BUDDING

Budding, in biology, a form of

asexual reproduction in which a new
individual develops from some generative
anatomical point of the parent organism. In
some species buds may be produced from
almost any point of the body, but in many
cases budding is restricted to specialized
areas.

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

Vegetative reproduction (vegetative

propagation, vegetative
multiplication, vegetative cloning) is a
form of reproduction in plants. It is a
process by which new organisms arise
without production of seeds or spores. It
can occur naturally or be induced
by horticulturists.

SPORE FORMATION

A mode of reproduction resembling

multiple fission, common among Protozoa,
in which the organism breaks up into a
number of pieces, or spores, each of which
eventually develops into an organism like
the parent form. The formation of
reproductive cells or spores, as in the
growth of bacilli.

BINARY FISSION

Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind

of asexual reproduction. It is the most
common form of reproduction in
prokaryotes and occurs in some single-
celled eukaryotes. After replicating its
genetic material, the cell divides into two
nearly equal sized daughter cells.
CONJUGATION
Conjugation is the direct transfer of DNA
from one bacterial cell to another bacterial
cell. The transferred DNA is a plasmid, a
circle of DNA that is distinct from the main
bacterial chromosome. The F plasmid is
similar to a virus or a transposon in its
ability to move independently of the main
chromosome. The transfer of the plasmid
take advantage of the complementary
nature of double stranded DNA. One strand
of the plasmid is transferred and the other
remains in the original cell. Both strands have the complementary stranded added
so that each cell ends up with a complete plasmid.
POLLINATION

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen

grains from the male anther of a flower to
the female stigma. The goal of every living
organism, including plants, is to create
offspring for the next generation. One of
the ways that plants can produce offspring
is by making seeds.

REGENERATION

In biology, regeneration is the process of

renewal, restoration, and growth that
makes genomes, cells, organisms, and
ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations
or events that cause disturbance or
damage.

RHIZOME. Rhizome, also called creeping rootstalk, horizontal underground

plant stem capable of producing the shoot and root systems of a new plant.
Rhizomes are used to store starches and proteins and enable a plant to perennate
(survive an annual unfavourable season) underground. In addition, those modified
stems allow the parent plant to propagate vegetatively (asexually), and some
plants, such as poplars and various bamboos, rely heavily on rhizomes for that
purpose. In plants such aswater lilies and many ferns, the rhizome is the
only stem of the plant.
 TUBER

The tuber is a horizontal root or a

terrestrial stem or which contains
growing buds and it is used for the
vegetative reproduction , It is a root as the sweet potatoes , and it is a stem as
the potatoes .

The tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store
the nutrients , They are used to provide the energy and the nutrients for regrowth
during the next growing season , And they are used by the plants to survive in the
winter or dry months .

RUNNERS

Runners are specialized stems called

stolons. These stems grow horizontally
outward and downward from plants and
produce baby plants at their tips. By
cutting off the babies and planting them or
allowing them to root on their own,
additional plants may grow. This
phenomenon is known as asexual
reproduction. Asexual reproduction is a
feature of many common plants, including strawberries, mint, Bermuda grass and
spider plant.