EFFECTIVENESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PANTAWID

PAMILYA THROUGH THE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT SESSION IN THE

MUNICIPALITY OF LAUREL, BATANGAS; Basis
for Program Institutionalization and Poverty Reduction

In partial fulfillment of the course

THESIS

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Sta. Mesa, Manila

Prepared by:

BARBARA M. MACARAIG, RSW

Master in Public Administration

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

1.1 INTRODUCTION
 The Family Development Session of the Pantawid Pamilya Program is one

of the program conditions that other countries with Conditional Cash Transfer do

not have and that goes beyond improving the economic aspect of the Pantawid

beneficiaries. The program is a human development approach which focus on

values formation considering of the emerging problems in the community. This is

to improve the health, nutrition and education of children aged 0-18 which is

expected to lift millions of people from poverty.

In less developed countries like Philippines, the cash grants from the

government become necessary as it operates as a means for the poor to

alleviate their adverse condition. But, in exchange of it, Family Development

Session became a tool of educating the beneficiaries as it is intended to furnish

the recipients with knowledge and skills that are important to their everyday lives

where it seems do not have or less.

Breaking intergenerational poverty cycle is not easy as perceived by other

people considering the government and the implementers are investing in the

health and education of childrens beneficiaries due to emerging problems in our

country such as gender bias, increasing number of mortality rate, unimproved

maternal health care and unachieved universal primary education.

Filipinos were tired of hearing promises from different government officials

and politicians in relation to their personal improvement and community

empowerment but still, to no avail. Still, filipino poor families are in vain. Still,

many people are saying they could not feel the efforts of the government related

to poverty alleviation inspite of so many programs that the government thoughts it

will helps them. People sometimes tends to put the blame into government.
However, does they did their part as a filipino? Do they take their part in nation

building? Do they make actions in achieving their goals in life?

Poorest of the poor are the vulnerable sectors in our country and in the

community where they are belonging to. They re, oftentimes, contented on what

they have at present and without thinking of the future. They are complaining how

hard life is but, they are not doing anything on it or sometimes, doing something

but, lacking motivation resulted to unimproved situation.

In line with the situation above, the researcher sought to investigate this

study to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of Pantawid Pamilya

program through Family Development Session as basis for program

Institutionalization and Proverty Reductionn of the Municpality of Laurel Batangas

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Conditional Cash Transfer program is a government program

that aims to alleviate poverty. In the Philippines, the CCT is known locally as

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), which was formally launched by

former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in November 2008 but was already

implemented as early as January 2008. Under the program, the poorest families

nationwide will be the beneficiaries of the program. In 2010, President Benigno

Aquino III opted to continue the program despite the protest against it by no less

than his allies in the Congress. The Pantawid Pamilya program has so far

benefited more than one million families already. It has a budget of P10 billion in

2010, and was later on increased to P21.9 billion in 2011. In a effort to combat

poverty in the Philippines, Arroyo launched the project in 2009. It was originally

conceptualized way back in 2006 which were still known as the National Sector
Support for Social Welfare Development Program (NSS-SWDP) before being

renamed to its present one.

The Pantawid Pamailya, thus, became the flagship project of the Arroyo

administration in poverty reduction and social development by providing cash

grants to the poorest of the poor families. The Department of Social Welfare and

Development (DSWD) was assigned to implement the program. It has an

objective which is to break the intergenerational poverty cycle through

investments in human capital by providing Family Development Session (FDS)

with the Pantawid beneficiaries at least once a month. The goal of this project is

to support the government thrusts to educate the beneficiaries and eventually

break the poverty cycle. Moreso, the study aims to help parent better understand

her/himself as a person and as a parent provide the importance of good nutrition,

proper hygiene and good health habits.

The Pantawid Pamilya program, has several conditions that need to

comply by the target beneficiaries in terms of health and education. However, the

main core of the program is the Family Development Session not the cash

being extended to poorest family whom are members of the program. The Cash

Grant is only a grant which is not enough for their basic needs; it is only a support

for their beneficiaries health and education upliftment. However, what is

important in this program is the value formation being discussed and teach during

every Family Development Session. Once the beneficiaries were molded their

values, they will be able to become responsible enough in every aspect of their

family situation.
 The Family Development Session takes a big role in this

implementation to ensure that every family shall improve their lives and being

responsible enough in complying with the conditions of the program.

With this, the Family Development Session (FDS) sees the household

grantees and parents to have most crucial role in achieving transformation and

development of the family.

Laurel, officially the Municipality of Laurel (Filipino: Bayan ng Laurel), in

the province of Batangas in the Calabarzon (Region IV-A) of the Philippines. The

population was 39,444 at the 2015 census. [3] In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 22,020

registered voters.

Laurel had been part of Talisay, its current neighbor town. The town used to

be known as Bayuyungan. On May 25, 1961, the town of Talisay was divided into
two municipalities, and the new town was renamed "Laurel" after Miguel Laurel,

known as the first Laurel in the Philippines and a longtime patriarch of the place.

Thereafter, the Municipality became prosperous and progressive with a total

area of 7,129.29 hectares envisioned for AGRI-ECO-TOURISM.

Such is the brief history of how a known Barrio Bayuyungan long aspiring to

have a government of its own by being an independent town, is now popularly known

as the MUNICIPALITY OF LAUREL.

It is bounded on the east by Taal lake, north west of the municipality of Talisay,

on the north by Tagaytay City, Northwest by municipality of Nasugbu, on the west by

Municipality of calaca, Southwest by Municipality of Lemery and South by

Municipality of Agoncillo. It is located at 1403N 12054E. According to the

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the municipality has a land area of 71.29 square

kilometers (27.53 sq. m). It has the total of 39, 444 numbers populations as of 2015.

It is divided into 21 barangays. Barangay Balakilong is the largest number of

population of Laurel consist of 4,118.

1.3 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

The study is to find some theories which can be of used in how this Pantawid

Pamilya Program works and how it will be a help in attaining human development

through Family Development Session, to wit;

 The Developmental Function of Social Welfare is a function recognizes the

need for a variety of social services for all those in society that require opportunities

to develop their capacity to perform productive roles and achieve and maintain a

standard of well-being. Since problems are rooted in the social structure as well as

maybe found in individuals, emphasis is on planned social change and the provision

of essential resources that support and enhance social functioning as well as on

such adjustment services as counseling and therapy. It is a front-line function in

society that recognizes its positive, collaborative role with other major societal

institutions working toward a better society.

Pantawid Pamilya is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program which

provides cash to beneficiary households, subject to compliance with program

conditionalities. The Pantawid Pamilya is targeted at chronic poor households with

children aged 0-14 years who are located in poor areas. The cash grants range from

P500 (US$11) to P1,400 (US$32) per household per month, depending on the

number of eligible children. To qualify for the grants, beneficiary households must

undertake certain activities that are meant to improve the childrens health and

education such as visiting health centers regularly, sending the children to school,

and undertaking preventive check-ups for pregnant women. Like most CCT

programs, the Pantawid Pamilya aims to alleviate current poverty by supplementing

the income of the poor to address their immediate consumption needs, while the

conditionalities can help improve human capital and thus break the intergenerational

cycle of poverty.

The Pantawid Pamilya is central to the Philippine governments poverty

reduction and social protection strategy. In recent years, several countries

have adopted the CCT program as a new approach to providing social assistance

to the poor. Many countries in Latin America have such a program, and large-

scale CCT programs are also being undertaken in Asian countries such as

Bangladesh and Indonesia. In the Philippines, the Pantawid Pamilya started as a

pilot program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) in

2007 when the agency was embarking on social sector reform. Today, the

program is seen more broadly as a vehicle for enhancing coordination within the

government in assisting the poor and for increasing the effectiveness of social

protection programs. The Pantawid Pamilya does this by complementing supply

side interventions of other line agencies such as the Department of Education

(DepEd) and Department of Health (DOH) in addressing lagging human

development outcomes.

Localized Social Reform Agenda is generally a local problem best dealt

with using local solutions. Localizing the Social Reform Agenda means translating

its policies and programs into area-based, sector-sensitive interventions will

respond to peculiar poverty issues managed by local governments in partnership

with civil society. Localization also requires the implementation of convergence or

the synchronization of the delivery of programs and resources to poorest priority

areas and target marginalized groups.

Localized Social Reform Agenda focuses-target by area (prioritizing 5 th

and 6th class municipalities and convergence areas such as agrarian reform

communities, and urban poor resettlement sites) and by sector (segregating

poverty incidence and the magnitude according to basic sector). Its policies and

programs synchronizes national and local policies identifying and resolving

operational gaps in policy-program interface, and strengthening national program

complementation of local anti-poverty initiatives. It allocates and utilizes local,

national and international resources available for anti-poverty programs for

priority areas and sectors, and creating transparency and accountability in

resource management. It also maximizes the utility of existing networks,

enhancing venues for collaboration and consensus, and establishing definite

accountabilities among key stakeholders for social reform at all levels.

Since its inception in 2007, the Pantawid Pamilya has expanded at a

rapid pace and now covers about 30 percent of the Philippines eligible

poor households. Following the pilot program conducted at the end of 2007in

which the household targeting system and basic operation of the Pantawid

Pamilya were testedthe Pantawid Pamilya was scaled up in March 2008 as a

response to the food and fuel price shocks and global financial crisis. The

Pantawid Pamilya has undergone two more phases of expansion since then. By

January 2011, the program had about 1 million beneficiary households, making

the Pantawid Pamilya one of the largest social protection programs in the

Philippines. The massive scale-up was made possible by pooling resources from

the government and the World Bank. The World Bank and Australian Agency for

International Development (AusAID) provided considerable technical assistance.

Subsequent phases have also been supported by the Asian Development Bank

(ADB) in coordination with the Government, World Bank, and AusAID. In 2011,

the Pantawid Pamilya aims to cover 2.3 million beneficiary households, or almost

60 percent of the poor households in the Philippines. The program has budgetary

support of P21 billion, or about 60 percent of DSWDs budget, for 2011.6

 The Pantawid Pamilya helps to fulfill the countrys commitment to

meeting some of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). These MDGs

include: eradicating extreme poverty, achieving universal primary education,

promoting gender equality, reducing child mortality, and improving maternal

health. Government estimates indicate that 26.5 percent of the population was

living below the poverty line in 2009, which was lower than the baseline figure of

33.1 percent in 1991 but still far from the target of 16.6 percent by 2015. Progress

in achieving MDG targets in education and health has also been slow. In 2008,

the net enrollment ratio in primary education was 85.1 percent, and only 75.4

percent of those in school were able to start Grade 1 and reach Grade 6. The

number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births was 162 in 2006, more than

three times the target of 52.3, while only 79.2 percent of one-year-old children

were immunized against measles in 2008.

The Basic Needs Model/ Approach is the emergence of the basic needs

model in the 1970s was occasioned by hard data evidencing growing economic

inequality within Third World countries and by the perception that policies of

distribution with growth might not redound to the welfare of the poor living in

absolute poverty. In 1976, the International Labour Organization (ILO) gave

impetus to the perspective by enjoining all countries to give priority to the basic

needs of their population, defining basic needs to include minimal consumption

requirements needed for a physically healthy population, certain minimal

standards of access to public services and amenities, access by poor to

employment opportunities to enable them to achieve target minimum income, and

the right to participate in decisions that affect their lives. The object of

development is equity and the improvement of the quality of life.

It prioritizes primary requirements to ensure that the basic needs for

survival, security, and enabling needs of the individual, family and community are

attended to. It seeks to maximize the use of the resources to secure common

targets and provide a basis for convergence or area-based management. The

MBN is being operationalized through Local Government Units (LGUs).

The application of the Minimum Basic Needs or MBN is aimed at

improving the quality of life of the family and the community. This is indicated by

reduced poverty, morbidity, mortality, assault against person and property, and by

improved literacy and community participation. Achievement of MBN is guided by

such values as empowerment, indigenization, equity and sustainability.

DSWD takes the lead in implementing the Pantawid Pamilya, with

support from key agencies and local partners. With the creation of the

Pantawid Pamilya in 2007, the government formalized institutional arrangements

among the agencies involved. DSWD works in partnership with key agencies

such as DOH, DepEd, Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG),

and Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) which help ensure the availability of

health and education services as well as provide necessary support services in

the targeted areas. DSWD created the Pantawid Pamilya National Project

Management Office (NPMO), which handles the day-to-day operations of the

program with assistance from Regional Project Management Offices (RPMO) and

City/Municipal Links. DSWD also has support from local service providers such
as the school principals and midwives who have been designated to oversee and

ensure proper verification of compliance to conditionality.

Indigenous Development Philosophy, Approach and Strategy. A

democratic system of economic and development planning, involving peoples

participation and oriented towards independent policies should be instituted. This

will ensure that planning is maximally informed and that people will be motivated

to participate in the process of development.

Development must be people-centered; hence, the human

development principles and prescriptions of the United Nations Development

Plan must be upheld. The fulfillment of basic needs and the development of

human capabilities should, therefore, receive preferential attention. The

reasoning is that people cannot participate in the process of development if they

are tied down by the problems of survival, and unless they are fully capacitated.

1.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The FAMILY DEVELOPMENT SESSION as part of beneficiarys health

condition is the main tool of the program in meeting such conditionalities through

VALUES FORMATION. The FDS aims to promote, empower and nurture the

families towards strengthened capacity to meet family and parental

responsibilities through the conduct of neighborhood-based family psycho-

educational activities for the household beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino program. It aims to enhance and acquire new skills and knowledge of
household grantees and parents in responding to their parental roles and

responsibilities particularly on the health and nutrition, education and

psychosocial needs of children, promote positive family values, and strengthen

family marital relationship to promote involvement, participation, volunteerism,

and leadership for strengthened community empowerment. Therefore,

It promotes and supports the Philippines Commitment to the UN Convention

of the Rights of the Child (CRC) through provision of helth, education and

other services as basic rights of children.

The program was patterned after the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT)

programs in Latin American Countries such as Mexico, Columbia and Brazil

which have been proven successful as a poverty reduction and social

development measure.
PROGRAM GOALS:

SOCIAL ASSISTANCE- To provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate

their needs (Short Term)

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT- To break intergenerational poverty cycle through

investment in human capital, i.e. health, nutrition and education (Long Term)
 The Philippines as a signatory to the Millennium Development Declaration

commits to achieve the Millennium Development Goals addressing reduction of

poverty and worst form of human deprivation such as eradicating extreme poverty

and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and

empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, ensuring

environmental sustainability, and developing global partnership for development.

Therefore, the concept of Family Development Session of Pantawid Pamilya

program being regularly implemented in the Municipality of Laurel, Batangas as one

of conditionalities that can be perceived by the beneficiaries as an effective

transmission of knowledge to them with regards to their pursuit in the alleviation of

the difficult condition especially in the familial setting. Likewise, an effective tool in

institutionalizing the program towards poverty reduction.

1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the Pantawid Pamilya

program of the Municipality of Laurel, Batangas through the Family Development

Sessions. Specifically, this sought to answer the following specific questions;

(a) What is the effect of Pantawid Pamilya Family Development Session in

terms of
1 Responsible Parenthood such as Education of Children,
2 Regular visit to health center
3 Increase of household income,
(b) Moral Recovery for Drug dependents and their family such as
1. Values formation
2. Spiritual counselling,
(c) How does the Family Development Session strengthen the implementation

of Pantawid Pamilya in terms of

1. compliance of the beneficiaries
2. Attendance to regular FDS
(d) How do the household beneficiaries attained the level of sufficiency in

terms of
1. Skills and livelihood
2. income
(e) What are the level of effectiveness and attainment of goal of Pantawid

Pamilyang beneficiaries of Laurel, Batangas

1. Health and nutrition of the household beneficiaries
2. Education of the student beneficiaries
3. Economic status of the household beneficiaries

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study focused on the Conditional Cash Transfer of the Department of

Social Welfare and Development which focus to the effectiveness in the

implementation of Pantawid Pamilya Program through Family Development Session

of the Municipality of Laurel as Basis for Program Institutionalization and Poverty

Reduction.

The respondents of this study were the members of Pantawid Pamilya in the

locality of Laurel, Batangas with a total number of 2,335 grantees from 21 Barangays
of Laurel. However, the results of this study were limited only to the effectiveness of

family development session in the Conditional Cash Transfer of DSWD in Laurel,

Batangas. The result of Social Welfare Indicator and beneficiaries compliance in

terms of Health, Education and FDS are the tools that can be used to measure the

effectiveness of this study.

1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study, which focused in assessing the effectiveness of the implementation

of Pantawid Pamilyang Program through Family Development Session in the

Municipality of Laurel, Batangas as basis for Program Institutionalization and Poverty

Reduction. specifically sought to benefit the following:

An estimated ______ children in the Philippines were not schooling and

_______ malnourished. It is the leading cause why incidence of poverty strikes

Philippines.It is a major cause of concern for Education and Health as it affects

the children grades and health condition. Much of the responsibility relies on each

parent particularly on a mother. Being a children caretaker, she is the first to

respond to their needs.

The main core of the program is the Family Development Session which is

under the health condition being implemented by the program. Through the

continuous education and value formation on a mother or her husband, parents is

expected to be a responsible to their children. If they became responsible enough

definitely, they will have a good vision in life and possibly uplift their living

condition. In other words, they will no longer depend on the Government support

as they will be able to stand on their own.

 1.9 - DEFINITION OF TERMS

4Ps - Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

CCT - Conditional Cash Transfer

DSWD - Department of Social Welfare and Development

ADB - Asian Development Bank

WB - World Bank

COMMUNITY- A group of people who have common interest and of sufficiently

similar backgrounds to a variety of medical, physical, social, economic and

cultural factors

HOUSEHOLD - Consists of a group of persons who sleep in the same dwelling unit

and have common arrangements for the preparation and consumption of food.

Usually it is consists of a related family group.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME - The collective salaries of all wage- earners in the

household; It should be defined in terms of a certain span of time like week, month or

year.

MALNUTRITION - Lack of necessary or proper food substances in the body or

improper absorption and distribution of them

ASSESSMENT systematic collection, review, and process of gathering and

discussing information from multiple and diverse sources in order to develop a deep

understanding of what the students know, understand and can do with their

knowledge as a result of their educational experiences. The process culminates

when assessment results are used to improve subsequent learning

FDS Family Development Session

HOUSEHOLD BENEFICIARY- a person that has been able to comply with all the

requirements to be granted with cash in Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM- focuses on issues of growth, development,

and behavioral change across the lifespan. It unifies and coordinates the excellent

research and teaching resources currently available on campus in this area and

profiles the factors that influence the ways in which humans develop and change.

NHTS-PR (National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction) - is an

information management system that identifies who and where the poor are in the

country. The system makes available to national government agencies and other

social protection stakeholders a database of poor households as reference in

identifying potential beneficiaries of social protection programs. The Department of

Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) spearheads the implementation of this

project.

POOR is a state in which a person has little or no wealth and a few or no

possessions. The money that he is earning is not enough for sustaining his needs

especially the basic needs.

POVERTY LINE- is a level of personal or family income defining the state of poverty

or below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

2.1 FOREIGN LITERATURE

Brazil is a decentralized federation and, while the definition of policy in the

case of CCTs pertains to the Federal Government, two important implementation

aspects are left to municipalities and states. The rest is the verification of

conditionality. The Federal Government in Brazil does not run primary schools or

primary health care centers, so it is up to the municipalities and states, particularly

the former, to verify compliance. Overall, they yield a loose control over

conditionality, although qualitative studies show that families overwhelmingly do

comply. The second crucial task is the primary identification of potential beneficiaries

and provision of information about them. Although information must be recorded on a

single Federal information form, it is up to municipal social workers to select potential

beneficiaries and all the information. In 2004 there were more candidates than

available benefits, although this situation has improved with the expansion of the

program. Since beneficiaries are selected solely upon income and social workers

know this, they also decide, in practice, who ultimately gets selected. The results we

will present suggest that social workers have been using wisely their discretion

margin in the selection process.

In Chile, Solidario was created in May 2002. It is a social protection system

targeted at people living in extreme poverty. The goal is to assist the 225,000

families living in extreme poverty (about 1.5% of the total population of 16 million

people). Families are invited to take part in this program on the basis of their score,

according to a standardized form, which generates a multidimensional index to rank

them. The higher the score the worse is the situation of the families regarding unmet

basic needs that are grouped into 4 major categories: housing conditions, education,

labor market insertion and income. Family support is delivered for two years, during

which time families are visited by a social worker {or a similar professional{ in order

to set up with them a plan to tackle the major problems faced by them in several
areas, ranging from domestic violence to access to public services, identification (id

cards) , health notions, and employment.

Besides the family support, beneficiaries also are entitled to A - po rte

Solidario or Bono de Proteccion a la Familia, a conditional cash transfer that lasts as

long as the family support does and is paid to females heading families or to the

female partner of the head. In order to receive the Bono de Protection, families have

to comply with the conditionality embedded in some actions that they must take in

order to achieve the agreed targets of the plan. The aim of the Bono de Protection is

to help the family to pay for a basket of goods, amenities and services that was

considered as the minimum below which a family could not be considered as socially

included. After 24 months, the family will continue to receive a financial support and

will have priority in the access to CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER IN BRAZIL,

CHILE AND MEXICO social protection programs or initiatives for another three years

to help them out of poverty. If the family meets the target before two years, it is

automatically excluded from the program by the social worker responsible for the

family. Additionally, households receive a food support transfer of $189 pesos ($24

PPP ) conditioned on attending training sessions on nutrition and health. The more

substantive transfer, though, is the scholarship given to children and young adults in

grades 3 to 12. Scholarships are conditional on school attendance and health check-

ups; schools certify the first while health clinics attest to the compliance with health

check-ups. For children in primary education, it goes up to $760 pesos ($98 PPP) for

females in grade 12. On the whole, a household can receive a maximum of $1,095

pesos ($141 PPP ) in scholarships if the household receives only scholarships for

students in primary and secondary education, but the ceiling is $1,855 pesos ($239
PPP) if the household includes students in medium-high education. Transfers for the

elderly started only in 2005 and are received directly by them.

Arthur E. Fink in his book, The Role of Social Work, captured the essence of

social administration in claiming that it is social work in an administrative setting and

not the administration in a social work setting which distinguishes the direction of the

social welfare agency from other kinds of enterprise. He further contends that the

social work administrator is committed to the values and objectives of social work.

He is responsible for nurturing the use of social work knowledge and skills for the

achievement of acceptable services. Theoretical and technical knowledge applicable

to administrative tasks respecting such matters as organizational processes, fiscal

operations and control, operational analysis and personnel administration are, of

course, essential prerequisites to successful social work administration. The most

effective social work administrator, however, is one who uses social works own rich

understanding and experience in human relationships in carrying out the

administrative duties necessary to ensure acceptable services professionally

acceptable purposes.

People with needs and problems are the concern of social welfare. Policies,

programs and services to meet needs and solve problems are made available as a

matter of right or entitlement, to enable people to grow, develop and realize their

potential to become participating and contributing members of society.

John M. Romanyshyn in his book, Social Welfare, defined the term social

welfare as the expression of the collective responsibility for dealing with problems in

society and a citizens right to at least the minimum provisions essential for well-

being and effective functioning in a society. There are also various definitions of
social welfare through the years that have been given in both local and foreign

books. These are focused on societal provisions to meet human needs and deal with

social problems of a changing society. The goal of social welfare is the general well-

being of people through the provision of laws, institutions, programs, and services to

support people who need them.

While the concept and scope of social welfare may vary in various countries,

the definitions most often quoted included the following:

Social welfare is defined by Walter Friedlander in his book, Introduction to

Social Welfare, as organized system of social services and institutions, designed to

aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and

personal and social relationships which permit them to develop their full capacities,

and to promote their well-being in harmony with the needs of their families and

community.

Another encompassing definition for understanding the concept is given by

Elizabeth Wickenden in her book, Social Welfare in a Changing World: the Place of

Social Welfare in the Process of Development, which considers social welfare as

including laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen

provisions for meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the

population and the better functioning of the social order. This provisions may be

directed toward (1) strengthening existing arrangements; (2) mitigating the hardships

or handicaps of particular individuals or groups; (3) pioneering new services; (4)

stimulating a better adaptation of the social structure, including the creation of new

programs as needed; or a combination of all these approaches to social needs.

 The National Association of Social Workers (U.S.) defines social welfare as an

institution that denotes the full range of organized activities of voluntary and

governmental agencies that seek to prevent, alleviate, or contribute to the solution of

recognized social problems, or to improve the well-being of individuals, groups or

communities (Zastrow1, 1989).

2.2 LOCAL LITERATURE

In 2007, the Philippines implemented a conditional cash transfer for the poorest

Filipino households. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4ps, which also

serves as the countrys version of CCT, is the central of the many poverty alleviation

tactics applied. Other current povrty deduction programs include the subsized health

insurance coverage, supplemental feeding program, the food for work program, rice

subsidy program, the self-employment assistance-Kaunlaran (SEA-K) and the kapit

bisig laban sa kahirapan - comprehensive Integrated Delivery of Social Service

(KALAHI - CIDSS) (Geron et al., 2011)

Global concern for the social concern of development has made human

development the core of the United Nation International Development Strategy for

the 1990s. Human development has been defined as enlarging peoples choices

(PIDS 2007)2. The choices include income, health, education, a good physical

environment, and freedom of action and expression. It emphasizes the need to

develop human capabilities, so that people can participate freely in social, political,

and economic decision making, and work more productively and creatively for

development. The basic principle is to put people at the center of development and

2
to focus on their needs and potentials. Economic growth is deemed to be essential,

but only as a means, not the end, of human development. For the Philippines, these

are the following components of human development: (1) Self-reliance, or the ability

to identify, develop and make full use of capacities; (2) welfare, or the adequate

provision of basic services; and (3) social justice, or the equitable distribution of

opportunities, income, and wealth.

A more recent conception of human development has extended its parameter

to the issue of sustainability, occasioned by the observed strains on the environment

due to indiscriminate and untrammeled economic activity of man, and by the notion

that future generations must be taken into consideration. Economic, fiscal, trade,

energy, agricultural and industrial policies should, therefore, be designed to bring

about development that is economically, socially and ecologically sustainable,

thereby fulfilling present needs without limiting the potential for meeting the needs of

future generations. The minimum requirements for achieving sustainable

development are: (1) elimination of poverty; (2) reduction of population growth; (3)

more equitable distribution of resources; (4) healthier, more educated and better-

trained people; (5) decentralized, more participatory government; (6) more equitable,

liberal trading systems within and among countries, including increased production

for local consumption; and (7) better understanding of ecosystems diversity, locally

adapted solutions to environmental problems, and better monitoring of environmental

impact of development activities.

The 1990 Human Development Report came up with the human development

index (HDI), which combines indicators of national income, life expectancy and

educational attainment, to give a composite measure of human progress. The HDI is

conceded to still need improvement, but the 1992 Report carries suggestions to

make the HDI gender-sensitive, income-distribution adjusted and environment

sensitive.

Accordint to Social Administration and Development: Unit I Related Theories

and Concepts- 1995, with the expand scope and coverage of social welfare and

social development institutions to meet the needs of the poor, marginalized and

disadvantaged sectors of society, the importance of social administration has been

highlighted. The demand for the social services has resulted in the expansion of

existing agency programs, along with the emergence of new services.

In the social welfare system, the devolution of services from the Department

of Social Welfare and Development to the local governments has multiplied the

service units so many times over, with each city and municipality requiring a

complete program for social service delivery. Each program is a microcosm or

replica of the Department program as it aims at servicing families, the youth,

children, the disabled, women, the community and the people affected by disasters.

Each service unit is supervised by a head social worker who should have the

required administrative capability. Meanwhile, there is a demand for more people for

administrative positions in retained institutions and special programs with new areas

of service to meet emerging needs.

Likewise, the non-government sector, which has grown in its role partner of

government at the local, regional and national levels, are equally in need of trained

people for administrative positions.

 Social work practice has also extended to the social sectors, including

schools, health agencies, housing, agriculture, labor and industry. This expansion

has further increased the demand for trained people in administration to run the

programs where social work practice has been found essential to enhance

organizational goals. Greater demands for trained manpower for leadership positions

are expected as the country gets more industrialized by the year 200 and more.

Social welfare and social development directly affect the lives of more than

fifty (50) percent of the population, 55 to 70% of which are made up of the poor in

our country (PIDS 2007). The constant threat posed by natural disasters could

worsen the state of affairs and the need will increase for services provided by the

government and the non-government organizations. Millions, if not billions of tax

money and donations go into these programs to meet these needs or promote social

development.

Competence in administration can make the difference in providing effective

and efficient, and honest-to-goodness service. Both in terms of the significance of

social services to people and the costs for which accountability is required, the

administration of the programs requires training in the art and skill of administration.

Administrators are needed (Skidmore, 1990) who both care and are competent in

terms of knowledge, abilities, and skills in administration. Educators and practitioners

recognize that caring is not enough. Administrative skills must accompany caring, in

order to provide effective services.

2.3 FOREIGN STUDIES

Baez et al. (2012) found that political views could be reflected in cash

transfer beneficiaries in Colombias Familia en Accion, especially among women. He

discovered that women beneficiaries tend to vote more compared to men and

change their candidate choices given additional information on the significance of

voting participation. This is because women are the primary recipients of the

monetary transfers of the CCT. With this, women became more supportive of

candidates promoting social welfare projects such as the cash transfer program.

Through implementing CCT in a country, beneficiaries could be persuaded to

exercise their voting rights. CCT could be the strategy to have greater support on the

incumbent, hence the increase in voter turnout (Baez et al., 2012). However, De La

O(2013) noted that in Mexicos

Progresa, CCTs act as a mobilizing factor for citizens to vote rather than merely

persuading them. This means that beneficiaries are empowered to vote for the long

run, as their civic participation improves. Zucco (2011) found in his case study of

Brazils Bolsa Familia Program

(BFP) that the probability of reelection for incumbent officials that are known to

provide BFP coverage is much higher regardless of the fact that benefits are

distributed universally.

The Impact of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on Civic Engagement: A

Propensity Score Matching Approach44Moreover, non-beneficiaries that live in areas

with expansive BFP coverage are known to adhere to a pro-incumbent electoral

stance as opposed to other non-beneficiaries. The study concluded that election

monitoring is not necessary in order to derive electoral returns for candidates; it is

only required that the benefits of the CCT program is observed and felt by the voters.

Reinforcing these results, Baez et al. (2012) found that the CCT program has driven
beneficiaries to register and re-elect incumbent officials either as a reward for their

services or from fear of losing CCT benefits.

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a replication of the conditional

cash transfer programs which are operated in different countries all over the world.

Some of these are Bolsa Familia of Brazil, Familias en Accion of Colombia, Solidario

of Chile, Family Allowance Program of Honduras, Programme of Advancement

Through Health and Education (PATH) of Jamaica, Program Keluarga Harapan of

Indonesia, Progresa of Mexico, Mi Familia Progresa of Guatemala, artl Nakit

Transferi of Turkey, and Program Minhet El-Osra of Egypt. These programs have two

main objectives: to provide poor households with a minimum edge of income or

reduce poverty in the very short-run and to improve the growth of human capital for

the next generation or reduce poverty in the long-run. There is a large group of

evidence supporting the accomplishment of conditional cash transfer programs in

most of the developing countries, particularly in the field of education (de Janvry and

Sadoulet, 2004; Schultz, 2004). Moreover, several assessments show that these

programs are both technically feasible and are politically acceptable. In this,

successive governments are willing to continue and even expand the program

coverage (Das, Do, zler, 2005).

Parker, Rubalcava and Teruel (2008) review many studies that analyze the

impact of CCT programs on schooling in developing countries. Maluccio and Flores

(2004) estimate that Nicaraguas Red de Proteccion Social raised enrolment by 17.7

percentage points, daily attendance by 11 percentage points, and retention rates by

6.5 percentage points, for Nicaraguan children in grades 1 to 4. Honduras Programa

de Asignacion Familiar had positive, but smaller, impacts on daily attendance and
enrolment, and a small negative effect on dropping out, for children age 6 to 13

(Glewwe and Olinto, 2004). Attanasio, Fitzsimons and Gomez (2005) found that

Colombias Familias en Accion increased enrolment for children age 12-17 but had

no effect for 8-11 year olds. Schady and Araujo (2008) estimated a positive impact of

Ecuadors Bono de Desarrollo Humano on enrolment. Two programs in Asia focus

on girls education. Khandker, Pitt and Fuwa (2003) found that a conditional cash

transfer program in Bangladesh raised 11-18 year old girls enrolment, while Filmer

and Schady (2008), estimated that the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction initiative in

Cambodia raised secondary school girls enrolment and attendance.

Many studies examine Mexicos Progresa/Oportunidades program. Behrman,

Sengupta and Todd (2000) found that it raised 12 to 14 year old girls enrolment but

did not affect younger children; they attribute the latter to the already high enrolment

rates for younger children. They also found a significant drop in the schooling gap for

11-15 year olds. Schultz (2004) found a positive effect of Progresa on girls and boys

enrolment, with a larger effect for girls. Dubois, de Janvry and Sadoulet (2004)

estimate that Progresa increased childrens probability of staying in school, and

primary level grade progression and completion, but reduced secondary grade

progression. Skoufias and Parker (2001) found that Progresa significantly increased

enrolment and reduced employment among both boys and girls.

Cardoso and Souza (2003) and Ferro and Kassouf (2005) both estimate that

Bolsa has a large positive impact on enrollment. Yet both used cross-sectional data

and did little to control for selection into the program and omitted variable bias. Also,

both used data from before Bolsas sharp expansion, the 2000 Demographic Census

and the 2001 PNAD (National Household Survey), respectively. Lastly, de Janvry,
Finan and Sadoulet (2007) find that Bolsa reduced dropping out by 8 percentage

points but did not affect repetition. Yet the analysis is limited to 5 states in Northeast

Brazil, and they had many fewer schools than do the data used in this paper,

reducing the precision of the estimates. Their data also lack some key variables,

such as race; we find that estimates vary by race.

The World Bank (2009) finds that conditional cash transfer programs led to

large increases in school enrolment, particularly among those with low enrolment

rates to begin with. However, evidence on the impact of educational transfer

programs on final outcomes such as test scores, is not as encouraging (Miguel and

Kremer, 2004; Glewwe, Kremer, and Moulin, 2008).

2.4 LOCAL STUDIES

Ten years ago, world leaders in New York signed the Millennium Development

Goals and promised to build a more prosperous, just and peaceful world.

The promise has clearly not been achieved. The review of the MDG Country

Reports, including those of the Philippines, has revealed some successes, and also

many problems. As a result, an MDG Acceleration Framework, defined by the UN

as a systematic way to identifying bottlenecks and possible high impact solutions,

leading to a concrete plan of action for government has now been developed to

accelerate the realization of specific MDG Goals.

Two social protection programs social security and social assistance are

now considered as the most critical interventions that can accelerate the

achievement of the MDGs by 2015. Social assistance, through the conditional cash
transfers (CCT), has thus become vogue in many developing countries eager to

placate their suffering poor and at the same time claim MDG success.

It is in this context that I listened intently to the presentations of UN Special

Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty Magdalena Sepulveda and Christian Gruenber of

the International Council on Human Rights Policy in the panel Setting Anti-

Corruption Agenda for MDGs: Challenges and Opportunities in the on-going 14th

International Anti-Corruption Conference in Bangkok, Thailand.

Since evaluation of CCT programs in developing countries are either few or

none, I was particularly interested in finding out whether former President Arroyos

much maligned CCT measured up to international standards, and whether

President Aquinos dramatic expansion of CCT beneficiaries from 1M to 2.5M

households can actually work. Sepulveda echoed many of the arguments being

used by CCT supporters in the Philippines. That giving cash to parents for keeping

their children in school and improving their own health is an effective intervention to

achieve universal primary education (MDG Goal 2), reduce child mortality (MDG

Goal 4), and improve maternal mortality (MDG Goal 5).

She also agreed with the critics of the program that poorly designed and

implemented CCT programs open vast opportunities for corruption, and fighting

corruption must go hand-in-hand with CCT and MDG interventions. Sepulveda also

pointed out that CCTs work only when the education and health infrastructure are

available in poor communities. Otherwise, the conditions of the cash transfer cant

be met and become an added punishment for poor people.

Third, CCTs work best if access to information and transparency are imbedded in
the program. Information must be available and accessible - on who will be

implementing the program at the national and local levels, who are the

beneficiaries, the criteria for their selection not only to policymakers and the

general public but to local communities. Information access is important, and

difficult, because the poor (particularly marginalized groups like indigenous peoples)

often have no access to information. The information has to be adapted to their

needs, must be in a language that they understand, and must be gender-aware.

Fourth, a clear complaint mechanism must be established at all levels to address

questions of the included and excluded poor households and to report the

behaviour of authorities. Finally, Sepulveda asserted that implementation and

monitoring systems must ensure the participation of the beneficiaries.

Gruenber adds that since human rights and human development are the main

pillars of the UN Millennium Declaration, a monitoring system where women and the

youth are involved in real time is required. This monitoring system, adds Gruenber,

should be jointly owned by government and the communities and be technology

based so complaints can be received and acted upon in real time.

Were these necessary requirements present in the Arroyo CCT program? I dont

think so. Are these requirements for program success present in President Aquinos

billion-peso CCT program? And if not, can these be put in place in time to improve

implementation? Maybe the CCT supporters can take a cure from Sepulveda who

warned that the fixation of many developing countries to copy and expand their CCT

programs simply because others are doing must best opened at all cost.

Or maybe, they should just go slower and do a serious evaluation of the program

first before promising the poor that we can bring them out of poverty through CCT.
 Philippine Institute for Development Studies defined conditional cash

transfers as cash transfers to eligible beneficiary households in exchange for some

conditionalities geared toward improving their childrens human capital. The

conditions are verifiable actions such as school attendance or use of basic

preventive health care and nutrition services. In these sense, cash transfers are

used to induce beneficiaries to send their children to school or bring them to health

centers on a regular basis.

According to Economic Issue of the Day, Vol. VII No. 3, Issue June 2007 of

the Phillippine Institute for Development Studies, conditional cash transfer belongs to

the family of social assistance or safety net programs. Like the usual cash transfer

program, it provides assistance in the form of cash to poor or vulnerable households

or individuals. It is meant to increase to increase the real households real income,

thus helping extremely poor families meet minimum levels of consumption. In a CCT

program, beneficiaries have the discretion on how to use the cash. However, there is

a string attached to the receipt of the cash. Beneficiaries are expected to comply with

certain conditions as prerequisite for receiving the transfer. The condition may vary

from one country to another, depending on the desired outcomes that ranged from

increased food consumption and dietary quality to reduced stunting to increased

utilization of preventive health services (e.g., immunization, micronutrients

supplementation, growth monitoring, etc.) to increased school enrollments of the

poor, lower drop-out rates, and reduced child labor.

For cash transfers aimed at health and nutrition outcomes, receipt of transfer

is contingent upon compliance of participating household members to having a

predetermined number of health center visits. In contrast, cash transfers aimed at

education outcomes require school enrollment and regular school attendance. In

both cases, the conditions are envisaged to improve the well-being of the

beneficiaries and to empower the young and enhance their potential to earn income

in the future.

CCT programs are one of the few successful programs to combine social

assistance with human development. Linking cash transfers to conditionalities tied to

investment in human capital makes a double-edged tool in fighting poverty and

inequality in the short and long term. Thus, any CCT program has dual objectives:

immediate poverty reduction through cash transfers, and longer term poverty

reduction through human capital formation. Nevertheless, it should be noted that

CCT programs are not a panacea against poverty and inequality. They should, on

the whole, form part of a comprehensive socioeconomic policy strategy. Moreover,

the success of these programs heavily depends on the availability and quality of

health and education services.

For the perspective of economic efficiency, cash transfers are deemed to be

superior because they do not distort prices directly unlike in-kind transfers which

effectively lower the price of the transfer good for the poor. CCT also involves lower

transactions cost because they do not necessitate transportation and logistical

arrangements for handling and storing of commodities that in-kind transfers entail.

Further, cash transfers give beneficiaries greater discretion and choices in allocating

the money, be it on food consumption, clothing, housing or other needs. Left to their

selves, beneficiaries know better what their own needs are and so, cash transfers

also address the issue of information asymmetries.

 Social services are provided free of charge by the government but

consumption of the same is associated with out-of-pocket cost (e.g., school supplies

and materials, textbooks, uniforms, daily allowance, transport, and medicines) as

well as with opportunity cost (i.e., forgone earnings for households for sending

children to school rather than to work or for missing a days work to be able to go to

a health center).

These costs normally serve as barriers in accessing education and health

services. Although cash transfers can overcome these barriers, they may not be able

to break the natural tendency of parents, nor reverse their decision, to underinvest in

the human capital of their children. Hence, imposing conditions tied to human

development upon the receipt of cash transfers can address this, thereupon boosting

the demand for education and health care. In general, the appropriate benefit

level should be consistent with the depth of poverty (i.e., the distance between the

income of households and the poverty household) being addressed. However, in the

case of CCT programs, the size of transfer should be enough to offset whatever

gains or incomes the households can obtain from other activities if they will not

comply with the conditionalities attached to the receipt of the cash transfer. In

practice, the benefit level varies considerably across countries. For the education

grant, though, it is assumed that it generally covers both the direct costs (school fees

and supplies, and transportation costs) and opportunity cost (i.e., income lost for

children who drop out of the households labor force). For the health and nutrition

grant, meanwhile, it usually compensates for the beneficiarys travel time to and

waiting time at the health center.

2.5 SYNTHESIS AND RELEVANCE TO THE STUDY

Despite the early challenges, the government successfully rolled out the

Pantawid Pamilya to reach the poorest households in the Philippines. To date,

the Pantawid Pamilya is the largest social protection program in the Philippines and

has been able to achieve the widest coverage of the poor. The concerted efforts and

commitment of DSWD and its partner institutions in implementing the pilot program

and establishing the household targeting system were critical to program expansion.

The pilot program imparted several lessons that were essential in improving the core

design of the Pantawid Pamilya and in preparing the systems for rapid scaleup.

Although the expansion brought several challenges for DSWD, the agency managed

to get the program running and has continually improved the systems necessary for

program operation.

The PMT-based targeting system combined with geographic targeting has

helped minimize the inclusion and exclusion errors,31 thereby enhancing

program impact. The combined approach of a standardized targeting mechanism to

select potential beneficiaries for the program and a registration process to validate

the information gathered have been key to the credibility and acceptance of the

program. This process was complemented by the GRS, which allows people to

present complaints about inclusion errors, exclusion errors, and program operations

and which has clear guidelines for complaint resolution.

The targeting system based on PMT has produced good targeting outcomes.

About 90 percent of Pantawid Pamilya beneficiaries belong to the bottom 40 percent

of the population. This outcome has been achieved by combining geographic

targeting based on poverty maps with a rigorous and standardized household

assessment, including validation of poor households with local communities.

Nearly three years since its launch, the Pantawid Pamilya has already shown

positive impacts on beneficiary households. The cash grants increase the

household incomes of the poor, while the conditionalities have helped improve the

education and health of their children. Anecdotal evidence shows that net education

enrollment rates of children in beneficiary households have risen, and the number of

children who undertake de-worming at schools and avail of vaccines from health

centers has also increased. In addition, field reports indicate that beneficiary

households benefit from the seminars and development sessions in their

communities.

Other social protection programs in the Philippines can learn from the best

practice methods developed in the Pantawid Pamilya. A considerable amount of

resources has been invested in setting up the Pantawid Pamilya, in terms of financial

resources as well as efforts to build technical and program implementation capacity

within DSWD and its regional and local counterparts. Thanks to these efforts, the

government has a pioneer social protection program that takes into account

international best practice and methods. The Pantawid Pamilya is the only social

protection program in the Philippines in which control and accountability mechanisms

are embedded in the core program design. Other government agencies

implementing social protection programs can take advantage of the investments

made by DSWD in creating the Pantawid Pamilya and in improving

the targeting and delivery systems of the program.

As discussed previously, different countries all over the world and not only the

Philippines are facing problems concerning social welfare such as poverty and

hunger, gender inequality, child mortality and problems regarding primary education

and maternal health. These problems led to the birth of the conditional cash transfer

programs.

Conditional cash transfer programs are a special form of social assistance

schemes which provides cash to families subject to the condition that they fulfill

specific requirements. These conditions oblige individuals to satisfy some action

associated with human development goals. This may include that parents must

ensure their children to attend school regularly or that they utilize basic preventative

nutrition and health-care services, such as vaccination programmes or maternal and

post-natal check-ups. Conditional cash transfer programs are usually targeted

towards the poor through a means-test, proxy means-test or geographical targeting.

Based on the reports and studies conducted, conditional cash transfer

programs have been successful in helping to alleviate previously enumerated

problems. These programs have been also a big help in achieving the millennium

development goals in different countries which are (a) eradicating extreme poverty

and hunger; (b) achieving universal primary education; (c) promoting gender

equality; (d) reducing child mortality; and (e) improving maternal health.

Philippines replicate these conditional cash transfer programs of different

countries and dubbed as Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps. It operates in

79 provinces covering 1,261 municipalities and 138 key cities in all 17 regions

nationwide. The program has 3,014,586 registered household beneficiaries s as of

27 June 2012. However, the Philippines is the only country conducting Family

Development Session to the beneficiaries and now this technology is being adopted

by Bangladesh.

Like other countries, 4Ps is expected to have positive impacts to the

Philippines and to the programs beneficiaries. And for now, there are no sufficient

studies yet about the impacts of the program to its beneficiaries

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHOD OF RESEARCH

This chapter presents the discussions of methods and procedure used in

research. It includes the research design, locale and population, data gathering

procedure, research instrument and the statistical treatment of Data.

In achieving the purpose of the study the researchers utilized a non-experimental

descriptive, survey type of research design. Descriptive, survey type of research is a

fact finding with adequate interpretation. The basis caution here is that the

descriptive method has to be something more and beyond just data gathering.

Otherwise, it is neither reflective thinking nor research. Survey type of descriptive

method is in organized attempt to analyze, interpret and report present status of a

social institution. Its purpose is to get groups of classified, generalized and

interpreted data for the guidance of application in the immediate future.

The research is trying to find the truth, merely trying to acquire knowledge. In this

particular study, the research study was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the

implementation of Pantawid Pamilya program through Family Development Session

as basis for program Institutionalization and Proverty Reductionn of the Municpality

of Laurel. Batangas.

3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE

The beneficiaries all over the Philippines have a total number of 2.2million registered

grantees. However, the study covered only 2,335 beneficiaries from the municipality

of Laurel.

3.3 PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

The researchers respondents are 2,335 female household beneficiaries of pantawid

pamilyang Pilipino program who are attending family development session in Laurel,

Batangas. The average age of respondents was 30 years old. The actual ages of

respondents ranged from 30 to 65 years of age (mothers, fathers, guardians,

partners and Municipal Links).The Family Development Session has a wide

campaign among members of the program across the whole country particularly in

Set 1 areas with visible impact that can be felt by the beneficiaries.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The Social Welfare Indicator being the standard tool of measuring the impact

of the program to the lives of Pantawid beneficiaries shall be used in determining the

effectiveness of the program. It is a form of interview based from the standard

questionnaire provided by DSWD. It was conducted at the field by the Municipal

Link.
The questionnaires have three parts namely:
Health Care
1. Demographic data
2. Maternal knowledge, attitudes and beliefs
3. Family practices
 Education

1. Educational Status, knowledge

2. Family practices, issues and problems

3. Vision for the family

For Municipal Link

1. Observation

2. Good/ bad practices

3. Common issues and concerns encountered in the area

3.5 OTHER GATHERING PROCEDURE

Other data were gathered from the research done based from existing

information from World Bank, Department of Social Welfare and Development and

other write ups for the program.

3.6 STATISTICAL TREATMENT DATA

The presentation of percentages, the frequencies and the weighted means

were the Statistical Treament of Data used in this study. The responses from the

questionnaire were sorted, tallied, tabulated and statistically treated.

The frequency and the percentage distribution were used for the demographic

profile of the respondents. The formula shown below was used to compute the

percentages
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Charles Zastrow, MSW, Ph.D., is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Wisconsin. He has
worked as a practitioner for various agencies, chaired social work accreditation site visit teams for the
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), and served on the Commission on Accreditation of
CSWE. He also is a member of the BPD board. A leader in social work education and a best-selling
author, he has written four other textbooks: THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK, SOCIAL WORK
WITH GROUPS, SOCIAL PROBLEMS: ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS, and UNDERSTANDING
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Charles Zastrow, MSW, Ph.D., is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Wisconsin. He has
worked as a practitioner for various agencies, chaired social work accreditation site visit teams for the
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), and served on the Commission on Accreditation of
CSWE. He also is a member of the BPD board. A leader in social work education and a best-selling
author, he has written four other textbooks: THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK, SOCIAL WORK
WITH GROUPS, SOCIAL PROBLEMS: ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS, and UNDERSTANDING
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
From Economic Issue of the Day, Vol. VII No. 3, Issue June 2007 of the Phillippine Institute for
Development Studies Surian sa Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas

From Economic Issue of the Day, Vol. VII No. 3, Issue June 2007 of the Phillippine Institute for
Development Studies Surian sa Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas