STATISTICS FORMULAE SHEET

__
X
Mean ungrouped data:
X=
n
__
f .X
Mean Grouped data:
X=
n

i n
Median Grouped data: M.D =
l+ ( c)
f 2

(fmf 1)
Mode Grouped data: Mode =
l+ i
( fmf 1 )+( fmf 2)

lowest value+ highest value

Mid Range = 2

Range
Class Width = no . of classes

n
2

Variance: 2

n

Standard Deviation: 2


=

Standard Deviation( )
Coefficient of Variance = 100
Mean ( )

Mutually exclusive events: P (A or B) = P (A U B) = P (A) +P (B)

Non-mutually exclusive events: P (A or B) = P (A U B) = P (A) +P (B) P (A B)

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OR: SHAKEEL AHMED
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Independent Events: P (A and B) = P (A B) = P (A) . P (B)

Dependent Events: P (A and B) = P (A B) = P (A) . P (B/A) [conditional problem]

Law of Complements: P () = 1 P (A)

Bayes Theorem:
E
A
P ( )=
(
P(A).P
A)
E E E E
P ( A ) . P( )P (B ). P( ) P(C ) . P( )
A B C

Counting Rule: K1.K2.K3. Kn

n!
nPr=
Permutation Rule: ( nr ) !
n!
nCr=
Combination Rule: ( nr ) ! r !

no .of outcomes E n ( E)
P ( E )= =
total no . of outcomes sample space n ( S )

Mean for probability distribution: = X . P( X)

[ X 2. P ( X ) ] 2
Variance for a probability distribution: 2

Expectation: E ( X )= X . P( X)

n! n
P ( X )= . p X . q n-XP ( X )=C X . p X . q n-X
Binomial Probability: ( n X ) ! X !

=n. p
Mean for Binomial Distribution:

Variance for the binomial distribution: 2=n. p . q

Standard Deviation for the binomial distribution: = n. p . q

INSTRUCT
OR: SHAKEEL AHMED
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e
( X )
Poisson Probability: X!
P ( X ; )=

_
X X X
Standard Score
z=
s

X =
Mean of sample means:

X=
Standard Error of the mean: n
_
X
z=
Central Limit Theorem Formula: /n

Formula for confidence interval of the MEAN:

-Z ( )< < +Z ( )
X /2 X /2
n n

Formula for sample size needed for an interval population

Z /2
E
n=

Formula for confidence interval of the MEAN when n < 30.

t ( s )< < +t ( s )
X /2 X /2
n n

Formula for confidence interval for a proportion

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OR: SHAKEEL AHMED
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-Z < < +Z
^p /2
^p q^
n
^p /2
^p q^
n

Formula for sample size needed for an interval population proportion

Z /2
E
^p q^
n=

Formula for the confidence interval for a variance

x2 x2
< <
2
( n1 ) s 2 ( n1 ) s 2 (where d.f = n-1)

Formula for the confidence interval for standard deviation

x2 ( n1 ) s 2
< <
( n1 ) s 2

x2

(where d.f = n-1)

Formula for Z test

X

Z=
n

X
s
t= (d.f. = n 1)
n

Formula for Z test proportion

^p p
X
Z=
pq
n
(Where:
^p
= n )

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OR: SHAKEEL AHMED
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Formula for the chi square

( n1 ) s 2
2 = (d.f. = n 1)
2

Formula for the correlation coefficient:

n ( xy )( x ) ( y )
r = n [( x 2 )( x )2 ][n ( y 2 )( y )2]

Formula for the regression line:

Y = a + bx
x


a= n ( x 2 )
( y ) ( x 2 )( x )( xy )

x


b= n ( x 2 )
n ( xy )( x ) ( y )

INSTRUCT
OR: SHAKEEL AHMED