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AbstractThis paper presents a novel differentially-fed wide- hand, minute size of 60 GHz antennas necessitates expensive
band patch antenna working at millimeter-wave band. The fabrication cost as well as strict requirements on fabrication
antenna is fabricated using conventional low-cost printed-cir- processes and facilities. In [3], a high-gain 8-by-8 microstrip
cuit-board and plated-through-hole technologies and the patch
size of the element has been enlarged by exploiting higher-order patch array and a low-gain 10-cell uniform line width rampart
mode operation for good fabrication tolerance. The antenna antenna were developed. At the 60 GHz band, the size of these
element is a 0.86 guided wavelength ( at 60 GHz) long patch antenna arrays is only a few square centimeters but the required
shorted at one end. A slot of 0.09 in width is introduced on etching tolerance is 10 microns. Thus, unlike conventional
the shorted patch and the distance between the slot center to the low-frequency band antennas, a more accurate fabrication
other end of the patch is 0.5 . The shorted patch resonates
at mode and the 0.46 patch, created by presence of technology is needed which essentially increases the antenna
the slot, operates at mode. The combination of these two cost. In [4], an integrated active patch antenna array using
modes broadens the impedance bandwidth of the element to benzocyclobutene (BCB) and silicon substrate was proposed
18%. Asymmetric radiation patterns in the E-plane and large and fabricated. Each antenna element is a cavity-backed patch
cross-polarization levels in the H-plane generated by a single patch with dimensions 1.53 mm by 2.13 mm. Again, due to the small
are eradicated by feeding two mirrored elements differentially.
The designed differentially-fed prototype has more than 18% size of the antenna it is hard to achieve an antenna array where
measured impedance bandwidth, stable gain at 910 dBi and many identical elements are required. When the antennas are
symmetric and stable radiation patterns across the operating fabricated, the center frequency varies as much as 3% from
band from 56 to 67 GHz. wafer to wafer while their bandwidth is only 1.5% which is not
Index TermsBandwidth enhancement, differential feed, acceptable.
higher-order mode, millimeter wave, patch antenna. There are also many on-chip antennas fabricated on silicon
[5][10]. These antennas are highly integrated with the radio
systems. However, besides the fabrication tolerance problems,
I. INTRODUCTION they suffer from very low gain. Antenna in package provides
solutions for gain improvement [11][17]. In [11][14], var-
0018-926X 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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WANG et al.: HIGHER-ORDER MODE MILLIMETER-WAVE PATCH ANTENNA 467
Fig. 2. Current distribution for (a) the shorted higher-order mode patch and (b)
the shorted higher-order mode patch with slot at 61 GHz.
Fig. 4. Comparison of the normalized along the center line of the proposed
antenna with (a) the fundamental mode patch and (b) the shorted higher-order
mode patch.
we explored the electric field along the center line of the patch.
Figs. 4(a) and (b) show the magnitudes of the electric field
normal to the plane where the patch resides , at 55 GHz
and 61 GHz, respectively. Here is normalized to its peak
value and the total length of the proposed patch is normalized
to 1 as depicted in Figs. 4(a) and (b). It should be pointed out
that is the only component on the conductor and off the con-
ductor, the electric field has other components. The shorting pins
are located at the normalized distance of 0.84 to 1, resulting in
in this distance range for the proposed antenna and
the shorted higher-order mode patch. At 55 GHz, the distribu-
tion of generated by the proposed patch is similar to that of
a fundamental mode patch (0.46 long). At higher frequency
band, e.g., 61 GHz, more resembles to that of a shorted
higher-order mode patch. The discrepancy in at the nor-
malized distance of 0.530.64 (location of the slot) is due to the
presence of the slot and the electric field is no longer purely in
z direction. Thus, is reduced.
Fig. 7. Parametric study on patch length . Fig. 9. Parametric study on slot position .
Fig. 8. Parametric study on slot width . Fig. 10. Resonant frequencies for different modes versus the slot position, ,
for different values of slot width, .
Fig. 13. Photos of fabricated antenna prototype with waveguide transition. (a)
Topside view of the antenna. (b) Sectional view of the waveguide transition. (c)
Bottom view of the waveguide transition.
higher-order mode patch antenna was designed. The antenna [17] T. Zwick, D. Liu, and B. Gaucher, Broadband planar superstrate an-
works at millimeter-wave band and has more than 18% (reflec- tenna for integrated millimeter-wave transceivers, IEEE Trans. An-
tennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 2702796, Oct. 2006.
tion coefficient 10 dB) measured impedance bandwidth [18] O. Kramer, T. Djerafi, and K. Wu, Very small footprint 60 GHz
with stable 910 dBi gain across the band which covers most stacked Yagi antenna array, IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag., vol. 59,
frequency band standards at 60 GHz. It also has symmetric no. 9, pp. 32043210, Sep. 2011.
radiation patterns and low cross-polarization levels consistently [19] K. B. Ng, H. Wong, K. K. So, C. H. Chan, and K. M. Luk, 60 GHz
plated through hole printed magneto-electric dipole antenna, IEEE
across the operating band. Furthermore, this work is based Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 31293136, Jul. 2012.
on single layer design and standard PCB process, making it [20] M. Li and K. M. Luk, A low-profile unidirectional printed antenna for
simple and easy for fabrication. Differentially-fed arrangement millimeter-wave applications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62,
no. 3, pp. 12321237, Mar. 2014.
also allows the antenna to be a suitable candidate for low-cost [21] Y. M. Pan, K. W. Leung, and K. M. Luk, Design of the mil-
millimeter-wave systems. limeter-wave rectangular dielectric resonator antenna using a
higher-order mode, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 59, no. 8,
pp. 27802788, Aug. 2011.
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HI, USA, Jun. 2007, pp. 25222525. Dian Wang (S'10) received the B.Eng. degree
[11] Y. P. Zhang and D. Liu, Antenna-on-chip and antenna-in-package so- (first-class hons) from the City University of Hong
lutions to highly integrated millimeter-wave devices for wireless com- Kong, Hong Kong, in 2010. He is currently pursuing
munications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Wireless Propag., vol. 57, no. 10, the Ph.D. in the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter
pp. 18061814, Oct. 2009. Waves, City University of Hong Kong.
[12] Y. P. Zhang, M. Sun, K. Chua, L. L. Wai, and D. Liu, An- His current research interests include small
tenna-in-package design for wirebond interconnection to highly antennas and millimeter-wave patch antennas.
integrated 60-GHz radios, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, Mr. Wang received the Young Scientist Award
pp. 28422852, Oct. 2009. in 2011 International Symposium on Antennas and
[13] Y. P. Zhang, M. Sun, K. M. Chua, L. L. Wai, D. Liu, and B. Gaucher, Propagation (ISAP2011) held in Jeju, Korea.
Antenna-in-package in LTCC for 60-GHz radio, in Proc. IEEE Int.
Workshop Antenna Technol., Cambridge, U.K., Mar. 2123, 2007, pp.
279282.
[14] M. Sun, Y. P. Zhang, K. M. Chua, L. L. Wai, D. Liu, and B. P. Gaucher,
Kung Bo Ng (S'14) received the B.Eng. degree and
Integration of Yagi antenna in LTCC package for differential 60-GHz
M. Eng. from City University of Hong Kong, Hong
radio, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 27802783, Kong, in 2001, and M.Sc. degree from the City Uni-
Aug. 2008. versity of Hong Kong, in 2004, where he is currently
[15] M. R. N. Ahmadi, S. N. Safieddin, and L. Zhu, On-chip antennas for working toward the Ph.D. degree.
24, 60, 77 GHz single package transceivers on low resistivity silicon He is an Engineer in the State Key Laboratory of
substrate, in Proc. IEEE Antenna Propag. Symp., Honolulu, HI, Jun. Millimeter Waves (Hong Kong). His current research
2007, pp. 50595062. interests focus on millimeter and Terahertz waves an-
[16] U. Pfeiffer, J. Grzyp, D. Liu, B. Gaucher, T. Beukema, B. Floyd, and tennas design and antenna measurements.
S. Reynolds, A chip-scale packaging technology for 60-GHz wire- Mr. Ng was awarded the champion of student
less chipsets, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 8, pp. paper competition of the IEEE Hong Kong AP/MTT
33873397, Aug. 2006. joint postgraduate conference.
WANG et al.: HIGHER-ORDER MODE MILLIMETER-WAVE PATCH ANTENNA 473
Chi Hou Chan (S'86M'86SM'00F'02) received Hang Wong (SM13) received the B.Eng., M.Phil.,
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, City University of Hong Kong in 1999, 2002 and
USA, in 1987. 2006, respectively.
In 1996, he joined the Department of Electronic He joined the State Key Laboratory (SKL) of Mil-
Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, and limeter Waves, in Hong Kong SAR, China, in 2008
was promoted to Chair Professor of Electronic as a Senior Engineer. He was an acting Assistant Pro-
Engineering in 1998. From 1998 to 2009, he was first fessor in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Associate Dean then Dean of College of Science and Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, in 2011.
Engineering. He also served as Acting Provost of the He joined the Department of Electronic Engineering
university from July 2009 to September 2010. His as an Assistant Professor at City University of Hong
research interests cover computational electromagnetics, antennas, microwave Kong in 2012. His research interests include design of broadband antennas,
and millimeter-wave components and systems, RFICs and Terahertz devices small antennas, GPS antennas, millimeter wave antennas, and terahertz devices
and applications. and applications. He is the Deputy Director of Information Communication
Dr. Chan received the US National Science Foundation Presidential Young Technology Centre of City University of Hong Kong in Shenzhen.
Investigator Award in 1991 and the Joint Research Fund for Hong Kong Dr. Wong was awarded the Outstanding Research Thesis Award from City
and Macao Young Scholars, National Science Fund for Distinguished Young University of Hong Kong in 2002. He received the Microwave Student Prize
Scholars, China, in 2004. He received outstanding teacher awards from EE at the Asia Pacific Microwave Conference 2006 held in Yokohama, Japan; and
Department, CityU in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2008. Students he supervised also received the Best Paper Award at the International Symposium on Antennas
received numerous awards including one of the 22 Special Awards in the 2003 and Propagation 2008 in Taipei. He received 2011 State Technology Invention
National Challenger's Cup in China, the Third (2003) and First (2004) Prizes Award presented by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.He is
in the IEEE International Microwave Symposium Student Paper Contests, the the Chair of the IEEE Hong Kong Section of the Antennas and Propagation
IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Graduate Fellowship for 20042005, (AP)/Microwave Theory and Techniques (MTT) joint chapter.
Undergraduate/Pre-Graduate Scholarships for 20062007 and 20072008, the
2007 International Fulbright Science and Technology Fellowship offered by the
US Department of State, and the Young Scientist Award in 2011 International
Symposium of Antennas Propagation (ISAP 2011). He is the General Co-Chair
of ISAP 2010 and iWAT 2011.