Short Course on

EFFECTIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Renewable Energy
Hybrid System

EBARA Hatakeyama Memorial Fund

Tokyo, Japan
 Renewable Energy Generation
Advantage
use free resources like the
sun and wind for fuel
operating and maintenance
requirements are low
no problem for pollution or
waste natural resources
Disadvantage
renewable energy production
is dependent on natural
cycles, i.e., PV doesnt work
at night
initial cost of these system is
higher than comparably
sized conventional
generators
cannot handle the peak loads
well without energy storage
 Theoretical Output of Renewable Energy

Hydro Energy
Head=1m, Flow=1m3/s
P=9.8xQxH(=9.8x1x1=9.8kW)

Solar Energy
Solar Radiation Energy on the earth=1kW/m2

Wind Energy
Rotor Diameter=1m, Wind Speed=10m/s
P=0.5 x x A x Cp x V31,000(kW)
(=0.5x1.225x/4x0.593x10 31000=0.29kW)
 Renewable Energy Density
The required values of each Renewable Energy to generate 10(kWh) are;
1. Hydro Power 2. Photovoltaic Power
Required Flow Assume Solar Irradiation per day=5kWh/(m2day)
Head (m)
(m3/s) (m3/hr)
1 1.36 4,898 Required Area of PV Array=50m2 (7.1m square)
3 0.45 1,633
10 0.14 490 3. Wind Power
(Note)assume total efficiency is about 75(%) Wind Speed Rotor Swept Area Rotor Diameter
v (m/s) A (m2) D (m)
4. Biogas Power Generation 5 373.2 21.8
Fuel : Methane from cattle feces 8 91.1 10.8
15 13.8 4.2
Low Heat Value : 5,000(kcal/Nm3)
Total Efficiency of Power Generation=30(%)
Required Methane Gas=5.7(Nm3/hr) (Required Cow Excrements=about 170(kg/hr)

5. Biomass Combustion Power Generation

Material : Rice Husk
Low Heat Value : 3,080(kcal/kg)
Total Efficiency of Power Generation=25(%)
Required Rice Husk=11.2(kg/hr) (required around 30ha paddy field)
 Tuek Chaa, Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia

Micro Hydro-Photovoltaic Hybrid System

provided by NEDO, Japan
(NEDO:New Energy & Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan)

Ebara Hatekeyama Memorial Fund

Tokyo, Japan
 Meteorology in Tuek Chaa Area and Expected Output
by MH-PV Hybrid System (Ebara proposed system)
Monthly Average Solar Radiation and Rainfall Data
300 7.00

Solar Radiation
6.00
250

Solar Radiation(kWH/m2/day)
5.00
Average Rainfall (mm)

200

4.00

150
Rainfall 3.00

100
2.00

50
1.00

0
Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
0.00
Expected Power Generation
Month by Micro Hydro & Solar System
1000
900

Power Generation per

800
40kW Micro Hydro System

day (kWh/day)
700
600
500
400
300
200 80kWp Solar System
100

Solar RadiationNASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy Data 0

Jan
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
May
Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.
Rainfall DataMinistry of Water Resources and Meteorology(MWRM)
Month
Assume that the turbine flow will be proportional to the rainfall.
Tuek Chaa Micro Hydro System
(Source : Micro Hydro Homepage : http://www2.tba.t-com.ne.jp)

Upper Reservoir Penstock(800mmDia. X approx.40m x 2 lines)

Intake Facility Penstock

Micro Hydro Generating Unit

Turbine Generator :
Unit No. : 2 sets Unit Output : 20(kW)
Turbine :
Type : Fixed Guide vanes and Runner Blades, Propeller Turbine
Ratings : 3.43(m) x 0.9(m3/s) x 25.2(kW) x 640(rpm)
Generator :
Type : 3 Phase, Synchronous Generator
Ratings : 30KVA x 220(V) x 50(Hz) x 1,000(rpm)
Photovoltaic Power and Transmission Systems

PV Array Micro Hydro Power Station

Power Transmission/Distribution Line

Transmission Voltage : 22(kV)
Distribution Voltage : 220(V)
Length of Transmission Line : Approx. 10km
 Micro Hydro Unit proposed by Ebara
View from Gate Downstream Side

Existing Gate
To be replaced by new turbine inlet gate

Existing
Bridge
Upper
Reservoir

HWL
LWL

Hg=3.02.5m
Intake Screen
The existing Structure will be used
Existing Irrigation
Channel

Features
Unit operation for all season will be available by applying
Semi-Kaplan type Turbine.

View from upstream

Trash passed trough Intake Screen can easily pass from the
turbine due to no movable guide vanes
Characteristic Comparison between each Turbine Type
(Ebara proposed system)
The operating range of Propeller type turbine is limited as indicated
below curves.

80.0 Combined Efficiency

Kaplan Turbine
70.0
Propeller Turbine
Gen. Output(kW)

Semi Kaplan Turbine

(kW )

60.0
(% ),

50.0

40.0 Generator Output

Propeller Turbine
Efficiency(%),

Kaplan Turbine
30.0
Semi Kaplan Turbine
20.0

10.0

0.0
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
3

Turbine (m (m
Flow / s)3/s)
Site before providing MH-PV Hybrid System
Gross Head Measurement
at the site

View from upstream

Upper Reservoir

View from downstream

 Skelton of PV-MH Hybrid System in Vietnam
(NEDO)

(Source : Demonstrative Research of Hybrid System on Photovoltaic Power Generation and Micro Hydro Power Generation (NEDO)
 Intake Facility

25 kW Micro Hydro Turbine

Generator Unit
Turbine : Francis Turbine
Net Head : 25(m)
Design Flow : 0.145(m3/s)
Generator : Induction Generator
Battery Room

Control Panels
Example of Automatic
operation of PV-MH
hybrid system

Balance of PV/MH Hybrid

Operation Power
Micro Hydro-Solar Pump Hybrid System
provided by NEDO in Laos
(Location : Udomxai Province, Lao)
(Source : Micro Hydro Homepage : http://www2.tba.t-com.ne.jp)

1. Micro Hydro Unit :

Power House Output : 70kW
Maximum Turbine Flow : 0.57(m3/s)
Effective Head : 19.3(m)

2. Solar Power System

Solar Array Capacity : 100kWp

3. Solar Pump System

Pump Unit : 7.5kW Motor Pump x 8Units(Total 60kW)
Maximum Pump Discharge : 0.16(m3/s)

4. Budget : 600million yen

 Laos/Udomxai Micro Hydro & PV
Hybrid System

Site of Hybrid System

Site of Hybrid System

 Transformer Load

Upper Reservoir
River

Dummy Load Governor

Power Conditioner

Headrace

Upper Reservoir

Penstock
Water Flow Direction
Spillway
Electric Current Direction

Micro Hydro Solar Pump

River

Weir
Lower Reservoir
Skeleton of Micro Hydro-Solar Pump
Hybrid System provided by NEDO
 Micro Hydro-Solar Pump Hybrid System
provided by NEDO in Lao
River
Intake Facility

Village

Headrace PV Array
Transformer

Spillway

Water Flow Direction

Electric Current Direction

Upper Reservoir
Micro Hydro Unit
Solar Pump
Penstock

River
Lower Reservoir

In the day time In the night time

Solar Pump & Micro Hydro Hybrid System
provided in Laos/Udomxai by NEDO,Japan

100kWp PV Array

Upper Reservoir

Overview of Power House

Power House

Lower Reservoir

Upper Reservoir
 Micro Hydro Generating Unit

Micro Hydro Generating Unit Unit Control & Distribution Panel

(Ratings : 19.3m x 0.57m3/s x 70kW)

Electrified Village by this system

 Micro Hydro-Solar Pump Hybrid System
planned by Ebara
Features :
-Post Battery System
-Reversible Pump Turbine Generating Unit
is used for this system to simplify the system.

Skelton of Micro Hydro Generation and Solar Pump Hybrid System

 Specification of Micro Hydro/Solar
Generation System planned by Ebara

Average output of Micro Hydro

15 30 50
Generation System (kW)
Micro Hydro Generation per day
90 180 300
(kWh/day)
Generator Capacity(KVA) 25 45 70
Net Head (m) Max.14.7 Av.12.4 Min.10.2 Max.15.7 Av. 13.2 Min.10.7 Max.15.9 Av.13.4 Min.10.9
G e n e ra to r

Turbine Flow (m3/s) 0.190 0.175 0.155 0.342 0.310 0.275 0.544 0.500 0.440

Generator Output (kW) 20 15 11 39 30 21 64 50 35

Reservoir Capacity (m3) 3,800 7,000 11,000

Outline of Reservoir(WxLxH) (m) 49 x 49 x 4.5 55 x 55 x 4.5 67 x 67 x 4.5
Capacity of Solar System (kWp) 90 160 260
Household No. to be electrified approx.150 approx.300 approx.500
Mini/Micro Hydro Power & Solar Generation
Hybrid System
 Solar & Micro Hydro Hybrid System

Solar Array

Public Power Line

Generator Control Panel

Power
Conditioner

Generator
Features : Siphon Detector

1. Power Conditioner for Solar Generation System will be Head Race

used in common with Micro Hydro Power Generation by Max. W.L.

providing bypass circuit for maximum power output

tracking device for solar generation. Siphon Intake
Min. WL.
Water Turbine
2. Siphon type micro hydro power unit will be furnished on Tail Race
weir in the stream or pond bank without providing the
TWL
special civil construction modification works.
Weir
Mini Hydro and Solar Hybrid Generation System
Mini Hydro System :
50kW Package type Cross Flow Turbine Generator x 1set
Head : 20m, Max. Flow : 0.41m3/s, Speed : 600rpm
Photovoltaic Generation System :
57kW x 315V Solar Generation System x 1 set
Total number of PV =627
Economic Evaluation :
(1)O & M Cost :
Mini Hydro : 3,200/kW x Max. Output
PV Generation System : 10,000/kW x Max. Output
(2)Facility Service Life :
Mini Hydro : 30 years PV Generation System : 20 years

Electricity Unit Cost : C=(A + M)E

C : Electricity unit cost (/kWh) A : Annual investment cost ()
M : O & M Cost () E : Annual Energy Output (kWh)
Mini Hydro and Solar Hybrid Generation System
Requirement of System :
System shall be operated as Grid connected system
System capacity shall have nearly equal with required annual output (kWh per year)
Surplus output : sell to Grid Line Shortage : buy from Grid Line
Annual load demand : Period Duration Average Demand (kW) Required Output (MWh)
April 30 30 22
MaySept 153 50 184
Oct.March 182 23 101

Applicable Hydro Potential : Design Data for Solar System :

3
Period Duration (days) Average Flow (m /s)
April 30 0.23
MaySept. 153 0.41
Oct.March 182 0.19
 Evaluation Results
System Mini Hydro PV System

Maximum Output (kW) 50 57

Annual Energy Output (kWh) 257,000 51,000

Ratio of Installation Cost (I) 100% 61%

Ratio of Annual Investment 100% 83%

(A+M)
Ratio of Electricity Unit Cost (C) 100% 467%

(Note)Each ratio of PV Generation is obtained by comparing with the

value of Mini Hydro for each item.
Pilot Test for Wind PV Hybrid
Generation System in Mongolia

Equipment Specification

Solar System 3.3 kWp

Wind Turbine
1.8kW
Generator
Battery Capacity 96kWh, 48V
Inverter 5kVA
Anemometer,
Pyrheliometer,
Measuring Device
Solarimeter,
Thermometer, Barometer
 Measurements of Solar Radiation
Wind Speed
& Wind Speed at Tariat

Radiation

Wind

Solar

Generated Power by the System

 Load change per day at Tariat Area

Monthly Average Wind Speed

and AC Load
AC loads are connected so as to
match with the output of this
system.
 List of Solar and Wind Energy Systems
in Mongolia
Type of Systems Quantity Places
Solar bath-houses(Vacuum collector 60-120ltrs) 30 Zavkhan province

PV and wind systems for public organizations :

PV system for hospitals (200 - 400W)
PV system for border guard squad
PV system for telecom office (900W) 140
PV system for radio-relay station (5.7kW)
Solar wind hybrid systems (5-6 kW)
PV systems (5kW)
PV power plants (200kW)
Wind systems (25kW)
12 Khovd, Govi-Altai, Arkhangai provinces
22 Squads in Sulinkheer, Domogovi province
All provinces
29 Central provinces
Tariat, Adaatsag, Bayan-Undur, Guchin-Us,
6
Bogd, Tsagaanchuluut soum centers
1 Naran soum, Sukhbaatar province
1 Noyon soum, Umnugovi province
1 Bayandelger soum, Sukhbaatar province

PV and wind systems for herders :

PV systems (4 - 200W) 10,000

PV systems of JICA (62W) 11,170 All provinces

Wind generators (50-200W) 4,000

(Source) Rural electrification & Renewable Energy utilization in Mongolia (December 2005)
 PV & Biogas Hybrid System
(NEDO)

Capacity : 50kWp

35kW Unit x 2 sets

The biogas is generated from cattle manure from a feedlot and

used to fire two 35kW gas engines driving a generator
 Solar & Biogas Hybrid System
(NEDO)

Gas Holder Tank

Biogas Generation :
Sep. 2004 : 4,444kWh
Gas Engine Generator &
Cattle manure Control Panel Oct. 2004 : 3,800kWh
 Solar Panel Array

Solar Generation :
Nov. 2004 : 600kWh Solar Output at pm2:30, 2nd Dec.,04

Oct. 2004 : 900kWh approx. 4.5kW

Why many renewable projects are failed ?
Many renewable projects in developing countries have been
installed by aid agencies of developed nations and international
organizations. However, some of these projects are failed.
The major reasons of these failures were not technologies, but
institutional reasons, such as:
Lack of rural electrification plan by central government
Lack of participation from the local community and neglect of
local needs in the planning stage of renewable energy projects.
Lack of tariff collection from villagers for proper maintenance of
equipment
Lack of income generating activities using electricity produced by
renewable energy
Lack of training for local people
 WE NET Concept

HYDROGEN produced by splitting water with photovoltaic or wind

electricity is a clean fuel that stores solar energy in a chemical form.
Transporting hydrogen is in principle cheaper than transmitting
electricity, so converting to hydrogen can be an attractive means of
bringing solar energy to major demand centers.
End