Chapter 1 Measurement

Australian
Curriculum
Measurement and Geometry
Using units of measurement
1
chapter
Measurement
What you will learn

1.1 #ONVERSIONOFUNITS Worlds largest cylindrical aquarium
1.2 Perimeter
1.3 #IRCUMFERENCE
Inside the Radisson SAS hotel in Berlin is the worlds largest
1.4 Area
cylindrical aquarium. Some of its measurement facts include:
1.5 Area of a circle
o (EIGHTM
1.6 Surface area of prisms
o $IAMETERM
1.7 Surface area of a cylinder
o 6OLUMEOFSEAWATER,
1.8 6OLUMEOFSOLIDS
o #URVEDSURFACEAREAM
4HETRANSPARENTCASINGISMADEFROMASPECIALPOLYMERTHATISVERY
STRONGANDCANBEMADEANDDELIVEREDASONEPIECE#YLINDRICAL
measurement formulas are used to calculate the amount of polymer
NEEDEDANDTHEVOLUMEOFSEAWATERITCANHOLD
ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
2 Chapter 1 Measurement
1 Name these shapes.

Pre-test
a b c d
e f g h
2 Write the missing number.

a 1 km = m b 1m= cm c 1 cm = mm
d 1L= mL e 0.5 km = m f 2.5 cm = mm
3 Find the perimeter of these shapes.

a b c 2.5 mm
5m
1.3 mm
11 m 2.1 mm
3 cm
4 Find the area of these shapes.
a b c
2 cm 7m
6 km
5 cm 10 m
5 Find the area of these triangles using A = 1bh.

2
a b c
2 cm
4m 4 km
4 cm
7m 3 km
6 Use C = d and A = r 2 to find the circumference and area of this circle. Round to
two decimal places.
10 m
d = 10, r = 5

Measurement and Geometry 3
1.1 Conversion of units

To work with length, area or volume
measurements, it is important to be able
to convert between different units. Timber,
for example, is widely used in buildings for
frames, roof trusses and windows, to name
a few things. It is important to order the
correct amount of timber so that the cost
of the house is minimised. Although plans
give measurements in mm and cm, timber
is ordered in metres (often referred to as
lineal metres), so we have to convert all
our measurements to metres.
Building a house also involves many area and volume calculations and conversions.
Lets start: House plans

All homes start from a plan, which is usually designed by an architect and shows most of the
basic features and measurements that are needed to build the house. Measurements are given
in millimetres.
4500 2700 3200 4700 1000 2200 1000 3500
100
1000
2500
MEALS
BED 1
4500
BED 4 LIVING
2000
WIR FAMILY
5200
1500
KITCHEN
12 100
BED 3 RUMPUS
4200
3100
6100
GARAGE BED 2
WC
1500
1600
1300 6500 3200 2000 1000 1700 3500 3600

22 800
s How many bedrooms are there?

s What are the dimensions of the master bedroom (BED 1)?
s What are the dimensions of the master bedroom, in metres?
s Will the rumpus room fit a pool table that measures 2.5 m 1.2 m, and still have room to play?
s How many cars do you think will fit in the garage?
s What do you think is going to cover the floor of the kitchen, meals and family rooms?

To convert units, draw an appropriate diagram and use it to find the conversion factor.
Key ideas
For example:
1 km
1000 m 10 mm
1 m2 100 cm
1 cm3
10 mm
100 cm
10 mm
1 km = 1000 m 1 m2 = 100 100 1 cm3 = 10 10 10

= 10 000 cm2 = 1000 mm3
Conversions:
Length 1000 100 10
km m cm mm
1000 100 10 To multiply by 10, 100, 1000, etc.

move the decimal point one place
to the right for each zero;
Area 10002 1002 102
e.g. 3.425 100 = 342.5
km2 m2 cm2 mm2
10002 1002 102 To divide by 10, 100, 1000 etc.

move the decimal point one place
to the left for each zero;
Volume 10003 1003 103
e.g. 4.10 1000 = 0.0041
km3 m3 cm3 mm3
10003 1003 103
Exercise 1A
Understanding
1 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving length. 1 km

a There are m in 1 km. 1000 m
b There are mm in 1 cm.
c There are cm in 1 m.
2 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving area units.

a There are mm2 in 1 cm2. 1 cm2 10 mm
b There are cm2 in 1 m2.
10 mm
c There are m2 in 1 km2.

3 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving volume units.

a There are mm3 in 1 cm3. 10 mm
b There are m3 in 1 km3. 1 cm3
c There are cm3 in 1 m3. 10 mm
10 mm
Fluency
Example 1 Converting length measurements

Convert these length measurements to the units shown in the brackets.
a 8.2 km (m) b 45 mm (cm)
Solution Explanation
a 8.2 km = 8.2 1000 1 km
1 km = 1000 m
= 8200 m 1000 m
b 45 mm = 45 10 1 cm
= 4.5 cm 10 mm 1 cm = 10 mm
Divide if converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit.
4 Convert the following measurements of length into the units given in the brackets.
a 4.32 cm (mm) b 327 m (km) )FCONVERTING
c 834 cm (m) d 0.096 m (mm) to a smaller
unit, multiply.
e 297.5 m (km) f 0.0127 m (cm)
/THERWISEDIVIDE
Example 2 Converting area measurements

Convert these area measurements to the units shown in the brackets.
a 930 cm2 (m2) b 0.4 cm2 (mm2)
a 930 cm2 = 930 10 000

= 0.093 m2 1 m2 100 cm
1 m2 = 100 100
100 cm = 10 000 cm2
b 0.4 cm2 = 0.4 100
= 40 mm2 1 cm2 10 mm
1 cm2 = 10 10
10 mm = 100 mm2

1A
5 Convert the following area measurements into the units given in the brackets.
a 3000 cm2 (mm2) b 0.5 m2 (cm2) CM =MM
2 2
c 5 km (m ) d 2 980 000 mm2 (cm2) M =CM
2 2 2 2 KM =M
e 537 cm (mm ) f 0.023 m (cm )
Example 3 Converting volume measurements

Convert these volume measurements to the units shown in the brackets.
a 3.72 cm3 (mm3) b 4300 cm3 (m3)
a 3.72 cm3 = 3.72 1000
= 3720 mm3 10 mm
1 cm3
10 mm 1 cm3 = 10 10 10
10 mm = 1000 mm3
b 4300 cm3 = 4300 1 000 000
= 0.0043 m3 100 cm
1 m3
100 cm 1 m3 = 100 100 100
100 cm = 1 000 000 cm3
6 Convert these volume measurements into the units given in the brackets.
a 2 cm3 (mm3) b 0.2 m3 (cm3) CM3 =MM3
3
c 5700 mm (cm ) 3 3
d 0.015 km (m ) 3 M3 =CM3
3 3 3 3 KM3 =M3
e 28 300 000 m (km ) f 762 000 cm (m )
Problem-solving and Reasoning
7 An athlete has completed a 5.5 km run. How many metres did the athlete run?

8 Determine the metres of timber needed to construct the following frames.

a b
200 cm 60 cm
240 cm
60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 60 cm 140 cm 60 cm
40 cm
9 Find the total sum of the measurements given, expressing your

answer in the units given in the brackets. #ONVERTTOTHEUNITS
a 10 cm, 18 mm (mm) b 1.2 m, 19 cm, 83 mm (cm) INBRACKETS!DDUP
2 2 2 to find the sum.
c 453 km, 258 m (km) d 400 mm , 11.5 cm (cm )
2 2 2
e 0.3 m , 251 cm (cm ) f 0.000 03 km , 9 m , 37 000 000 cm2 (m2)
2 2
g 482 000 mm3, 2.5 cm3 (mm3) h 0.000 51 km3, 27 300 m3 (m3)
10 A snail is moving at a rate of 43 mm every minute.

How many centimetres will the snail move
in 5 minutes?
11 Why do you think that builders measure many of their

lengths using only millimetres, even their long lengths?
Special units
12 Many units of measurement apart from those relating to mm, cm, m and km are used in our society.
Some of these are described here.
Length Inches 1 inch 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm
Feet 1 foot = 12 inches 30.48 cm
Miles 1 mile 1.609 km = 1609 m
Area Squares 1 square = 100 square feet
Hectares (ha) 1 hectare = 10 000 m2
Volume Millilitres (mL) 1 millilitre = 1 cm3
Litres (L) 1 litre = 1000 cm3
Convert these special measurements into the units given in the brackets. Use the conversion
information given earlier to help.
a 5.5 miles (km) b 54 inches (feet) c 10.5 inches (cm)
d 2000 m (miles) e 5.7 ha (m2) f 247 cm3 (L)
3
g 8.2 L (mL) h 5.5 m (mL) i 10 squares (sq. feet)
j 2 m3 (L) k 1 km2 (ha) l 152 000 mL (m3)

1.2 Perimeter
Perimeter is a measure of length
around the outside of a shape.
We calculate perimeter when
ordering ceiling cornices for
a room, or materials for fencing
a paddock or building a television
frame.
Lets start: L-shaped perimeters

This L-shaped figure includes only right (90) angles. Only two
measurements are given. 10 cm
s Can you figure out any other side lengths?
s Is it possible to find its perimeter? Why?
13 cm
Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a two-dimensional shape. Perimeter The
Key ideas
To find the perimeter we add all the lengths of the sides in the same units. total distance
(length) around
P = 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 = 24 m
the outside of
7m a figure
8m
4m
5m
If two sides of a shape are the same length they are labelled with the same markings.
P = 2x + y + z
y
z

Exercise 1B
Understanding
1 Write the missing word: The distance around the outside of a shape is called the ____________.
2 Write down the value of x for these shapes.

a b c
x 7.1 x x
6 4.3
Fluency
Example 4 Finding perimeters of basic shapes

Find the perimeter of these shapes.
a 2 cm b 3m
3 cm
4 cm 5m
3.5 cm
4.5 m
a Perimeter = 3 + 2 + 4 + 3.5 Add all the lengths of the sides together.
= 12.5 cm
b Perimeter = 5 + 4.5 + 3 3 Three lengths have the same markings and are
= 18.5 m therefore the same length.

a 3 cm b c Sides with
6m the same
3 km MARKINGS
6m are the
5 cm same
4 cm 4m length.
5 km
7m
d 3m e f
6.4 cm
2.5 m
2.5 m
1B
a 1.3 cm b
22 mm
1.8 cm
17 mm
1.2 cm
8 mm
2.4 cm
18 mm
c d
220 m
2m
7m
185 m
3m
e 0.5 km f 12 cm
34 cm 32 cm
2.6 km
Example 5 Finding a missing side length

Find the value of x for this shape with the given perimeter.
4.5 m
xm
P = 11.9 m
2.1 m
3.4 m
4.5 + 2.1 + 3.4 + x = 11.9 All the sides add to 11.9 in length.
10 + x = 11.9 Simplify.
x = 1.9 Subtract 10 from both sides.

5 Find the value of x for these shapes with the given perimeters.
a b 3m c 2 mm
2 cm 3 cm
3m 2 mm
xm 4 mm
x cm
5m x mm
Perimeter = 9 cm Perimeter = 13 m Perimeter = 14 mm
Add up all the sides

then determine the
VALUEOFx to suit the
GIVENPERIMETERS
6 Find the value of x for these shapes with the given perimeters.
a 2m b c
5m x cm 2x mm
7m
5.3 cm
xm
Perimeter = 17 m Perimeter = 22.9 cm Perimeter = 0.8 mm
Example 6 Working with concrete slabs

For the concrete slab shown: 18 500 mm
a draw a new diagram showing all the
m
m
measurements in metres
0
m
80
b determine the lineal metres of timber

16
0
10
needed to surround it
14
3500 mm
a 18.5 m Convert your measurements and place
them all on the diagram.
14.1 m 1 m = 100 10 = 1000 mm
16.8 m 15 m Add or subtract to find the missing
2.7 m measurements.
3.5 m
b Perimeter = 18.5 + 16.8 + 3.5 + 2.7 + 15 + 14.1 Add all the measurements.
= 70.6 m
The lineal metres of timber needed is 70.6 m. Write your answer in words.

1B
7 For the concrete slabs shown:
i draw a new diagram with the
measurements in metres
ii determine the lineal metres of
timber needed to surround it
10 6
a
0 mm 00 m
8 0 m
4
b 15 000 mm
m
0m
00
15
c 16 800 mm d 14 600 mm
3500 mm
14 000 mm 16 000 mm
4700 mm
4500 mm
18 700 mm
2700 mm 3900 mm
e f
2300 mm
2400 mm 2500 mm
12 500 mm
8100 mm
10 900 mm
13 000 mm
12 700 mm
8 A rectangular paddock has perimeter 100 m.

Find the width of the paddock if its length
is 30 m.
9 The equilateral triangle shown has perimeter 45 cm.

Find its side length. x

10 Find formulas for the perimeter of these shapes using the pronumerals given.
a b c A formula for
x y perimeter could be
l w
P = l +w
or P = a + b + c.
z
l
d b e f
s
a l
How many different tables?
11 A large dining table is advertised with a perimeter of 12 m. The length and width are a whole number
of metres (e.g. 1 m, 2 m, . . .). How many different-sized tables are possible?
12 How many rectangles (using whole number lengths) have perimeters between 16 and 20 m inclusive?

1.3 Circumference
To find the distance around the outside
of a circle the circumference we use
the special number called pi (). Pi
provides a direct link between the
diameter of a circle and the circumference
of that circle.
The wheel is one of the most useful
components in many forms of machinery,
and its shape, of course, is a circle. One
revolution of a vehicles wheel moves the
vehicle a distance equal to the wheels
circumference.
Lets start: When circumference = height

Here is an example of a cylinder.
s Try drawing your own cylinder so that its height is equal to the
circumference of the circular top. height
s How would you check that you have drawn a cylinder with the
correct dimensions? Discuss.
The radius is the distance from the centre of a circle to a point Radius The
distance from the
Key ideas
on the circle.
centre of a circle
The diameter is the distance across a circle through its centre.
to its outside edge
Radius = 1 diameter or diameter = 2 radius Diameter A line
2
Circumference is the distance around a circle. passing through
Circumference = 2 radius the centre of
a circle with its
= 2 r r end points on the
d
or circumference = diameter circumference
= d Circumference
is a special number and can be found on your The distance
C around the
calculator. It can be approximated by 3.142
outside of a
CIRCLETHECURVED
boundary
Exercise 1C
Understanding
1 Write the formula for the circumference of a circle using:

a d for diameter b r for radius

2 What fraction of a circle is shown here?

a b c
3 a What is the diameter of a circle if its radius is 4.3 m?

b What is the radius of a circle if its diameter is 3.6 cm?
Fluency
Example 7 Finding the circumference of a circle

Find the circumference of these circles to two decimal places.
a b
2 cm
2.65 mm
a Circumference = 2 r Write the formula involving radius.
= 2 (2) Substitute r = 2
= 12.57 cm Write your answer to two decimal places.
b C = d Write the formula involving diameter.
= (2.65) Substitute d = 2.65
= 8.33 mm Write your answer to two decimal places.
4 Find the circumference of these circles to two decimal places.

Use C = r
a b c 5 km or C = d.
3m
10 m
d e f
19.44 mm
18 cm
1.07 km

1C
Example 8 Finding perimeters of composite shapes
Find the perimeter of this composite shape to two decimal places.
3m
5m
2m
P = 3 + 5 + 1 2 (2) Add all the sides, including half a circle.

2
= 8 + 2 Simplify.
= 14.28 m Round as instructed.
5 Find the perimeter of these composite shapes to two decimal places.

a b c $ONlTFORGETTOADDTHE
straight sides to the
3m
fraction , or 3 of

1 mm the circumference.
8m 10 m 1 cm 4 cm
d e f
2.8 cm
2 cm 3m 20 cm
5m 14.14 cm
6 David wishes to build a circular fish pond. The diameter of the pond is to be 3 m.
a How many linear metres of bricks are needed to surround it? Round your answer to
two decimal places.
b What is the cost if the bricks are $45 per metre? (Use your answer from part a.)
7 The wheels of a bike have a diameter of 1 m.

a How many metres will the bike travel (to two decimal places) after: &ORONEREVOLUTION
i one full turn of the wheels? use C = d.
ii 15 full turns of the wheels?
b How many kilometres will the bike travel after
1000 full turns of the wheels? (Give your answer
correct to two decimal places.)
8 What is the minimum number of times a wheel of diameter 1 m

needs to spin to cover a distance of 1 km? You will need to find
the circumference of the wheel first. Answer as a whole number.

9 Find the perimeter of these composite shapes to two decimal places.

a b 7.9 c -AKESUREYOU
KNOWTHERADIUS
or diameter of
the circle you
are dealing with.
1.5
0.3
3.6
d e 3.6 f
6 12
2.2
10
10 a Rearrange the formula for the circumference of a circle, C = 2 r, to write r in terms of C.

b Find, to two decimal places, the radius of a circle with the given circumference.
i 35 cm
4OMAKEr the
ii 1.85 m SUBJECTDIVIDEBOTH
iii 0.27 km SIDESBY.
Target practice
11 A target is made up of three rings, as shown.

7 cm
a Find the radius of the smallest ring.
b Find, to two decimal places, the circumference of: 7 cm
i the smallest ring 35 cm
7 cm
ii the middle ring
iii the outside ring
c If the circumference of a different ring was 80 cm,
what would its radius be, to two decimal places?

1.4 Area
In this simple diagram, a rectangle with side lengths 2 m and 3 m has 3m
an area of 6 square metres or 6 m2. This is calculated by counting the
number of squares (each a square metre) that make up the rectangle.
We use formulas to help us quickly count the number of square units 2m
contained within a shape. For this rectangle, for example, the formula
A = lw simply tells us to multiply the length by the width to find the area.
area = 6 m2
1
Lets start: How does A = bh work for a triangle?
2
Look at this triangle, including its rectangular red dashed lines.
s How does the shape of the triangle relate to the shape of the
outside rectangle?
h
s How can you use the formula for a rectangle to help find the
area of the triangle (or parts of the triangle)?
s Why is the rule for the area of a triangle given by A = 1 bh? b
2
The area of a two-dimensional shape is the number of square units contained Area The
Key ideas
within its boundaries. number of

square units
Some of the common area formulas are as follows.
needed to
Square Rectangle Triangle COVERTHE
space inside
the boundaries
w h OFA$SHAPE
l
l b
Area = l 2 Area = l w Area = 1bh

2

Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezium

a
y h
x h
b
b
Area = 1 xy Area = bh Area = 1 ( a + b)h

2 2
The height in a triangle, parallelogram or trapezium should be perpendicular (at 90) to
the base.
Exercise 1D Understanding
1 Match each shape (af) with its area formula (AF).

a square A A = 1 bh
2
b rectangle B A = lw
c rhombus C A = bh
d parallelogram D A = 1 (a + b)h
2
e trapezium E A = l2
f triangle F A = 1 xy
2
2 These shapes show the base and a height length. What is the height of each shape?
a 2 cm b base c
4.3 cm
4m
base base
d e f base
7.8 m
10 cm
base
4 km
base
Fluency
Example 9 Using area formulas

Find the area of these basic shapes, rounding to two decimal places where necessary.
a b 3 cm c
3 cm
3.3 m
2 cm
5 cm
7 cm
5.8 m

1D
a Area = lw Write the formula for a rectangle.
=73 Substitute the lengths l = 7 and w = 3.
= 21 cm2 Simplify and add the units.
b Area = 1 (a + b)h Write the formula for a trapezium.

2
1
= (3 + 5) 2 Substitute the lengths a = 3, b = 5 and h = 2.
2
= 8 cm2 Simplify and add the units.
c Area = 1 bh Write the formula for a triangle.

2
1
= (5.8)(3.3) Substitute the lengths b = 5.8 and h = 3.3.
2
= 9.57 m2 Simplify and add the units.
3 Find the area of these basic shapes, rounding to two decimal places where necessary.
a b 7 cm c First choose
the correct
2.8 m formula and
2m 3 cm substitute
8.4 m for each
pronumeral
(letter).
d e 7.5 mm f 1m
10 m 4.2 m
3 mm 1m
3m
4 Find the area of these basic shapes, rounding to two decimal places where necessary.
a b c
10.5 m 1.3 km
2.8 km
5 cm 5.2 m
d 0.3 mm e f
0.82 m
0.1 mm 20 cm
0.2 mm 1.37 m
10 cm

5 A rectangular table top is 1.2 m long and 80 cm wide. Find the area of
the table top using: &IRSTCONVERTTO
a square metres (m2) b square centimetres (cm2) the units that you
WANTTOWORKWITH
6 Two triangular sails have side lengths as shown.

Find the total area of the two sails.
6m
5m 2m
Example 10 Finding areas of floors

Christine decides to use carpet squares to cover the floor 3.5 m
of her bedroom, shown at right. Determine:
a the area of floor to be covered
b the total cost if the carpet squares cost $32 a square metre 2.6 m
a Area of floor = l w The room is a rectangle, so use A = l w to calculate
= 3.5 2.6 the total floor space.
= 9.1 m2
b Cost of carpet squares = 9.1 32 Every square metre of carpet squares costs $32.
= $291.20
7 Jacks shed is to have a flat roof, which he decides to cover with 4m

metal sheets.
a Determine the total area of the roof.
b If the metal roofing costs $11 a square metre,
3.4 m
how much will it cost in total?
8 A sliding door has two glass panels. Each of these is 2.1 m high 1.8 m 1.8 m
and 1.8 m wide.
a How many square metres of glass are needed?
b What is the total cost of the glass if the price is 2.1 m
$65 per square metre?

1D
9 A rectangular window has a whole number measurement for its length and width and its area is 24 m2.
Write down the possible lengths and widths for the window.
10 Determine the area of the houses shown, in square metres (correct to two decimal places).
a 14 600 mm b 2700 mm 3900 mm
Note that there
AREMM
2400 mm INM
16 000 mm 12 500 mm
4500 mm
18 700 mm 13 000 mm
11 Find the value of the pronumeral in these shapes, rounding to two decimal places each time.
a 5.2 cm b If x =THEN
x = =
l cm
w cm
area = 15 cm2 area = 206 m2

c d
2.8 m
1.8 km
1.3 m
h km
area = 1.3 km2 am
area = 2.5 m2
e 5.34 mm f
18 m
h mm xm
area = 10 mm2
area = 80 m2
Four ways to find the area of a trapezium

12 Find the area of this trapezium using each of the suggested methods.
a Formula A = 1 (a + b)h b Parallelogram and triangle

2
2 2
1 1
4 4
c Half-parallelogram d Rectangle + triangle
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
4 4
1.5 Area of a circle

Like its circumference, a circles
area is linked to the special
number pi (). The area is the
product of pi and the square of
the radius, so A = r 2.
Knowing the formula for the
area of a circle helps us build
circular garden beds, plan water
sprinkler systems and estimate
the damage caused by an oil
slick from a ship in calm seas.
Lets start: What fraction is that?

When finding areas of sectors, we first need to decide what fraction of
a circle we are dealing with. This sector, for example, has a radius of 4 cm
and a 45 angle.
s What fraction of a full circle is shown in this sector?
45
s How can you use this fraction to help find the area of this sector?
s How would you set out your working? 4 cm
The formula for finding the area (A) of a circle of radius r is given
by the equation: A = r 2
Key ideas
r
If the diameter (d ) of the circle is given, determine the radius before
calculating the area of the circle: r = d 2
A = r2
Exercise 1E
Understanding
1 Which is the correct working step for the area of this circle?
A A = (7) B A = 2 (7) C A = (14)2 D A = ( 7)2 E A = (7)2
7m
2 Which is the correct working step for the area of this circle?
A A = (10)2 B A = ( 10)2 C A = (5)2 D A = 2 (5) E A = 5
10 cm

1E
3 What fraction of a circle is shown by these sectors? Simplify your fraction.
a b c
120
d e f
300
30 210
Fluency
Example 11 Finding areas of circles

Find the area of these circles, correct to two decimal places.
a b
3m 1.06 km
a A = r2 Write the formula.
= (3)2 Substitute r = 3. Evaluate 32 = 9 then multiply by .
=9
= 28.27 m2
b Radius r = 1.06 2 = 0.53 km Find the radius, given the diameter of 1.06.
A = r 2 Write the formula.
= (0.53)2 Substitute r = 0.53.
= 0.88 km2 Write your answer to two decimal places with units.
4 Find the area of these circles, correct to two decimal places.

a b c
4 cm
8m
4.8 m
d e f 12.6 km
Remember:
r = d
1.02 mm
7m

Example 12 Finding areas of sectors

Find the area of this sector, correct to two decimal places.
60 10 m
Fraction of circle = 60 = 1 The sector uses 60 out of the 360 in a whole circle.
360 6
Area = 1 r 2 Write the formula, including the fraction part.
6
1
= (10)2 Substitute r = 10.
6
Write your answer to two decimal places.
= 52.36 m2
5 Find the area of these sectors, correct to two decimal places.

a b c First determine
the fraction of a
10 m full circle that you
2.5 m
6m are dealing with.
d e f
20
20 cm 230
60 5 m
2m
6 A pizza with diameter 40 cm is divided into eight equal parts.

Find the area of each portion, correct to one decimal place.
Example 13 Finding areas of composite shapes

Find the area of this composite shape, correct to two decimal places.
2 cm
2 cm
A = 1 r 2 + 1 bh The shape is made up of a semicircle and a triangle.

2 2
Write the formulas for both.
= (1) + 1 (2) (2)
1 2
2 2 Substitute r = 1, b = 2 and h = 2
= 1.5707 . . . + 2
= 3.57 cm2 Write your answer to two decimal places with units.
1E
7 Find the area of these composite shapes, correct to two decimal places.
Find the area of
a b c each shape within
4 cm 10 m the larger shape,
then add them. For
3 mm example, triangle +
4 cm semicircle.
6 mm
8 The lawn area in a backyard is made up of a

semicircular region with diameter 6.5 m and
m
a triangular region of length 8.2 m, as shown. 8.2 6.5 m
Find the total area of lawn in the backyard, correct
to two decimal places.
9 Find the area of these composite shapes, correct to one decimal place.
a b Use addition
or subtraction
depending
10 m on the shape
GIVEN
5 cm
12 m
c d
1.7 m
1.8 m
1.6 m 4.2 mm
e 28 km f
7m
18 km
3m
2.5 m
26 km

Circular pastries
10 A rectangular piece of pastry is used to create small

circular pastry discs for the base of Christmas tarts.
.
.
.
.
The rectangular piece of pastry is 30 cm long and 24 cm .
.
wide, and each circular piece has a diameter of 6 cm. .
.
a How many circular pieces of pastry can be removed
from the rectangle?
b Find the total area removed from the original rectangle,
correct to two decimal places.
c Find the total area of pastry remaining, correct to two decimal places.
d If the remaining pastry was collected and re-rolled to the same thickness, how many
circular pieces could be cut? Assume that the pastry can be re-rolled many times.

1.6 Surface area of prisms

The total surface area of a three-dimensional
object can be found by finding the sum of
the areas of each of the shapes that make up
the surface of the object.
Lets start: Which net?

The solid below is a triangular prism with a
right-angled triangle as its cross-section.
s How many different types of shapes
make up its outside surface?
s What is a possible net for the solid?
Is there more than one?
s How would you find the total surface area?
5m
3m
4m
To calculate the total surface area (TSA) of a solid: Total surface area
Key ideas
draw a net (a two-dimensional drawing including all the surfaces) (TSA) The total
number of square
determine the area of each shape inside the net
units needed to
add the areas of each shape together. COVERTHEOUTSIDE
Shape Net of a solid

Exercise 1F
Understanding
1 For a rectangular prism, answer the following.

a How many faces does the prism have?
b How many different rectangles form the surface of the prism?
2 For this triangular prism, answer the following.

5 cm
a What is the area of the largest surface rectangle?
b What is the area of the smallest surface rectangle?
3 cm
c What is the combined area of the two triangles?
7 cm
d What is the total surface area? 4 cm
Fluency
Example 14 Finding the TSA of a rectangular prism

Find the total surface area (TSA) of this rectangular prism by first drawing its net.
3 cm
5 cm
8 cm
5 Draw the net of the solid, labelling the
33 lengths and shapes of equal areas.
5 3 B
8 C A C A
3 B
TSA = 2 area of A + 2 area of B + 2 area of C Describe each area.

= 2 (8 3) + 2 (5 3) + 2 (8 5) Substitute the correct lengths.
= 158 cm2 Simplify and add units.
3 Find the total surface area (TSA) of these rectangular prisms by first drawing their nets.
a b c
3 cm
5m
6 cm
2 mm
3 cm 5 mm
1m
1 mm 3m

1F
Example 15 Finding the TSA of a triangular prism
Find the surface area of the triangular prism shown.
5m
3m
10 m
4m
10 m Draw a net of the object with all the
B measurements and label the sections
3m 3m
3m 10 m 3m to be calculated.
A C A
5m 4m 4m 5m
10 m
5m D 5m
10 m
Total surface area There are two triangles with the same
= 2 area A + area B + area C + area D area and three different rectangles.

= 2 1 3 4 + (3 10) + (4 10) + (5 10) Substitute the correct lengths.
2
= 12 + 30 + 40 + 50 Calculate the area of each shape.
= 132 m2 Add the areas together.
4 Find the total surface area of the following prisms.

a b 3m There are three
13 m rectangles and
5m two identical
5m 5m triangles.
6m
12 m 8m 8m
c 16 cm
30 cm
10 cm
6 cm

5 Find the TSA of these objects by first drawing a net.

a b c
5 mm
25 m
1.2 cm 3 mm
7 mm 10 m
4 mm 8.66 m
6 A cube of side length 8 cm is to be painted all over with bright red paint. What is the total surface
area that is to be painted?
7 What is the minimum amount of paper required to wrap a

box with dimensions 25 cm wide, 32 cm long and 20 cm high?
20 cm
25 cm
32 cm
8 An open-topped box is to be covered inside and out with a special

material. If the box is 40 cm long, 20 cm wide and 8 cm high, find #OUNTBOTHINSIDE
and out but do not
the minimum amount of material required to cover the box. include the top.
9 David wants to paint his bedroom. The ceiling and walls are to
be same colour. If the room measures 3.3 m 4 m and the ceiling
is 2.6 m high find the amount of paint needed:
a if each litre covers 10 square metres
b if each litre covers 5 square metres

1F
10 A ski ramp in the shape of a triangular prism needs to be painted before the Moomba Classic
waterskiing competition in Melbourne. The base and sides of the ramp require a fully waterproof
paint, which covers 2.5 square metres per litre. The top needs special smooth paint, which covers
only 0.7 square metres per litre.
5m 3m
3.2 m 4m
a Determine the amount of each type of paint required. Round to two decimal places where
necessary.
b If the waterproof paint is $7 per litre and the special smooth paint is $20 per litre, calculate the
total cost of painting the ramp, to the nearest cent. (Use the exact answers from part a to help.)
11 Find the total surface area (TSA) of these square-based pyramids.

a 8 cm b c There is one
2 cm
2m square and
four identical
triangles.
5 cm 1 cm
3m
Will I have enough paint?

12 I have 6 litres of paint and on the tin it says that the coverage
is 5.5 m2 per litre. I wish to paint the four outside walls of a 1.5 m
shed and the roof, which has four triangular sections. 2m
Will I have enough paint to complete the job?
2.5 m
2.5 m

1.7 Surface area of a cylinder

Like a prism, a cylinder has a uniform
cross-section with identical circles as its
two ends. The curved surface of a cylinder
can be rolled out to form a rectangle with
a length equal to the circumference of
the circle.
A can is a good example of a cylinder.
We need to know the area of the ends
and the curved surface area in order to
cut sections from a sheet of aluminium
to manufacture the can.
Lets start: Why 2orh?

We can see from the net of a cylinder (see below) that the total area of the two circular ends is
2 r 2 or 2r 2. For the curved part, though, consider the following.
s Why can it be drawn as a rectangle? Can you explain this using a piece of paper?
s Why are the dimensions of this rectangle h and 2r ?
s Where does TSA = 2r 2 + 2rh come from?
A cylinder is a solid with a circular cross-section. Diagram Net Cylinder A
Key ideas
The net contains two equal circles and a r solid with
r two parallel,
rectangle. The rectangle has one side length
congruent
equal to the circumference of the circle. h 2r circular faces
TSA = 2 circles + 1 rectangle connected
= 2 r 2 + 2 rh h BYACURVED
Another way of writing 2 r 2 + 2 rh is 2 r (r + h). surface
Exercise 1G
Understanding
1 Write the missing word/expression.

a The cross-section of a cylinder is a _________.
b The TSA of a cylinder is TSA = 2 r 2 + _________.

1G
2 A cylinder and its net are shown here. 8m r
a What is the value of:
i r?
ii h? 7m 2r
b Find the value of 2 r, correct to two decimal places. h
c Use TSA = 2 r 2 + 2 rh to find the total surface area,
correct to two decimal places.
Fluency
Example 16 Finding the surface area of a cylinder

By first drawing a net, find the total surface area of this cylinder, 1.7 m
to two decimal places.
5.3 m
1.7 m Draw the net and label the lengths.
5.3 m
1.7 m
TSA = 2 circles + 1 rectangle Write what you need to calculate.

= 2 r 2 + 2 rh Write the formula.
= 2 (1.7)2 + 2 (1.7)(5.3) Substitute the correct lengths: r = 1.7 and h = 5.3.
= 74.77 m2 Round to two decimal places.
3 By first drawing a net, find the total surface area of these cylinders, to two decimal places.
a b 10 cm
Remember that
radius = diameter
6m 7 cm
2m
c d 8.7 mm
26 cm
2 cm
1.2 mm

4 Use the formula TSA = 2 r2 + 2 rh to find the total surface area

of these cylinders, to one decimal place. 5SING r + rh
a b is the same as
11 cm USING r(r + h).
9.2 m
26 cm 12.8 m
5 Find the area of the curved surface only of these cylinders, to one decimal place.
a 2m b Find only the
20 cm rectangular part
1m of the net, so
0.5 m use A = rh.
Watch the units.
6 Find the outside surface area of a pipe of radius 85 cm and length 4.5 m, to one decimal place.
Answer in m2.
7 The base and sides of a circular cake tin are to be lined on the inside with baking paper. The tin has a
base diameter of 20 cm and is 5 cm high. What is the minimum amount of baking paper required, to
one decimal place?
8 The inside and outside of an open-topped cylindrical concrete tank is to

be coated with a special waterproofing paint. The tank has diameter 4 m
Include the base
and height 2 m. Find the total area to be coated with the paint. Round to but not the top.
one decimal place.

1G
9 Find the TSA of these cylindrical portions, to one decimal place.
a b #AREFULLYCONSIDER
the fraction of a circle
A half made up by the ends,
12 cm cylinder and the fraction of a
full cylinder made up
10 m BYTHECURVEDPART
5 cm 5m
c d 8 cm
1m 2 cm 60
4m
The steamroller
10 A steamroller has a large, heavy cylindrical barrel that is 4 m wide and has a diameter of 2 m.
a Find the area of the curved surface of the barrel, to two decimal places.
b After 10 complete turns of the barrel, how much ground would be covered, to two decimal places?
c Find the circumference of one end of the barrel, to two decimal places.
d How many times would the barrel turn after 1 km of distance, to two decimal places?
e What area of ground would be covered if the steamroller travelled 1 km?

1.8 Volume of solids

The volume of a solid is the amount of
space it occupies within its outside surface.
It is measured in cubic units.
For solids with a uniform cross-section,
the area of the cross-section multiplied by
the perpendicular height gives the volume.
Consider the rectangular prism below.
Number of cubic units (base) = 4 6 = 24
Area (base) = 4 6 = 24 units2
Volume = area (base) 3 = 24 3 = 72 units3 Knowing how to calculate volume is important in the
shipping industry.
3
6
4
Lets start: Volume of a triangular prism

This prism has a triangular cross-section.
s What is the area of the cross-section?
s What is the height of the prism? 7m
s How can V = A h be applied to this prism,
12 m
where A is the area of the cross-section? 10 m
The volume of a solid with a uniform cross-section is given by Volume

V=Ah The amount
A is the area of the cross-section.
of three- Key ideas
dimensional
h is the perpendicular (at 90) height. space within
Rectangular prism Cylinder an object
h r
w h
l
V = lwh
V = r2h
Units for capacity include:
1 L = 1000 mL
1 cm3 = 1 mL

Exercise 1H
Understanding
1 Match the solid (a, b or c) with the volume formula (A, B or C ).

a cylinder A V = lwh
b rectangular prism B V = 1bh length
2
c triangular prism C V = r 2h
2 Write the missing number.

a There are _________ mL in 1 L.
b There are _________ cm3 in 1 L.
3 The area of the cross-section of this solid is given. Find the solids volume using V = A h.
A = 5 cm2
2 cm
Fluency
Example 17 Finding the volume of a rectangular prism

Find the volume of this rectangular prism.
5m
4m
6m
V=Ah Write the general formula.
=645 A = 6 4 and h = 5
= 120 m3 Simplify and add units.
4 Find the volume of these rectangular prisms.

a b c 1.2 m
2m 12 m 0.1 m
12 cm
10 m 1.5 m
8 cm
5 cm Use V = lwh.

Example 18 Finding the volume of a cylinder

Find the volume of this cylinder, correct to two decimal places.
2 cm
6 cm
V=Ah Write the general formula.
= r 2 h The cross-section is a circle.
= (2)2 6 Substitute r = 2 and h = 4
= 75.40 cm3 Simplify and write your answer as an approximation, with units.
5 Find the volume of these cylinders, correct to two decimal places.

a 3 cm b c V = r h
2.4 mm
2.5 m
4m
4 cm
1.6 mm
6 A triangle with base 8 cm and height 5 cm forms the base of a prism,

as shown. If the prism stands 4.5 cm high:
a find the area of the triangular base
b find the volume of the prism 4.5 cm
5 cm
8 cm
7 Find the volume of these triangular prisms.
a b c 1.1 mm Use V = A h,
3m
where A is
2 cm 1.3 mm the area of a
6m 5 cm triangle.
4m 3 cm
0.8 mm
8 A cylindrical drum stands on one end with a diameter of 25 cm and water is filled to a height of
12 cm. Find the volume of water in the drum, in cm3, correct to two decimal places.

1H
Example 19 Working with capacity
Find the number of litres of water that this container can hold.
20 cm
40 cm
30 cm
V = 30 40 20 First work out the volume in cm3.
= 24 000 cm3 Then divide by 1000 to convert to litres, since 1 cm3 = 1 mL
= 24 L and there are 1000 mL in 1 litre.
9 Find the number of litres of water that these containers can hold.
a b c 20 cm 5SE,=CM3.
30 cm 20 cm 20 cm
60 cm
40 cm 10 cm
10 cm
10 Find the volume of these prisms, rounding your answers to two decimal places where necessary.
a b c 8 cm
12 m 2 km
3.5 cm
10 km
14 m 3 km 7 cm
Find the area
d e f of the cross-
3m section first.
A 3.8 m
2m
3m 1.2 m
2 cm
7m
A = 5 cm2
11 100 cm3 of water is to be poured into this container.

a Find the area of the base of the container.
b Find the depth of water in the container.
5 cm
5 cm

12 In a scientific experiment, solid cylinders of ice are removed

from a solid block carved out of a glacier. The ice cylinders have
diameter 7 cm and length 10 cm. The dimensions of the solid block
are shown in the diagram. 49 cm
a Find the volume of ice in the original ice block.
b Find the volume of ice in one ice cylinder, to two decimal places.
c Find the number of ice cylinders that can be removed from the
ice block using the configuration shown.
35 cm 10 cm
d Find the volume of ice remaining after the ice cylinders are
removed from the block, to two decimal places.
Volume of pyramids and cones
13 The volume of a pyramid or cone is exactly one-third the volume of the prism with the same base area
and height; i.e. V = 1 A h.
3
Find the volume of these pyramids and cones. Round to one decimal place where necessary.
a b c 2 cm
15 m
10 m
5m 20 m
5 cm

1 I am the same shape all the way through. What am I?

Puzzles and games
Find the area of each shape. Match the letters to the answers below to solve the riddle.
R M S
4 10
2
5
7.1
P I
2
6
2.3
11 6
33 12.57 9.2 71 10
2 1 L of water is poured into a container in the shape of a rectangular prism. The dimensions
of the prism are 8 cm by 12 cm by 11 cm. Will the water overflow?
3 A circular piece of pastry is removed from a square sheet of side

length 30 cm. What percentage of pastry remains?
4 How many different nets are there for a cube?

Do not count reflections or rotations of the
same net. Here is one example:
5 Give the radius of a circle whose value for the circumference is equal to the value for the area.
6 Find the area of this special shape.
4 cm
7 A cubes surface area is 54 cm2. What is its volume?

Chapter summary
Conversion of units Perimeter Circumference
The distance around the The distance around the
1000 100 10 outside of a shape. outside of a circle.
2 cm C = 2r or C = d
km m cm mm
1000 100 10 3 cm
r
10002 1002 102 P=22+23 d
km2 m2 cm2 mm2 = 10 cm
10002 1002 102
10003 1003 103
km3 m3 cm3 mm3
10003 1003 103
Area basic shapes

Square : A = l 2
Rectangle : A = l w
Total surface area Triangle : A = 21 bh
Draw a net and sum the surface areas. Rhombus : A = 21 xy
5m
Triangular prism Parallelogram : A = bh
3m Measurement Trapezium : A = 21 (a + b) h
6m
1 4m
TSA = 2 2 4 3
+64+63+65
= 84 m2
r
Cylinder
Area circle
TSA = 2r 2 + 2rh h
A = r 2
2 ends curved part = 32 3m
28.27 m2
Area sectors
Volume
45
Rectangular prism Cylinder A = 360 r 2
V = lwh V = r 2h
= 81 22 45
Capacity: 1 L = 1000 mL
1.57 m2 2m
1 cm3 = 1 mL

Multiple-choice questions
1 The number of centimetres in a kilometre is:
A 10 B 100 C 1000 D 10 000 E 100 000
2 The perimeter of a square with side length 2 cm is:

A 4 cm B 8 cm C 4 cm2 D 8 cm2 E 16 cm
3 The perimeter of the shape shown is given by the formula: y

A xy B 2x + y C 4x + 2y
D x 2y E 4x + y
x
4 A correct expression for determining the circumference of a circle with diameter 6 cm is:
A 6 B 3 C 26 D 26 E 62
5 The area of a rectangle with side lengths 3 cm and 4 cm is:

A 12 cm2 B 12 cm C 7 cm2 D 14 cm E 14 cm2
6 The correct expression for calculating the area of this trapezium is:
A (6 4) 6 4
B 1 (6 + 4) 6
2
6
C 164
2
D 664 6
E 66+64
7 A sectors centre angle measures 90. This is equivalent to:

A 1 of a circle B 1 of a circle C 3 of a circle D 2 of a circle E 1 of a circle
5 2 4 3 4
8 The volume of the shape shown is:
A 13 cm3 B 27 cm3 C 72 cm2
3 2
D 72 cm E 27 cm
3 cm
6 cm
4 cm
9 The volume of a cube of side length 3 cm is:
A 9 cm3 B 27 cm3 C 54 cm2 D 54 cm3 E 27 cm2
10 The curved surface area for this cylinder is closest to: 2 cm

A 87.96 cm2 B 12.57 cm2 C 75.40 cm2
2 2
D 75.39 cm E 113.10 cm
6 cm

Short-answer questions
1 Convert these measurements to the units shown in the brackets.
a 5.3 km (m) b 27 000 cm2 (m2) c 0.04 cm3 (mm3)

a 2 b c
9m
3
7 cm 5 cm
10 m
4
3 For the circle, find, to two decimal places:

a the circumference
b the area 3m
4 For these composite shapes, find, to two decimal places:

i the perimeter ii the area
a 6m b 3.5 m c
2m
4m
3m
5m
5 Find the area of these shapes.

a 4 b c 5
3.5
2
6 7
7.4
6 Find the total surface area (TSA) of these prisms.

a b
15 m 10 cm
9m
20 m 4 cm
12 m 2 cm

7 Determine the total surface area of this cylinder, to two decimal places. 5m
7m
8 Find the volume of these solids, to two decimal places where necessary.
a b 10 m c 4 cm
1.5 cm
4m
4 cm 7 cm
5 cm
2 cm
Extended-response question
1 A cylindrical tank has diameter 8 m and height 2 m.
a Find the surface area of the curved part of the tank, to two decimal places.
b Find the TSA, including the top and the base, to two decimal places.
c Find the total volume of the tank, to two decimal places.
d Find the total volume of the tank in litres, to two decimal places. Note: there are
1000 litres in 1 m3.


Chapter 1 Measurement

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What you will learn

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

1 Name these shapes.

2 Write the missing number.

3 Find the perimeter of these shapes.

5 Find the area of these triangles using A = 1bh.

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

1.1 Conversion of units

Lets start: House plans

1300 6500 3200 2000 1000 1700 3500 3600

s How many bedrooms are there?

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

1 km = 1000 m 1 m2 = 100 100 1 cm3 = 10 10 10

1000 100 10 To multiply by 10, 100, 1000, etc.

10002 1002 102 To divide by 10, 100, 1000 etc.

10003 1003 103

1 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving length. 1 km

2 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving area units.

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

3 Write the missing numbers in these sentences involving volume units.

Example 1 Converting length measurements

Example 2 Converting area measurements

a 930 cm2 = 930 10 000

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

Example 3 Converting volume measurements

Problem-solving and Reasoning

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

8 Determine the metres of timber needed to construct the following frames.

9 Find the total sum of the measurements given, expressing your

10 A snail is moving at a rate of 43 mm every minute.

11 Why do you think that builders measure many of their

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

Lets start: L-shaped perimeters

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

2 Write down the value of x for these shapes.

Example 4 Finding perimeters of basic shapes

3 Find the perimeter of these shapes.

Problem-solving and Reasoning

Example 5 Finding a missing side length

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

Add up all the sides

Perimeter = 17 m Perimeter = 22.9 cm Perimeter = 0.8 mm

Example 6 Working with concrete slabs

b determine the lineal metres of timber

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

8 A rectangular paddock has perimeter 100 m.

9 The equilateral triangle shown has perimeter 45 cm.

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

How many different tables?

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

Lets start: When circumference = height

1 Write the formula for the circumference of a circle using:

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

2 What fraction of a circle is shown here?

3 a What is the diameter of a circle if its radius is 4.3 m?

Example 7 Finding the circumference of a circle

4 Find the circumference of these circles to two decimal places.

ISBN: 9781107687028 David Greenwood et al. 2012 Cambridge University Press

P = 3 + 5 + 1 2 (2) Add all the sides, including half a circle.

5 Find the perimeter of these composite shapes to two decimal places.

Problem-solving and Reasoning

7 The wheels of a bike have a diameter of 1 m.

8 What is the minimum number of times a wheel of diameter 1 m