A Caliper is simply a measuring device from a compass to intense instruments such as the vernier

caliper acting as an advanced ruler. The vernier caliper uses vernier scale to measure more precisely. This
instrument provides different methods of measuring including ways to measure external or internal dimensions as
well as finding depth measurements. In fact the depth measurement method of using a movable and slidable
probe is so slender that it is able to retrieve data in deep canals.

The lower and upper section of this scale generally uses both inch and metric measurements. Industries use
vernier calipers because of its hundredth of a millimeter precision equal to one thousandth of an inch. Below
describes the vernier caliper's parts and functions.

The rail (4) allows sliding to occur on the main scale (7) moving the vernier scale (3) while the fixed jaw
(11) remains in place so the precise measurement is found. Also, draw back and forth (9) the instrument's jaws
(parts 1 and 10) to adjust the caliper. The indicated measurement is found at the left of the vernier scale (3 and 8)
either in inches or centimeters. The sliding jaw (9) and the depth probe (5) are connected to and move along with
the vernier scale. Deep measurements are taken by the use of the front end of the rail (6).

1. Inside jaws: Internal length measurements are found by using this part.

2. Retainer or locking screw: This part blocks the instrument's movable parts in order to transfer between
measurement methods easily.

3. Vernier scale (inch)

4. Rail (inch)

5. Depth probe: The part used in order to find depth measurements

6. Front end of the rail

7. Main scale (mm)

8. Vernier scale (mm)

9. Sliding Jaw

10. Outside jaws: This part makes measuring external lengths possible.

11. Fixed Jaw

 Hack sawing is a process of cutting metals to size. It uses a long blade mounted in a
bow-shaped frame. Cutting takes place using a reciprocating, or back-and-forth

The typical hacksaw consists of a saw blade supported by a frame fitted with a handle to give
a firm grip

Types of hacksaw frames There are two types of hacksaw frames:

1. Solid hacksaw frame- In this type only a particular standard length of blade can be
fitted to this frame.
2. Adjustable hacksaw frame - In this type different standard lengths of blades can be
fitted to this frame.

Classification of the hacksaw blades

The hacksaw blade is classified by: 1. Teeth pitch which is the number of teeth per 25
mm. 2. Blade length which is the length between the centers of its pin holes

Hacksaw blade pitch

The pitch of the hacksaw blades are classified as follows:

1. Coarse pitch teeth. The coarse pitch blade has 14-18 teeth/25 mm. It is used to cut thick
and soft workpieces.

2. Medium pitch teeth. The medium pitch blade has 18-24 teeth/25 mm.

3. Fine pitch teeth. The medium pitch blade has 24-32 teeth/25 mm. It is used to cut thin and
hard workpieces.