The government is very likely to propose changes to the income tax system soon.

I think its highly unlikely that shell get into university with the test scores she
has.

We can compare how probable different things are using likely and unlikely with
as as, more, (the) most, less and (the) least:

Steve is as likely to get the job as Dora. Theyre both very well qualified.

People are more likely to take climate change seriously if they can understand
the economic consequences for their own lives.

Kevin is (the) least likely to want to get married of all his friends.

In American English, and more and more in British English, likely is used as a mid-
position adverb (like probably in British English), most commonly between will and
a main verb:

The new regulations will likely result in many people losing their jobs.

VOCABULARY

to fasten your seatbelt (literal/figurado)

a laid-back lifestyle
above/below sea level

a tiny portion of

to settle somewhere

quirky

To catch someones attention

to be likely: Its likely that I leave my job. Monday is likely to be my last day.

currency exchange

a highway

To be widely available

to work out the meaning of a word

to be familiar with a word

in order to + infinitive: Im saving money in order to buy a car.

so that: I need a car so that I can drive to work.

to have a devastating impact on something

COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS

Using Commas
1. Use a comma to indicate a break or pause within a sentence.

Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft, is the developer of the operating system known as
Windows.

2.Use a comma when listing three or more items in a series.

The fruit basket contained apples, bananas, and oranges.

3. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives describing a noun.

Here are examples of correct and incorrect comma usage when it comes to
separating adjectives:

CORRECT: The powerful, resonating sound caught

our attention.
INCORRECT: The powerful, resonating, sound
caught our attention.

4.Use a comma to separate a larger geographical area from a smaller one

located within it.

Here are two examples of correct comma usage when it comes to naming
geographical areas:

I am originally from Hola, Tana River County,

Kenya.
Los Angeles, California, is one of the largest cities
in the United States.

5. Use a comma to separate an introductory phrase from the rest of the

sentence. Here are two examples of sentences with introductory phrases
separated from the rest of the sentence by commas:

After the show, John and I went out to dinner.

On the back of my couch, my cat's claws have
slowly been carving a large hole.

6. Use a comma to separate two independent clauses. Here are two examples
of sentences containing independent clauses:
 Ryan went to the beach yesterday, but he forgot
his sunscreen.
Water bills usually rise during the summer, as
people are thirstier during hot and humid days.

7. Use a comma when making a direct address.

Amber, could you come here for a moment?

8. Use a comma to separate a direct quotation from the sentence introducing

it. Here is an example of a direct quotation that requires a comma:

While I was at his house, John asked, "Do you

want anything to eat?"

Here is an example of an indirect quotation that does not require a

comma:

While I was at his house, John asked me if I

wanted anything to eat.

Clauses of purpose
We use certain clauses to show why somebody does something. These are called
clauses of purpose. They are introduced with the following words or expressions:

to + infinitive; David went out to buy a bottle of wine.

in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal); We were asked to say over in order to

finish the project.

so that + can/will used for a present or future reference; Heres my number so

that you can call me if you have a problem.

so that +could/would used for a past reference; We left early so that we would
be able to park close to the stadium.
in case + present tense present or future reference Take your hat in case it
gets too hot.

in case + past tense used for past reference We took an umbrella in case it
rained.

for + noun used to express purpose We went out for a pizza.

for + -ing used to express purpose and/or function of something This function
on the air conditioner is for reducing humidity.

Negatives
For negative purpose we use:

in order not to/so as not to + infinitive we walked in quietly so as not to wake

up the children.

prevent + noun/pronoun + from + ing I parked the car under a tree to prevent
it from getting too hot.

Tema 3. What do you do?

GRAMMAR

Future continuous Future perfect

Meaning: The action will be going on (1) when another future Meaning: The action will happen
action happens or (2) at some point of time in the future. or before some point of time in
Time expressions: at three tomorrow; at this time next year; Time expressions: by the time;
when. before.
Examples: He'll be sleeping at two o'clock. When you come to Examples: By the time I get the
the library, I'll be sitting by the central window. 2050, scientists will have found

VOCABULARY

EDUCATION
Degree
Career
Exams
cheat- Don't ever cheat on a test. It's not worth it!

examine - It's important to examine all the evidence when drawing a conclusion.

examiner - The examiner makes sure nobody at the test cheats.

examination - The examination should last three hours.

fail - I'm afraid I might fail the test!

get through - Peter got through to the fourth grade.

pass - Don't worry. I'm sure you'll pass the test

take / sit an exam - I had to sit a long exam last week.

retake - Some professors allow students to retake tests if they've done poorly.

revise for - It's a good idea to revise for any test you take by reviewing your notes.

study for - I need to study for a quiz tomorrow morning.

test - What time is your mathematics test today?

Qualifications

certificate - He earned a certificate in computer maintenance.

degree - I have a degree from the Eastman School of Music.

BA - (Bachelor of Arts) She earned her BA from Reed College in Portland, Oregon.

MA - (Master of Arts) Peter wants to take an MA in business.

B.Sc. - (Bachelor of Science) Jennifer is working on a B.Sc. with a major in biology.

Ph.D. - (Doctorate Degree) Some people take years to finish a Ph.D.

diploma - You can earn a diploma to add to your qualifications.

People

dean - Alan is the dean of faculty at that school.

graduate - He's a graduate of the local university.
head-teacher - You should speak to the head teacher.
infant - Some parents put their infants in day-care.
lecturer - The lecturer in law was very boring today.
pupil - Good pupils don't cheat on tests.
student - A good student takes notes during a lecture.
teacher - The teacher will answer any questions you have.
instructor - He's an instructor of computer science at the high school.
undergraduate - The undergraduate had a great time at college.

WORK

maternity leave
to take a day off
a demanding job
to be in charge of something
an increase in the number of something
a compulsory course
to receive a grant
to cheat in an exam
to study a degree
to develop your career
to get good grades/marks
an employer
to apply for a job
please find enclosed / please find attached
to succeed at something
to turn someone down = to reject someone
to be reliable to be unreliable
a letter of resignation
a permanent / temporary job

COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS
DESCRIBING
Order

First paragraph

At first sight: A primera vista

First: En primer lugar
First of all: Antes que nada
In the first place: En primer lugar
To start with: Para empezar

Second paragraph

In the second place: En segundo lugar

Second: Segundo
Secondly: En segundo lugar
Third: Tercero
Thirdly: En tercer lugar

Conclusion

Finally: Por ltimo

In conclusion: Para concluir
Lastly: Por ltimo
And eventually: Y finalmentE
Adding information

apart from: Aparte de

in addition: Adems
in addition to: Adems de
Whats more: Adems; lo que es ms
moreover: Adems
on top of that: Adems
besides: Adems
On the one hand: Por una parte
On the other hand: Por otra parte
and eventually: Y finalmente

Contrast

all the same: a pesar de todo

however: sin embargo
instead of: en vez de
in spite of / despite: a pesar de
nevertheless: no obstante
on the contrary: por el contrario
whereas / while: mientras
though / although: aunque

Reason

because of + noun: a causa de

due to + noun: debido a
due to the fact that + sentence: debido a que
for this / that reason: por esta / esa razn
owing to + noun: debido a
owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que

Result

as a result: como resultado

because of: a causa de
consequently: en consecuencia
so: por lo tanto
that's why: por eso, por esa razn...
therefore: por lo tanto
Expressing facts
actually: en realidad
as a matter of fact: de hecho
in fact: de hecho
really: en realidad

Tema 4. Malta.
GRAMMAR
The correct order of adjectives in English before a noun is:

Opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material.

VOCABULARY
Break: A short holiday
Excursion: A short visit to an interesting place.
Tour: A journey for pleasure where several different places are visited.
Expedition: A journey undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose.
Pilgrimage: A journey to a sacred place for religious reasons.
Trip: A short journey.
Voyage: A long journey involving travel by sea or in space.
Journey:an act of travelling from one place to another, especially when they are
far apart
Accommodation

A camp-site
A youth hostel
A self-catering flat
A bed and breakfast - a private home which takes in guests.
A guesthouse
A hotel
A spa
An inn

MORE TRAVEL VOCABULARY

Baggage
boarding pass
book a hotel
car rental
carry-on luggage
cruise
currency
documents (passport, visa)
e-ticket (electronic ticket)
guidebook
plane tickets
reservation
travel agent
travel brochure
Vaccinations
book a hotel.
Pack the suitcases.
peak season.
traveler's insurance
A package holiday
A connecting flight
A locker
If you lose something at an airport, you should check at the airport's lost-and-
found office.
Layover is the time you have to wait at an airport for your connecting flight.

ADJECTIVES FOR DESCRIBING A PLACE

Picturesque
Enormous
Cosy
Noisy
Luxurious
Historic
Bustling
Exotic
Dull
Overcrowded
Popular
Tiny
Touristy
Safe
Lovely
Cosmopolitan
Exciting
Breathtaking
 Lively
quaint

COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS

How to complain in a polite way

a. I'm sorry to have to say this but...
b. I'm sorry to bother you, but...
c. Maybe you forgot to...
d. I think you might have forgotten to...
e. Excuse me if I'm out of line, but...
f. There may have been a misunderstanding
about...
g. Don't get me wrong, but I think we should...
h. Excuse me, but there's a problem with...
i. I'm afraid I have to make a complaint. ...
j. I'm afraid there's a slight problem with...

How to accept, delay and reject a complaint

a. Oh dear, I'm sorry about that.
b. I wish it never happened.
c. I'm so sorry. I didn't realize.
d. I just don't know what to say.
e. I suggest you leave it with us and we'll see what we can do.
f. I'm afraid we can't help you at the moment. Could you leave your contact
phone number? We'll contact you soon
g. Well, I'm afraid there isn't much we can do about it actually.