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Differences that can occur at network layer, which makes internetworking difficult:
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Internetworking
Problem: Networks with different protocol stacks how to let them talk to each other?
Nonsolution: Why not enforce all networks to run same protocol stack? ask for troubles ! and
this is effectively saying no progress is allowed
Solution: Construct some gateways that connect different kinds of networks
Repeaters or hubs at physical layer:
operate on bits, do not understand Mainframe
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
With a router, packet is extracted from frame and address in packet is used to
decide where to send it so router has to understand network protocols
Legend
Header
Packet
Trailer
Switch Router
S D S D
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Multiprotocol
router
1
M M ATM Router
X. 25
OSI
M
M 2
Host
End-to-end concatenated
virtual circuits
Each gateway maintain tables telling which virtual circuits pass through it, where
they are to be routed and what new virtual circuit number is
If one of constituent subnets does not support virtual circuits, simple concatenation
becomes hard
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Using Datagram
1
M M
M
M
2
Multiprotocol
Host
router
Solution: Dont solve it, instead consider possibly some universal network protocol,
e.g. IP, which can be carried through many networks
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Tunneling
Solving general internetworking problem is extremely hard, but thing becomes easier
if source and destination are on same type of subnet tunnelling can be used
Acts like a serial line
Multiprotocol
Tunnel
Ethernet in Paris router Ethernet in London
WAN
1 2
Header
IP IP IP
Multiprotocol router simply places source hosts packet inside payload of WAN
packet and sends through
Essentially, what between two hosts subnets, WAN, can be seen as a tunnel
extending from one multiprotocol router to the other
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Internetworking Routing
A B
B
Routing through an internetwork is 2 3
E
Two-level routing algorithm needed
Network 4 F 5
Interior gateway protocol used E F
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Fragmentation
Different networks have different maximum packet sizes, and solution is to allow gateway to split a
packet into smaller ones fragmentation
Network 1 Network 2
Packet
G1 G2 G3 G4
G2 G4
G1 fragments reassembles G3 fragments reassembles
a large packet the fragments again again
(a)
Packet
G1 G2 G3 G4
(b)
Transparent fragmentation: small-packet network splits packet and recombines fragments back.
Others do not need to know
Nontransparent fragmentation: destination host recombines fragments back
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Fragmentation Reassembly
27 0 1 A B C D E F G H I J
Header
(a)
27 0 0 A B C D E F G H 27 8 1 I J
Header Header
(b)
27 0 0 A B C D E 27 5 0 F G H 27 8 1 I J
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Firewalls
Sometimes it is better not all your computers can be easily reached by others, or vice versa
firewall
Packet Packet
filtering Application filtering
router gateway router
Backbone
Connections
to outside
networks
Packet filter: standard router with extra functionality to inspect packets Those packets meeting
some criterion are forwarded normally, and those failed are dropped
Application gateway: operates at application level
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ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen
Summary
Internetworking in general
Firewalls
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