PARAPHRASED

http://www.britannica.com/technology/U-boat

The U-boat, also known as the German U-boot, short for Unterseeboot (undersea boat), is a German
submarine that was used to cause destruction during World Wars I and II, along with other lethal
weapons used in the Great War.

The U-boats were one of the things that caused the United States to join the war.

The Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany from having any submarines at all. The U-boats that survived
were surrendered to the Allies, which they used as models for their own version.

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-unleash-u-boats

Allies:
Main Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia (Triple Entente) and Italy. (others: United States, Serbia,
Belgium, Canada, Russia, Australia, Romania, Greece and China) After Russia withdrew, the Allies
became based on five Great Powers: the French Republic, British Empire, United States, Italy and
Japan

The U-boat, also known as the German U-

boot, short for Unterseeboot (undersea boat), is a
German submarine that was used to cause
destruction during World Wars I and II, along with
other lethal weapons used in the Great War. There
had only been 38 existing German U-boats in the
beginning of the Great Wara number that
increased to 334 in total, with another 226 on the
way. These submarines were a menace, for they
were responsible for sinking merchant ships and
any other ships for that matter that was sighted in
war-zone areas. It was 1915 when Germany
declared this unrestricted warfare. The destruction
these thousand-ton submarines caused was about a
hundred thousand times more than its own mass.
As Germanys most powerful naval weapon, the U-
boat played a significant role in the Great War. Though Germany had promised to ensure the safety of the
passenger on unarmed ships before sinking them right after the Lusitania had been destroyed, this did not stop
them from sinking an Italian liner as well as the Housatonic. It wasnt long before the United States finally
entered the Great War due to other German-caused reasons, including the infamous U-boats.
The Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany from having any submarines at all. The U-boats that survived
were surrendered to the Allies, which they used as models for their own version. These weapons would later on
make a comeback and during World War II.
Central powers:
Main Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (Triple Alliance)
http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/marne2.htm
https://kidskonnect.com/history/ww1-start/

-June 28, 1914: Austria-Hungarys Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated and this caused a
series of events that led to a full-scale war.

-August 23, 1914- Battle of Mons in Belgium takes place. This was the first battle between Britain and
Germany on the Western Front; this is when Britain joined in the war.

-April 6, 1916- The United States declares war on Germany due to reasons such as the unrestricted
submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram.

-December 17, 1917- The Russians made peace with the Central powers and left the war.

-July 15-August 5, 1918 - The Second Battle of Marne, which was fought on the Western Front, was a
significant victory for the Allies. Germany had been defeated and even Prince Willhelm believed that the
Central Powers had lost.

-June 28, 1919: Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles, marking the end of World War I.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zs3wpv4

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

In World War I, there was very little knowledge on
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). People believed that
it was a physical condition, while some believed it was an
acute form of psychological distress. People thought that
PTSD was caused by the force of the explosions on the brain
tissue. Today, it is now classified as a psychological trauma,
in which many of those who suffer it receive treatment.

http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/causeww1.htm

NATIONALISM: Countries felt a great sense of

patriotism and pride for their country. This slowly
developed into a thirst for power and dominance. This
sparked competition between the nations.
IMPERIALISM: The competition deepened into serious
rivalries. To gain the power and dominance they thirsted
for, the countries built their empire.
MILITARISM: In order for the nations to build up their
empire, they also had to build up their armed forces. These
large standing armies would only encourage the nations to
push for dominance.

ALLIANCES: Europe was divided into two rival camps:

The Triple Entente and Triple Alliance. The nations
involved were required to support their allies.
ARCHDUKE FERDINAND: As an act of rebellion
against Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was
assassinated in June 1914. This made Austria-Hungary
declare war on Serbia. Russia swooped in and this
prompted Germany to declare war on them.
THE CRISES BEFORE 1914: The First Moroccan
Crisis, Second Moroccan Crisis and the Annexation of
Bosnia-Herzegovina reinforced the hostility between the
nations.

THE SECRET FRANCO-ITALIAN ALLIANCE: Italy

negotiated a secret treaty with France called the Treaty of
London that declared her neutrality in the event that
Germany were to attack France. Germanys aggressiveness
prompted Italy to side with the Allies and declare war on
Austria-Hungary.
SCHLIEFFEN PLAN: Many view Britains involvement
as the beginning of World War I. This military plan
intended to rapidly defeat France and then Russia after.
This prompted Britain to protect its ally, France, and,
therefore, declare war on Germany.
 With the birth name of Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert, Kaiser Wilhelm II
was born on January 27, 1859 in Potsdam, Germany to Prince Frederick Wilhelm
of Prussia and Princess Victoria. During birth, Wilhelm experienced a complicated
delivery, as a doctors mistake left his left arm permanently damaged.
When the German Empire formed under Prussia, Wilhelm became second
in line to become emperor after his father. His line to the throne gave Wilhelm
newfound pride for Germany as he aimed to make the nation great.
Studying in the University of Bonn, Wilhelm had great interest in science
and technology; however, his behavior reflected poorly on his intelligence, for he
possessed a short temper and an impulsive personality.
Wilhelms father became Kaiser (emperor) of Germany in 1888, but was
terminally ill with throat cancer, which led to a reign of several months. Wilhelm
then succeeded his father later that year at the age of 29. He dreamed of building
Germany into a major naval, colonial and economic power, but some of his actions
can be seen as poorly thought out. He forced Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to resign and he took charge of both
domestic and foreign policies. Wilhelm political position began to deteriorate as he went about Germanys foreign
policy acting on his emotions, which made relations with other nations complicated. Wilhelm also committed
several public faults in newspaper interviews. One of which was The Daily Telegraph affair of 1908 in which he
offended the British by calling out the English as ...mad as March hares. There was also the Eulenburg-Harden
affair in 1907 in which political opponents tried to weaken Wilhelms influence by accusing members of his circle
of friends as homosexuals.
On the other hand, Wilhelm envied the power of the British navy and was convinced that Germany must
build a large fleet of its own. Wilhelm was committed to building a fleet to rival that of Britains, but by 1914, the
naval buildup had caused severe financial problems for his government.
Wilhelms actions and behavior during the crisis that led to the first world war was questionable. He was
inactive and out of touch with international politics in 1914, and relied on other European monarchs to deal with
the events that followed the assassination of Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand. Wilhelm was pressured by his
Generals to sign the order for German mobilization as well as a declaration of War against Russia and France.
Throughout the war, Wilhelm was commander in Chief of the German forces, but was a shadow monarch
and nothing more than a figurehead. He was merely a public relations icon who toured the front lines and handed
out medals. Germany, in reality, was a military dictatorship dominated by Wilhelms generals.
Nearing the end of the war, Germany was experiencing civil unrest, and political leaders saw that
abdication of the throne would preserve order. Wilhelms resignation was announced on November 9,1918, when
even leaders of the military had lost their support for Wilhelm. Taking a train across the border into the
Netherlands, Wilhelm remained neutral throughout the war and spent the remainder of his life there. When Hitler
rose to power in Germany, he despised Wilhelm for being responsible for Germanys loss during the war and in
return, Wilhelm was shocked by the Nazis thuglike tactics. Wilhelm, who at a young age dreamed of a proud
Germany that he will lead during his reign, stated that he was ashamed to be a German. Three years after his
remark, he died in the Netherlands and in exile on June, 1941.
Reference(s):

Biograpyhy.com Editors. "Kaiser Wilhelm Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.

"Kaiser Wilhelm II." History.com. A&E Television Networks. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.

Major Battles of WW

Battle of Mons - August 1914

British Expeditionary Force (BEF) arrives in France on August 14th, 1914 to meet up with French Army to
stop the advancing Germans. Soldiers were given orders to destroy the bridges which they did so under
heavy fire. The germans continued to advanced and suffered heavy losses before ultimately retreating.
Battle of Tannenberg - August, 1914
Russian General, Alexander Samsonov was given command of the Second Army to invade East Prussia.
German Generals were sent forward to meet Samsonovs advancing troops. On August 22nd, 1914, both
sides met and fought for seven days. Though they had superior numbers, the Russian army was surrounded
and slaughtered. Those alive were taken as prisoners.
Heligoland - August, 1914
Admiral Sir David Beatty provoked Germans into a naval battle by using light cruisers and destroyers to raid
German ships at their naval base in Heligoland. When the Germans responded, Beatty brought forward
battleshops, which destroyed three German cruisers and a destroyer.
Marne - September, 1914
As German armies continued to move south towards Paris, the French army and British Expeditionary Force
began to retreat and regroup. French commanders lined their men along the River Seine, and the British
agreed to join their attack on the Germans. When the Germans met with and fought their opposition, they
were unable to break through the Allied lines which eventually led to a German retreat.
Aisne - September, 1914
German forces were deployed along the north bank of the River Aisne. In response, French and British
forces launched a frontal assault on the Aisne. They initially breached through the German forces but were
forced back in a German counter-attack. Fighting continued until late September when infantry attacks by
either side would be futile.
Albert - September, 1914
French General Noel De Castelnau was unable to take Lorraine, and was sent to the Western Front.
Castelnau ordered a frontal attack on German positions, where they were initially successful but driven back
beyond the town of Albert.
Arras - October, 1914
French army attempted to flank German forces on the Western Front by moving between Arras and Lens.
They were forced to withdraw in a German counter-attack, losing Lens to the Germans but retaining Arras.
Ypres - October - November, 1914
Germans initially took over Ypres, but lost it to British forces who recaptured the town. Germans attempted
to retake the town several times but was unable to, especially when the French army came to aid to the
British.
Nueve Chapelle - March, 1915
British commander has a plan to capture the heights of Aubers Ridge at Nueve Chapelle. Four divisions of
Britains army advanced and broke through the German lines, but a German counterattack sent the British
back towards Aubers Ridge.
Gallipoli Campaign - March, 1915 - January, 1916
British bombarded Turkish forts at Dardanelles, forcing Turking front lines to retreat. Minesweepers slowly
began clearing the land for mines as they advanced. Naval ships were deployed on the Dardanelles Straits
but came across mines which destroyed several ships. The army was then deployed. Eventually the British
withdrew their forces.
Artois - May, 1915
French commander tried to break through German lines on the Western Front of Artois by bombarding their
positions and launched an attack. The attack made progress but was unable to take objectives. Another
offensive was launched in Artois but it ended somewhat the same as the first. British tried to attack Loos but
suffered heavy casualties and drew back.
Isonzo - June, 1915
Italian General, Luigi Cadorna, launched mass attacks on Austria-Hungary. The attacks were poorly planned
and executed, resulting in heavy casualties. The Italians withdrew in the winter but lost many men and field
guns.
Artois-Loos September, 1915
(Pretty much the same thing in the Artois section. By pretty much I mean literally the same thing)
Verdun - February-December, 1916
Germans launched an offensive against the fortified French town of Verdun. German advancements forced
French forces to retreat several times before finally standing their ground. Fighting ensued which resulted in
the loss of french forts, but when German troops had to be moved to other areas, the French counter-
attacks resulted in recapturing the forts.
Jutland - May 1916
Germans were ready to take on the British Navy and sent out scouting ships to detect the British positions.
German fleet met with Admiral Beattys ships and exchanged fire. British reinforcements came with the
Grand Fleet and changed the tide of the battle, which resulted in a German retreat.
Somme - July - November, 1916
Large scale offensive attack into German territory. Battle of Somme was one of the largest and bloodiest
battles in the war. It resulted with European forces penetrating six miles into German occupied territory, and
the battle showcased the tank for the first time.
Gorizia - August, 1916
After the failure in Austria-Hungary, Italian General Luigi Cadorna launched an attack at Gorizia. The town
was captured and was the only major success of Cardona in the war.
Flers-Courcelette - September,1916
Flers-Courcelette was part of the offensive in the Battle of Somme, in which the British revealed their new
weapon, the tank. 12 divisions and 49 tanks attacked the German frontlines, surprising the Germans and
leading to a large takeover of land. The offensive ended when the tanks could not move any further.
Gaza - March-April, 1917
British attempts to defeat Turkish forces in and around the city of Gaza. Allied forces launch several attacks
to takeover the city, which they eventually do and move on to take Palestines capital city, Jerusalem on
December 9,1917.
Arras - April-May, 1917
Allied offensive in the Western Front. Canadian forces moved with Allies in the front lines with tanks,
pounding German trenches and moving slowly forward. Germans withdrew and the Allies were only to take a
little bit more land before the offensive was halted.
Aisne - May, 1918
Robert Nivelle, new commander in chief of the French Army sought for a massive onslaught into German
lines. His poorly thought out execution onto the German front lines led to heavy casualties and lost of tanks.
Small gains of land was made but the offensive stopped.
Messines - June, 1917
Allies General Sir Hebert Plumer had plans for an offensive to take over the Messines Ridge. Mines were
planted under German lines and a following bombardment resulted in the explosion of the mines. Infantry
was set afterwards and objectives were claimed in the first three hours of battle.
Passchendaele - July, November, 1917
Victory in Messines encouraged Allies to pursue an attack into Ypres. British bombardment and heavy rain
turned the lowlands into a swamp, making advancement difficult. Harsh conditions as well as being unable
to use tanks made progress slow and although eventually achieved, Allies suffered heavy losses.
Caporetto - October, 1917
Caporetto offensive was the attack of nine Austrian and six German divisions into a lightly defended front at
Caporetto. Italians lost troops and trench artillery, and the Italian general was replaced afterwards.
Cambrai - November, 1917
Offensive was planned to raid the Germans on dry ground after the events of Passchendaele. Allies
launched a massed tank attack which caught the Germans by surprise and resulted in a takeover of a lot of
land for the Allies, but a German counter-offensive ended with them regaining most of the land back.
Aisne - May, 1918
British managed to capture 4km of land from the German Army in the 2nd battle of Aisne, but Germans
bombarded Allied front lines and took over 15km in return; capturing soldiers and equipment. Their advance
was halted at the Marne.
Le Hamel - July, 1918
Australian forces and companies of the U.S Army launched an offensive to secure the village of Le Hamel
through peaceful penetration tactics in two hours. 1,500 prisoners were also taken in the offensive.
Marne - July, 1918
After the heavy German advance, they launched an attack on the Marne. It failed to break through and a
counter-attack was organized and the Germans eventually began to withdraw, resulting to bringing the
armies back to where they were started the Spring Offensive.
Amiens - August, 1918
Allied forces planned a counter-offensive on the Western Front with the objective to capture the Amiens Line
between Mericourt and Hangest. The offensive was on August 8th and was an immediate success and allied
forces advanced 12km. The attack ended on August 15th.
Albert - August, 1918
Germans planned an offensive on Albert after halting the Allies advance in Amiens. They were met with
British troops who moved to Albert and German troops were captured. The rest of the amy was in full retreat
as British forces continued to move forward.
St. Milhiel - September, 1918
Germans began to withdraw troops from the German occupied St. Mihiel when U.S troops assaulted the
area with French soldiers. The first day of the attack yielded massive land gain and in four days the entire
St. Mihiel was in Ally control.
Meuse-Argonne - September - November, 1918
An attack was ordered at Meuse-Argonne to cut off the German Army. Americans had the main attacking
role but progress was slow as troops were tired and the offensive was halted and later resumed. The
Germans suffered from influenza and an armistice was announced.
Canal du Nord - September, 1918
On the first day of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, Allied forces attempted to attack the German frontline at
Canal du Nord. Canadian forces spearheaded the attack with British support, and by the time was offensive
ended, the Allies gained over 10 km of land.
Vittorio Veneto - October, 1918
The new Italian General, Armando Diaz, launched an offensive at Vittorio Veneto. Diaz placed 57 divisions
into the field and after difficulties in crossing the Piave River, the Italian army took Vittorio Veneto. The
Austro-Hungarian army collapsed and 300,000 prisoners were taken.
http://www.home.zonnet.nl/rene.brouwer/majorbattles.htm

http://www.greatwar.co.uk/battles/#1914firstencounters

http://spartacus-educational.com/FWWbattles.htm

http://public.media.smithsonianmag.com/legacy_blog/sarajevo-murder.jpg

https://www.google.com/search?
q=Battle+of+Mons&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHor7sr_7KAhUDKGMKHR
sICRQQ_AUIBygB&biIw=1280&bih=619#tbm=isch&q=battle+of+mons+in+color&imgrc=l1Bl-
EbDmhYvfM%3A

https://www.google.com/search?
q=unrestricted+submarine+warfare+and+the+Zimmerman+Telegram.&source=lnms&tbm=isch
&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOoLKlsP7KAhVC02MKHeDlDjQQ_AUIBygB&biw=1280&bih=619#tbm
=isch&q=unrestricted+submarine+warfare+lusitania

https://www.google.com/search?
q=Russians+made+peace+with+the+Central+powers&biw=1280&bih=619&tbm=isch&source=
lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdxb_5sP7KAhUPyGMKHQQnCusQ_AUIBygC#tbm=isch&q=hand
shake

https://www.google.com/search?
q=central+powers+ww1+flags&biw=1280&bih=619&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahU
KEwja1o7Hsf7KAhVD62MKHQmzD3kQ_AUIBigB

http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/jpg/009.jpg

https://www.google.com/search?
q=treaty+of+versailles&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY_s38sf7KAhVFymMK
Hbt-CqoQ_AUIBygB&biw=1280&bih=619#tbm=isch&q=treaty+of+versailles+document
OUTCOMES OF WORLD WAR I

https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/world-war-
i/resources/global-effect-world-war-i

ECONOMIC OUTCOME: About $186 billion worth of

direct costs and another $151 billion were brought about
by the Great War. It took its toll on the European economy,
but also turned the United States into the worlds leading
industrial power.
SOCIAL OUTCOME: More than 9 million people in the
armed forces were killed, as well as 5 million more
civilians. Those who survived were either indirectly
affected by the war, or scarred physically by handicaps and
the losses of their loved ones.
POLITICAL OUTCOME: Four monarchies were
brought down by World War I: Russia (1917), Austria-
Hungary (1918), Germany (1918) and Turkey (1922). This
war also led to the birth of several nations such as
Yugoslavia, Romania, Poland, etc.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS: This international organization

came to existence to help maintain the peace among all
nations. This would eventually lead to the formation of the
United Nations.
NATIONALISM: Competition remained among the
forces involved in the war.
EMBITTERMENT: A number of the nations were not
satisfied with the peace settlements, specifically the Treaty
of Versailles. Problems would sprout from this resentment
later on.

BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION: Russias failure in World

War I challenged the old regimeRussias imperial
government. It showed that Russia could no longer keep
up with the other nations military and crippled its
economy.
WORLD WAR II: Germany greatly suffered from the
consequences of the First World War. The blow on its
economy caused the upsurge of militarism in Germany and
eventually the rise of Hitler and his Nazi party. These may
not have been direct causes of the Great War, but all these
events led up to the Second World War.
Between January and June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was written and negotiated by the Allies. Germany
played no part in this. With fifteen parts and 440 articles, The Treaty of Versailles took its toll on Germany,
something that many of its people resented. Part I created the League of Nations. Part II placed boundaries on
Germany (forced it to cede the much-debated Alsace-Lorraine). Part III created a demilitarized zone between
Saar and Germany; this lasted for 15 years. Part IV took all of Germanys colonies. Part V shrank the German
armed forces, reversing its militarization. Part VIII stated all of Germanys liabilities. Part IX imposed
Germanys other financial responsibilities, placing a great blow on its economy. Many, especially Germany,
opposed it. Germany, however, still ended up signing the treaty, clearly expressing disdain for it, of course.