PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF BUILDING

Planning of a building requires consideration of the following

1. Proper site selection
2. Proper orientation
3. Building bye laws

Orientation:
Orientation of building means setting the plan of the building and given its particular direction so that the
future occupants of the building enjoy gifts of nature such as air, sun, rain to the utmost extent and
obviate them when undesirable. Because of the surroundings of the site, proximity pf the street and other
factors such as privacy ands protection against the nuisance of noise and dust.
Grouping of various plan units, arranging adjusting them for particular aspect is not possible unless two
probable orientation is known.
Knowledge of orientation help us in adjusting the plan units for required aspect.
Aspect depends on conditions of Sun, Wind, rain, Climate
Orientation does not effect the plan but it effect the design.
Plan: Arranging of units from the available information.
Design: Giv1ng layout to what we have planed.
The orientation of the bu1ilding,. should be su1ch that it allows neither deficient amount of air and light to
enter building.
Need of Orientation. ~

We know that man's health and happiness are influenced directly by the environment. Fault housing
conditions cause poor health and spread of various disease.
Resistance to disease may be increased by living in fresh air and exposing the body to sun shine.
Proper orientation, of a house increases fresh air and Sun shine in the house and decrease possibility of
direct infection. .
Sun light is one of the most important aid to hea1th, It illumination which, helps in cleanness prevents &
accidents and facilitates good Vision.
It kills micro organisms, be1ng one of the most effective bacterial agent
It also causes chemical changes in the skin and blood and acts as a general tonic to heal-the Good sunlight
also promotes cheer and sense or well being. .
Sun shines inside a, house is desirable till it keeps 1nner surroundings of the room comfortable. When a
rooms starts becoming warms the heat. has to be reduced with out the reduction in light and closing the
windows.

Movement of Sun

The change of seasons is caused due to the earths axis being titled to the plane of revolution and due to this
Sun seems to more towards the north in summer and towards South in winter.
At 40 0 North Latitude (Kashmir)
June 22

March 22 & September 22

December 22

Sun rise Sun Set Above Horizon

June 22 N-E N-W 15 hrs
September 22 E W 12 hrs
& March 22
December 22 S-E S-W 9 hrs

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 1
Room used in day time should be placed on East & North
Bed Rooms- Provided in wind direction in summer West & South deep open Verandah
South & West facing rooms can be protected by Sun shades or Sun barkers

Guide Lines (Conclusions) to control Solar radiation

As per Indian Climate
1. Better to orientation facing East
2. West , Sun- Medium sized trees should planted in front of building
3. N-W, N-E - Small trees, Louvers (Sun exposer is short & cool)
4. S-E, S-W constant , Intense, Provide wide roof haggish
5. South side (Provide shaded by trees)

Hot Zone

N
Long Wall

Desirable
Not desirable Receive Sun Heat For Maximum Period Of Day

If the place is situated in clod zone the house has to be oriented in such a way, that it gets sun rays for
maximum period of the day
If the long axis of the building makes 300 with E-W direction ,it receives sun heat maximum duration.

W E
300

The roof slop is desirable 1.5 :1 to 2 :1

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 2
The sater come under this regions are Kashmir, hills of Punjab, Assam and Kerala, Himachal Pradesh,
Northern hill of U.P, Hilly region of Satpure in M.P, and Western Ghats of Karnataka, Goa and
Maharastra.

Climate
Hot Arid
1.Hot
Hot Humid
2.Cold
1.Hot Arid : (Dry arid zones or Hot dry zones)
e.g.: North India, Central India and places away from coast
Here the discomfort causing is Heat 400 C .Day temperature is more and humidity is less. Night time
temperature is also less
The variation of max and minimum temperatures will be more. In obviative sun heat we should wear
proper cloths.
1. In these areas the amount of heat entering into the building must be low. The building
should be oriented in such a way that long walls should face the direction which will have
minimum heat intake into the building during the hottest days of the year.
2. More shade should be provided by providing sum protecting devices. Paved areas should be
avoided as they reflect light and heat in the building (Lawns may be provided) .Low
humidity is also another discomfort causing element. To increasing humidity more water
areas must be provided (tanks , fountains etc).
3. Type of planning should be as comfort as possible and verandah should be minimum. All
rooms must be placed in wind ward direction.
4. The orientation of any building should be such that the heat intake is minimum during
summer.
5. Bed rooms must be provided in night time wind ward direction and living rooms in day time
wind ward direction.
6. Kitchen should be provided in day time shaded area.
7. Type of planning should be as compact as possible.

Generally courtyard type of planning may be adopted. They could acts as stack pf chimney so that heat will
group.

Passag

Munduva Logeli

a. Hollow or thicker walls or cavity walls are to be considered in these areas.

b. Sun protecting devices are to be used , E.g. Louvers, large over hangs. shaded trees.
c. Light colures are to used out side the building to reduce heat intake.
d. Opening should be smaller in order to admit light only and more than or equal to 10 %of the floor
area.
e. For roofs any false ceiling may be provided.

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 3
Hot Humid zones:
Heat and humidity are the two discomforts causing elements in these regions.
Generally winter are not that mush cool in these regions that of the Hot dry regions. Humidity caused
sultryness. If proper sir circulation is not there, then humidity is the higher discomfort causing element
than that of heat.
To reduce humidity-
1. Dehudifiers mat be provided or proper air movement must be created.
2. Large opening should be provided on leeward side and smaller openings on wind ward side , so that
we have a flume effect and movement increased. Better to have room to room thickness
3. Provide cross ventilation
4. Proper importance should be given to remove ventilated air
5. Floor and roof ventilators can be provided or provide French windows or lower sill levels.
6. Open planning is to be adopted with building shapes L, E, U, I 1
7. Large windows with sun protecting devices may be provided Windows openings should be around
25% of the floor area, large verandahs are to be provided,

ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE:
1. Humidity 2.Temperature 2.Air

Comfort conditions:
Humidity Should be at an optimum range, flow of air is to be given more importance where there is more
humidity. Humidity causes swatting (which is very uncomfortable especially during summer)
To reduce humidity de humidifiers or proper air movement may be created.
Humidity increase with increase of Temperature and vice versa

Temperature Body Temp- 37 0 C

Comfortable range: 20 -22 0 C
Temp 24.4 0C 27.7 0 C
Humidity 60 45%
< 190 C- Cold
> 230 C - Hot
Temperature depends on altitudes, at higher altitudes temperature will be less.
The human comfort zone is defined as the range in the interaction of air temperatures and the levels of
humidity and the air movement which combine to create a pleasant and healthy atmosphere for the in
habitats of buildings.

84 After using air conditioners the

82 Warm Zone temperature time difference should be
more than 15 0 F to 20 0 F
(Temperature) 0 F80

78 Human being have a higher tolerance to

76 Comfort Zone humidity in the comfort zone than the
high temperatures.
74
72 Cool Zone
Relative humidity is the amount of water
70 vapor in the air compared to maximum
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % amount that could be combined In the
Relation same volume at specific temperature.

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 4
Wind

Sl No Wind speed Effect

1 0
2 1-3
3 4-7
4 8-12
5 13-18
6 19-24
7 25-31
8 32-38
9 39-46
10 47-54
11 55-63
Clam, Smoke zone
Light air, smoke adrift indicates direction , sea will be vary fast
Light breeze, vanes begins to move , small wavelets (not breaking) will form
sea surface
Gentle breeze, leaves, small twinges constant in motion , crests of small
wavelets begin to break
Moderate breeze, dust, leaves ,loose papers raised up, numerous white caps in
sea
Fresh breeze, small trees begin to sway force of wind felt on body, moderate
waves in sea
Strong breeze, large branches of trees begin to sway, difficult to work steadily
, white caps everywhere in sea.
Near gale, whole tree in motion begin to sway, resistance felt when working
against rough sea heaps up
Gale, moderate high waves with greater length.
Strong gale, people blown by air gusts high waves with greater length
Storm. Structural damage.

Climate Ground treatment with Vegetation

If air at 330 C , then untreated ground will be at 430 C

and ground radiation will created uncomfortable
condition.

Air
Ground treatment with grass vegetation needs in
keeping interior cool breeze gives more shade, less hot
surrounding less light glaring surface

Breeze is cooled due to surrounding vegetation

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 5
Roof thickness and Treatment

49.4 0 C 40.0 0 C 38.35 0 C

Provide G.I, A.C sheets for pitched roof for reflection of sun rays, with tiles. Thick layer of mud over flat
roof.
46.10 0C 36.4 0C 28.89 0C
Concrete slab 50 mm 100 mm 200mm
Time lab 1 hr 25 m 2 hr 30 min 6hr

Time Lab =Time lab between upper and lower temperature of slab
Roof
Air gap

Air gap below the roof and wall create comfortable condition

Main climate regions of the World

Latitude Region Climate

N Polar 5 Polar Temperature low, precipitation in the
form of Snow
66 - 400 Artic Circle 4 Cool temperature Temperature and rainfall moderate
3 Warm Temperature
30 -23 Tropic of Cancer 2 Tropical Temperature high, scanty rainfall
5 0 0- 50 Equator 1 Equator Temperature high and uniform heavy
rainfall
23 - 30 Tropic of Capricorn 2 Tropical Temperature high , scanty rainfall
400 - 66 Antarctic circle 3 Warm Temperature Temperature and rainfall moderate
4 Cool temperature

S Polar 5 Polar Temperature low, precipitation in the

form of snow

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 6
Movement of SUN
Orientation Criteria for Indian Conditions

Summer Solstice 6
5 Tropic of Cancer
June 22nd 8
4 9 Sun 15 hr above Horizon
3 10
2 1 12 11

March 22nd and

September 22nd 6 8 E Equator
5 3 2 9
1 12 11 Sun 12 hr above Horizon
Winter 5 3 1 12 10 8
December 22nd 80 Tropic of Capricorn
70 Sun 9 hr above Horizon
60
50
40
30
20
10

Solar heat & humidity two most condition factors in design for Residential buildings

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 7
 India

Hot Arid Hot

(Dry) Humid
High relative humidity
Low summer in day time
N
North India West coast Orientation
Punjab E along S-E & N-W Facing S-W N
Haryana
Orientation along E & W E
Facing North

Central India N
1. East Coast Orientation
Along E-S.E & W-N.W along S-E & N-W Facing S-W
Facing N-NE E
N

N
2. Bengal
Orientation along E-W Facing South
E N
Delhi
E-W
E
Longer side make an angle 22 on E-W

Hilly regions
The winter more discomfort at hill stations. The orientation is such that more sun rays should place on the
building in winter season. The living room should opened on the south and west receives the sun.

Entrance

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 8
The Indian meteorological dept regions the following four seasons of the Indian Year

1 Cool day Season
2 Hot dry day
3 General raising
monsoon
4 Seasons of
retreating South
West monsoon
January and February North East monsoon period
March to mid June, over heads sum moves towards the north and temp rises
,north east monsoon breaking down
Mid June to mid September, the south- west monsoon not fully establishes it
self over the whole of India and there is widespread & heavy rain. There is
also a drop in temperature.
Mid September to December, South West monsoon is breaking down.

As per S.I Kumar has arrived at certain conclusions regarding orientation of his investigations carried out
at the Railway testing Research center, Lucknow.

1. The exposure of the house to sun should be reduced by suitable orientation and by providing shady
trees or bushes on the sunny side.
2. Longer should be placed north and South and shorter walls to East and West so that the minimum
area should be exposed to the rays of the sun which fall almost normal on walls during morning and
evening.
3. The sun is very hot in summer and low in winter. For the prevention of heat by providing sun
shades or sun breakers.
4. As hot climate it is essential to have verandah
For east facing , South facing Provide Verandah
For west Provide Verandah
For north- should not Provided- which reduce the internal say light.
5. On hot and humid areas the orientation is governed by the direction of the breeze.

Dept of Civil Engineering, Mahaveer Institute of Science &Technology, Bandlaguda, Vysapuri,Hyderabad-500 005 Page 9