2/8 Which other international migration flows were important?

1. Intra-European Migration Flows

a. Towards France, Belguim, Switzerland, and Catalonia (Spain - Barcelona)
i. 1851: 400,000 foreigners in France 1881 1,000,000 foreigners
ii. People immigrated from Italy and neighboring countries (not from far away - not long migration)
iii. 40% of European migrants were going to other European destinations
iv. Migrants: working primarily in construction (railroads, etc.) and factories (textiles, industrial)
v. France at the time was decreasing in population and labor force stagnated
welcomed immigrants for military power
b. Towards Germany and Denmark
i. Migrant flows go to Germany and Denmark due to the better economy and thus experienced a
decrease in emigration and increased immigration
ii. From Poland (large migrant flows), Netherlands (immigration country), and Sweden
(neighboring countries)
iii. Mainly going into Western Germany (core industrial areas because rich in
steel and coal) like Detroit, now an industrial wasteland (in 1913 - 900,000
foreign workers) - factories and nobility were in Western Germany and
Germans moved internally towards the industrial West with agriculture in the
East)
iv. Polish workers took up the agricultural jobs that East Germans left as they flocked to industrial
West Germany
c. Towards Britain - mostly England
i. Mostly Jews from Russia due to anti-semitism
2. Intra-imperial migration flows - political flows
a. Within the British Empire towards Australia and Canada - mostly from Britain but also from
India and Southeast Asia)
i. British immigration towards British colonies encouraged because many British were used to
industrial work and development and therefore was more profitable for the empire to incentivize
British to go to Australia over the competition of US
b. Other intra-imperial flows - core to periphery movement
i. Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe), South Africa for British
ii. Algeria (1 million French) for French
iii. Libya for Italy
iv. New colonies - German didnt use their colonies very much (Southwest Africa - Namibia,
Tanzania, and Cameroon) because German colonization didnt last long and began late in 1890s
so they had small migration flows
v. Some pacific island movement by the British and French
3. North-Pacific Migration Flows
a. Biggest sending country was China because it was one of the most populated countries in the
world therefore started long distance migration to the US
b. British took Chinese workers to work in Malaysia (british colonies) and Dutch to Dutch West
Indies (Indonesia)
 c. Japanese also moved to the US: same status as the Chinese (US enacted discriminatory bans on
Japanese and China much earlier than Eastern European) - 1,000,000 Japanese migrants to
Brazil, Peru, Hawaii, and US
d. US booming economy with lots of land attracted migrants from Canada and Mexico
(neighboring countries) with Canadian migrants to the US = European immigrants to Canada
(nothing compared to the US)
e. Liberal migration because US was absorbing so many immigrants - if the US closed its borders,
other countries would have too. Period of relatively free migration but fraught with
discrimination - migration closed during WWI
f. Liberal trade regime: easy way to move capital from one country to another
i. UK - strong advocate of free trade (hegemony - ensured continuation of liberal trade)
ii. Migration flows very important to promote development
iii. Liberal international order collapses after 1914 and important countries go towards protectionism
4. READINGS
a. ORourke, Kevin H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization andHistory: The Evolution of a
Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy.Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2001.
i. P. 120. Sources: K. D. Barkin, The Controversy over German Industrialization,18901902.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970, pp. 160 161; A. Hussainand K. Tribe, Marxism
and the Agrarian Question, vol. 1: German SocialDemocracy and the Peasantry, 18901907.
Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: HumanitiesPress. 1981, pp. 51 53; M. Kitchen, The Political Economy
of Germany, 18151914. London: Croom Helm. 1978, pp. 200202. Very important migrations
also took place within Europe. To take one example, more than half of all Italian emigrants in the
1890s went to European destinations, chiefly to France and Germany. To take another example, a
large westward migration of Poles to eastern Germany filled vacancies created by the westward
migration of Germans to the Ruhr.
ii. P. 120. Source: M. McInnis, Immigration and Emigration: Canada in the Late Nineteenth
Century. In T.J. Hatton and J. G. Williamson (eds.) Migration and the International Labor
Market, 1850-1939. London: Routledge. 1994. Significant migrations also took place within the
New World, especially those from Canada across the border. Indeed, some have argued that up to
1900, Canadian emigration to the United States completely offset Canadian immigration from
Europe.
iii. P. 163: Without British emigration and Australian immigration, the Australian-British wage
gap would have fallen by only 14 percentage points, while in fact it fell by 48. - link Britain to
its colonies (South Africa, Australia, New Zealand - intra colonial immigration)
b. Bade, Klaus J. Migration in European History. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
i. P. 54. Source: G. Cross, Immigrant Workers in Industrial France, Philadelphia,1983, p. 22f. In
the 1870s and 1880s, immigration by Italians to France started to increase and finally surpasses
Belgian immigration. In 1851, there were 63,000 Italians registered in France; a decade later,
there were over 77,000. By 1881, the number had risen to 241,000 growing to over 330,000 in
1901 and 419,000 in 1911.Whereas in 1851 Belgians still made up one-third of all foreigners, by
1911 more that one-third of all foreigners in France came from Italy.
 ii. P. 55. In 1910 almost 15 per centof the total Swiss population were foreigners, as compared
with 2.7 per cent in France,3.1 per cent in Belgium and 1.7 per cent in Germany. Almost 17 per
cent of the total Swiss labour force around this time came from abroad, mostly from southern
Germany and northern Italy. [...] The main area of their employment was construction,followed
by the textile industry, trade, tourism and domestic service.
iii. P. 55. Labour migration also increased in Denmark, initially from northern Germany,later also
from Sweden, and finally from Poland.
iv. P. 55: Starting around 1870, labour migrations to Prussia increases abruptly,especially to the
rapidly expanding western German industrial cities. - from all over Europe - Poland, Italy,
Dutch, etc.
v. Pp. 55-6. Source: C. Zimmermann, Die Zeit der Metropolen. Urbanisierung
undGrostadtenwicklung, Frankfurt a.M., 1996, p. 150. In Spain, [] Barcelonasindustries,
construction trades and service sectors became magnets for hundreds of thousands of migrants.
vi. P. 118. There were pure settlement colonies, such as Australia and New Zealand for Britain.
There were also white settler colonies whose economy was dependent on an indigenous labour
force, such as Algeria for France, Rhodesia, Kenya and SouthAfrica for Britain, and, to a far
lesser extent, South-west Africa for Germany, and in the twentieth century, Libya
(Tripoli/Benghazi) for Italy.
vii. P. 120. British colonial authorities [] recruited about 1 million people on the Indian
subcontinent between 1839 and 1917 for plantation work in Trinidad, Guyana and other places in
the Caribbean, and for plantation work, mining and railroad construction in Malaya and East
Africa. Dutch authorities employed Chinese worker brigades in their East-Indies colonial
territories.
viii. P. 154. Jewish refugees from Russia [] had reached about 51,000 by 1875 and owing to the
heavy migration of Poles, including many Jews, from Russia, rose to about 83,000 by 1901, and
roughly 95,000 by 1911.
c. Castles, Stephen, and Miller, Mark J. The Age of Migration:International Population Movements
in the Modern World. 4th reviseded. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2009.
i. P. 86: Service in the colonies was often the only chance to escape from poverty. Such overseas
migrations helped to bring about major changes in the economic structures and the cultures of
both the European sending countries and the colonies.
ii. P. 87: Sources: Shimpo, M. (1995) 'Indentured migrants from Japan', in R.Cohen, (ed.) The
Cambridge Survey of World Migration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): Up to 1
million indentured workers were recruited in Japan, mainly for work in Hawaii, the USA, Brazil,
and Peru.
iii. P. 87: British colonial authorities recruited workers from the Indian subcontinent for the sugar
plantations of Trinidad, British Guiana and other Caribbean countries.Others were employed in
plantations, mines and railway construction in Malaya, East Africa, Fiji. The British also
recruited Chinese coolies for Malaya and other colonies. Dutch colonial authorities used
Chinese labour on construction projects in the Dutch East Indies.
iv. P. 92: Many African-American came across the long frontier from the USA [to Canada] to
escape slavery: by 1860, there were 40,000 black people in Canada.
 v. P. 92: Immigration from China, Japan and India also began in the late nineteenth century.
Chinese came to the West coast, particularly to British Columbia, where they helped build the
Canadian Pacific Railway.
vi. P. 92: When the surplus population of Britain became inadequate for labour needs from the
mid-nineteenth century, Britain supported Australian employers in their demand for cheap labour
from elsewhere in the Empire: China, India and the South Pacific Islands.
vii. P. 93: The next major migration to Britain was of 120,000 Jews, who came as refugees from
the pogroms of Russia between 1875 and 1914. Most settled initially in the East End of London,
where many became workers in the clothing industry.
viii. P. 95: Source: Dohse, 1981, p. 50. Foreign labour played a major role in German
industrialization, with Italian, Belgian and Dutch workers alongside the Poles. In 1907, there
were 950,000 foreign workers in the German Reich, of whom nearly 300,000 were in agriculture,
500,000 in industry and 86,000 in trade and transport.
ix. P. 95: In France [...] immigration was also seen as important for military reasons. The
nationality law of 1889 was designed to turn immigrants and their sons into conscripts for the
impending conflict with Germany.