AFF III: Osmoregulation and Excretion;

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Lecture 9 | 09/10/13 May 2016
Kompetensi 67 78 (12)

K67 - Mahasiswa mampu membedakan osmoconformer dan

osmoregulator
K68 - Mahasiswa mampu membandingkan osmoregulasi ikan
laut dan ikan air tawar
K69 Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan epitel transport
K70 - Mahasiswa mampu membedakan pengeluaran sampah
nitrogen pada hewan air, mamalia, dan burung
K71 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan empat tahap proses
ekskresi
K72 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur ginjal dan
organisasi nefron manusia
K73 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan proses ekskresi
mamalia
K74 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan empat tipe
molekul pensignal yang disekresikan oleh sel
K75 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan lima macam
komunikasi interseluler melalui molekul yang
disekresikan
K76 - Mahasiswa mampu membedakan terminologi
hormon dan regulator lokal, signal parakrin dan
autokrin
K77 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan dua model
pengaturan hormone
K78 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan peran
hormon thyroid, parathyroid, dan adrenal,
gonadal sex hormones, dan melatonin
 Osmoregulation and Excretion

How does an albatross drink salt water without ill

effect?
 Concept 1: Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of
water and solutes

Osmoregulation is based largely on controlled

movement of solutes between internal fluids and
the external environment
Osmoconformers, consisting only of some marine
animals, are isoosmotic with their surroundings and
do not regulate their osmolarity (the unit of
measurement for solute concentration )
Osmoregulators expend energy to control water
uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic
environment

K67: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan terminologi osmoregulasi, osmoconformer, dan osmoregulator

 Osmoregulation in marine and freshwater bony fishes: a
comparison

K68: Mahasiswa mampu membandingkan osmoregulasi ikan laut dan ikan air tawar
 Transport Epithelia in Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation and metabolic waste disposal

rely on transport epithelia
Transport epithelia
one or more layers of epithelial cells
specialized for moving particular solutes in
controlled amounts in specific directions
typically arranged into complex tubular
networks with extensive surface areas

K69: mahasiswa mampu menerangkan epitel transport

 Salt secretion in the
nasal glands of a
marine bird.
Salt is transported
from the blood into
secretory tubules,
which drain into
central ducts
leading to the
nostrils.

K69: mahasiswa mampu menerangkan epitel transport

 Concept 2: An
animals nitrogenous
wastes reflect its
phylogeny and
habitat

K70: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan

pengeluaran sampah nitrogen pada hewan air,
mamlia, dan burung
 Concept 3: Diverse
excretory systems are
variations on a tubular
theme

Excretory Processes

K71: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan empat tahap

proses eksresi
 Posterior
vena cava

Renal artery Kidney

and vein

Structure of the Aorta

Mammalian
Excretory System Ureter

Urinary
bladder

Urethra

(a) Excretory organs and major

associated blood vessels

K 73: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan sistem exkresi mamalia

 The mammalian
kidney has two
distinct regions: an
outer renal cortex and
an inner renal
medulla

K72. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur ginjal dan organisasi nefron manusia
 Juxtamedullary Cortical
nephron nephron

The nephron, the

Renal
functional unit of the cortex
vertebrate kidney,
consists of a single long
tubule and a ball of Collecting
duct
capillaries called the
glomerulus Renal
Bowmans capsule To medulla

surrounds and receives renal

pelvis
filtrate from the
glomerulus (c) Nephron types
K 73: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan sistem exkresi mamalia; K72: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur
ginjal dan organisasi nefron
K 72-73
K72; K73
Hormones and The Endocrine System
 Concept 4: Hormones and other signaling molecules bind
to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways

Intercellular Communication
Communication between animal cells via
secreted signals is often classified by two
criteria
the type of secreting cell
the route taken by the signal in reaching its
target

K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan lima jenis komunikasi sel melalui signal kimiawi
 Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine signals (hormones) are secreted into

extracellular fluids and travel via the bloodstream
Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones
directly into surrounding fluid
Hormones mediate responses to environmental stimuli and
regulate growth, development, and reproduction

K74; K76 Mahasiswa mampu membedakan terminologi hormon dan regulator lokal, signal parakrin dan autokrin
 Paracrine and Autocrine Signaling

Local regulators are chemical signals that travel over short

distances by diffusion
Local regulators help regulate blood pressure, nervous system
function, and reproduction
Local regulators are divided into two types
Paracrine signals act on cells near the secreting cell
Autocrine signals act on the secreting cell itself

K74; K76: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan terminologi hormon dan regulator lokal, signal parakrin dan autokrin
 Synaptic and Neuroendocrine Signaling

At synapses, neurons often secrete chemical signals

called neurotransmitters that diffuse a short distance
to bind to receptors on the target cell
Neurotransmitters play a role in sensation, memory,
cognition, and movement

K74; K76: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan terminologi hormon dan regulator lokal, signal parakrin dan autokrin
 Neurohormones are a class of hormones that originate
from neurons in the brain and diffuse through the
bloodstream

K74; K76: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan terminologi hormon dan regulator lokal, signal parakrin dan autokrin
 Signaling by Pheromones

Pheromones are chemical signals that are released

from the body and used to communicate with
other individuals in the species
Pheromones mark trails to food sources, warn of
predators, and attract potential mates

K74; K76: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan terminologi hormon dan regulator lokal, signal parakrin dan autokrin
 Concept 5: Feedback regulation and coordination with the
nervous system are common in endocrine signaling

Simple Hormone
Pathways

A simple endocrine
pathway

K77: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan dua

model pengaturan hormon
 A simple
neuroendocrine
pathway

K77: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan dua

model pengaturan hormon
 Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems

In vertebrates,
coordination of
endocrine signaling
relies heavily on a
region of the brain
called the
hypothalamus

K77: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan dua

model pengaturan hormon
 Hormonal Regulation of Growth
Growth hormone (GH), which is secreted by the
anterior pituitary, stimulates growth through both
tropic and nontropic effects.
The liver, responds to GH by releasing insulin-like
growth factors (IGFs), which circulate in the blood
and directly stimulate bone and cartilage growth.
In the absence of GH, the skeleton of an immature
animal stops growing.

K78. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan peran hormon thyroid, parathyroid, dan adrenal, gonadal sex hormones, dan
melatonin
 Abnormal production of GH in humans
hypersecretion (too much) of GH
during childhood can lead to gigantism
in adulthood stimulates bony growth in the few
body parts that are still responsive to the
hormonepredominantly the face, hands, and
feet (acromegaly)
hyposecretion (too little)
in childhood retards long-bone growth and can
lead to pituitary dwarfism
K78. Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan peran hormon thyroid, parathyroid, dan adrenal, gonadal sex hormones, dan
melatonin
 Effect of growth
hormone
overproduction.
Robert Wadlow grew
to a height of 2.7 m
by age 22, making
him the tallest man
in history. His height
was due to excess
secretion of growth
hormone by his
pituitary gland.
K78
 Summary

1: Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water

and solutes
2: An animals nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and
habitat
3: Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular
theme
4: Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target
receptors, triggering specific response pathways
5: Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous
system are common in endocrine signaling
Next week
Lecture Topics
Animal Reproduction (Ch 46)
Animal Development (Ch 47)