Renal Physiology

1. What are the major functions of the kidneys [8]

2. Compare the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons [8]
3. Label the nephron parts A to J below and give a function for each part [10]

4. Explain how urine is formed [3]

5. Explain formation of dilute versus concentrated urine [6]
6. What is the difference between renal reabsorption and secretion? Provide an example of a compound
for each process. [3]
7. Account for the two responses the kidney has to potassium secretion [4]
8. Explain how RAAS regulates blood pressure and water balance [10]
9. Define urination/micturition and describe its neural control [6]
10. Compare the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the glomerular filtration rate [3]

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Respiratory Physiology
1. What are the major functions of the respiratory system? [5]
2. State Boyles Law and elaborate on how it is applied during human respiration [4]
3. List the functions of pulmonary surfactant [7]
4. Discuss how muscles are involved in human normal quiet ventilation [4]
5. List the pulmonary volumes and give a brief definition of each [4]
6. Diffusion of gases through a respiratory membrane is dependent on 4 things. Name them [4]
7. Draw a labelled graph showing the left or right shift curve for oxygen transport [7]
8. Explain how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood [6]
9. Discuss how the chemoreceptors help monitor blood pH. [6]
10. Discuss the regulation of blood pH and gases content in a situation where blood pH decreases below normal
range. [7]
11. Discuss the regulation of blood pH and gases content in a situation where blood pH increases above normal
range. [5]
12. What are the effect ageing has on the respiratory system? [4]
13. Compare restrictive and obstructive lung diseases [8]

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Central Nervous System
1. List the functions of the cranium [5]
2. List the functions of the cerebrum [5]
3. List the examples of emotions controlled by the limbic system [5]
4. List the components of the midbrain. In your answer, include the function for each [10]
5. List 3 functions of the spinal column [3]
6. List the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [6]
7. Name the 3 layers of the spinal meninges protecting the spinal cord [3]
8. Provide labels for the neuron diagram below from A to F. Include in your answer the function of each part
[6]

9. Define nerve plexuses and give the 3 types found in humans [4]
10. List the autonomic nervous system divisions and give a brief explanation of how they work [4]
11. What are the major components of the ANS? [4]
12. Define a reflex, and give its 4 important properties [5]
13. Using a reflex, discuss how an individual would know to remove their hand from touching a burning stove
[5]
14. Draw a table showing categories, length, brain region involved and example of memories [8]

Introduction to basic physiological concepts

1. List the 3 extracellular fluids and state where they are found [3]
2. Briefly define mitosis and meiosis [2]
3. List the 4 primary tissue types. Include a function for each [4]
4. Account for how feedback in homeostasis takes place, starting from stimulus to response of effector [5]
5. Define negative and positive homeostatic feedback. Include an example for each [4]
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6. List cell signaling classification, and give a brief definition for each [5]

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