DR.

NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

SUBJECT CODE: EE 1005

SUBJECT NAME: POWER QUALITY

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY

PART-A (1 MARK)

1. Power quality generally used to express.

a. quality of service b. computer equipment c. quality of the voltage d. lightning equipment
2. What is the system ability to transmit &deliver electrical energy
a. equipment quality b. computer quality c. power system quality d. over voltage quality
3. What problems occur when the alternating voltage power sources 60HZ sine wave is
distorted
a. equipment quality b. power quality c. power system quality d. over voltage quality
4. Incorrect tap setting on transformer is caused by
a. over load b. short circuit c. under voltage d. over voltage
5. Over load circuits can result in
a. over load b. short circuit c. under voltage d. over voltage
6. Transmission faults cause voltage sags that last about
a.40sec b. 10sec c. 20sec d. 60sec
7. What is the system ability to transmit &deliver electrical energy
a. equipment quality b. computer quality c. power system quality d. over voltage quality
8. What is the application of CBEMA curve?
a. sensitive equipment b. computer equipment c. electronics equipment d. lightning
equipment
9. What is the application of ITI curve?
a. sensitive equipment b. computer equipment c. electronics equipment d. lightning
equipment
10. Power quality indices means
a. assessing the sensitive b. assessing the computer c. assessing the quality d. assessing the
equipment
11. Power quality indices with respect to
a. voltage distortion b. assessing the distortion c. quality of service d. harmonic voltage
distortion
12. Sources of sag interruptions
a. fault b. over voltage c. quality d. equipment
13. What are the causes due to short circuit in the sag interruptions
a. fault on feeder b. fault on feeder from the substation c. transmission system d. all the
three
14. An overvoltage is an increase in the rms ac voltage greater than
a.110 %at the power frequency b. 100 % at the power frequency c. 200 % at the power
frequency d. 50 % at the power frequency
15. Swell is an increase in the rms voltage or current between
a. 1.1 and 1.8 pu b. 1.2 and 2.8 pu c.3.1 and 1.3 pu d. 2.1 and 5.8 pu
16. The duration of voltage sag is less than
a. 20 min b. 1min c. 20sec d. 60min
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

17. An increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 per in rms voltage at the power frequency is defined
as the,
a. swell b. sag c. interruptions d. short circuit
18. Interruptions are a complete loss of
a. current b. voltage c. frequency d. short circuit
19. Sustained interruptions last longer than
a. 20 min b. 1min c. 20sec d. 60min
20. Notching is a periodic voltage
a. current b. disturbance c. frequency d. short circuit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c c b d c b c a b C D a d a a b a b b b

PART-B ( 2 MARKS)
21. What is Power Quality?
From the utility perspective, Power Quality has been defined as the parameters of the voltage
that affect the customers supersensitive equipment. From the power user perspective, Power Quality
may be defined as any electrical parameter or connection that affects the operation of the equipment. This
included all electrical parameters, connections and grounds, whether the source from the utility, local
equipment or other users.
22. How can Power Quality problems be detected?
Determining the exact problems requires sophisticated electronic test equipment. The following
symptoms are indicators of Power Quality problems:
A piece of equipment misoperates at the same time of day.
Circuit breakers trip without being overloaded.
Equipment fails during a thunderstorm.
Automated systems stop for no apparent reason.
Electronic systems fail or fail to operate on a frequent basis.
Electronic systems work in one location but not in another location.
Lights dim or blink and electronic systems misoperate.
23. What are Harmonics?
Harmonics are distortions in the AC waveform. These distortions are caused by loads on the
electrical system that use the electrical power at a different frequency than the fundamental 50 or 60
Hz. An example of such a load is the common PC, television receiver or any other electronic load.
24. What are the various power quality issues?
Power frequency disturbances
Power system transients
Grounding and Bonding
Electromagnetic interference
Power system harmonics
Electrostatic discharge
Power factor
25. Classify power quality events in long duration events and shout duration events.
The short duration variations are further classified into the following three categories:
Sag
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

Swell
Interruption
26. Define sag and swell (AU- Apr/May'08) (AU- Nov/Dec-2013) (AU-May/Jun'2013)
i. Voltage Sag is an event in which the RMS voltage decreases between 0.1 and 0.9 per unit at the
power frequency. It lasts for durations of 0.5 cycles to 1 min.2.
ii. Swell is an event in which the RMS voltage increases between 1.1 and 1.8 per unit at the power
frequency. It lasts for durations of 0.5 cycles to 1 min.
27. Mention the types of sag.
Based on the time duration and voltage magnitude, sag is further classified as:
Instantaneous Sag
Momentary Sag
Temporary Sag
28. What are the causes of sags?(AU- Nov/Dec-'09)
i. Voltage sags are usually associated with system faults but can also be caused by the switching of
heavy loads.
ii. Voltage sags are caused by motor starting, for example, an induction motor will draw six to ten
times its full load current. This lagging current causes a voltage drop across the impedance of the
system.
29. Define Waveform Distortion.(AU-Nov/Dec'08)
It is the deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally characterized by
the spectral content of the deviation. Harmonics is one of the causes of many types of waveform
distortion.
30. What are the components of waveform distortion?
i. DC offset
ii. Notches
iii. Flickering
iv. Harmonics
v. Noises
vi. Interharmonic
31. Define Total harmonic distortion and mention the formula used to calculate THD.
Total harmonic distortion is the term used to describe the net deviation of a non-linear
waveform from ideal sine wave characteristics. THD is the ratio between the RMS value of the
harmonics and the
RMS value of the fundamental. Mention the formula used to calculate THD.
THD%=100=2 Uh2 U12
Where uh represents harmonic components, u1 represents the fundamental component and h represents
harmonic order.
32. Define Total Demand Distortion (TDD).
The total demand distortion is defined as the square root of the sum of the squares of the RMS
value of the currents from 2nd to the highest harmonic (say 25th maximum in power system)
divided by the peak demand load current and is expressed as a percent.
33. What is the basic difference between CBEMA and ITI curves?(AU- May/Jun-'09)
The CBEMA curve has become a standard design target for sensitive
equipment to be applied on the power system. ITI curve applies to common 120-
V computer equipment
34. Define DC offset
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power system is termed DC offset. This can
occur as the result of a geomagnetic disturbance or asymmetry of electronic power converters.
35. Define Interharmonics
Voltages or currents having frequency components that are not integer multiples of the frequency
at which the supply system is designed to operate (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz0 are called interharmonics. They
can appear as discrete frequencies or as a wideband spectrum. Interharmonics can be found in networks
of all voltage classes.
36. Define Voltage Flicker
Voltage flicker is rapidly occurring voltage sags caused by sudden and large increasesing load
current. Voltage flicker is most commonly caused by rapidly varying loads that require a large amount of
reactive power such as arc furnaces, electric welders, rock crushers, sawmills, wood chippers, metal
shredders, and amusement rides. It can cause visible flicker in lights and cause other processes to shut
down or malfunction.14.
37. List any four standards available in power quality
IEEE Power Quality Standards: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer IEC Power Quality
Standards: The International Electro technical Commission SEMI Power Quality Standards: The Semiconductor
equipment and Material International UIE Power Quality Standards: The International Union for Electricity
Applications
38. What are the power quality indices? (AU-Nov/Dec'08)
Power quality indices are the indices for assessing the quality of service with
respect to harmonic voltage distortion.
39. How a capacitor switching leads to an over voltage?( AU-May/Jun'09)
When the switch is closed, a transient may be observed up line from the capacitor
at the monitor location. In this particular case, the capacitor switch contacts close
at a point near the system voltage peak. The voltage across the capacitor at this
instant is zero. Since the capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, the
system voltage at the capacitor location is briefly pulled down to zero and rises as
the capacitor begins to charge toward the system voltage. Because the power
system source is inductive, the capacitor voltage overshoots and rings at the
natural frequency of the system. At the monitoring location the initial change in
voltage will not go completely to zero because of the impedance between the
observation point and the switched capacitor.The overshoot will generate a
transient between 1.0 and 2.0 pu depending on system damping. In this case the
transient observed at the monitoring location is about 1.34 pu. Utility capacitor-
switching transients are commonly in the 1.3- to 1.4-pu range but have also been
observed near the theoretical maximum.
PART C (16 MARKS)
40. What are the major power quality issues? Explain in detail (8) (AU-Nov/Dec-08&2013)
41. Define power quality? Explain the reasons for increased concern in power quality. (8)
42. Explain the various types of power quality disturbances and impacts of power quality.
43. Discuss the following characteristics of power quality events
44. Short duration variations and Long duration variations (AU-May/Jun'2013)
45. List and explain the power quality standards. (10)(AU- Nov/Dec'08)
46. Discuss in detail about transients. (8)
47. Discuss in detail about sags and swells
48. Explain for the following related with Power quality.
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

(i)Voltage imbalance (ii) Under voltage (ii)Over voltage (iv)Frequency

variation
49. Explain the responsibilities of the suppliers and users of electrical power.(6) (AU-
Nov/Dec'08)
50. Define waveform distortion? Explain the waveform distortion categories(AU-
May/Jun'2013)
51. Classify the power quality phenomena causing electromagnetic disturbances(AU-
May/Jun'09)
52. Write the various IEEE and IEC power quality standards. (8) (AU-Nov/Dec'08, '09)
(AU-NOV/DEC09)
53. Explain the following event based disturbances: (i)Dip (ii) Swell (iii)Transients
54. Discuss about the computer Business Equipment Manufactures Associations
(CBEMA).Explain about the events described in the curve (AU-Apr/May'08,
NOV/DEC09)
55. Explain the terms with a waveform sketch (i) Voltage sag (ii) Voltage interruption (iii)
Voltage swells. (iv) Sag with harmonics (AU-Apr/May'08)
56. Explain the following steady state disturbances.(i)Magnitude (ii)Unbalance
(iii)Harmonics (iv)Flicker.
57. Define the terms (i) Transients (ii) Wave form distortion.(AU-May/Jun'09)
58. Explain typical classification of power quality phenomena defined in IEEE
1159:1995.(10) (AU- Nov/Dec09)
59. What is the impact of transients on power quality? Classify the transients that occur in
power systems? (6) (AU- Nov/Dec09)
60. Explain the electrical power quality issues in detail with Examples.
a) Voltage swell b) Voltage imbalance (AU-May/June 2012)
61. Discuss the power quality issues in a power system.
a)Flicker b)Voltage sag (AU-May/June 2012)

UNIT-II VOLTAGE SAGS AND INTERRUPTIONS

PART-A ( 1 MARK)
62. A voltage sag is a short duration,
a. 0.5 to30cycles b. 5 to30cycles c. 0.1 to50cycles d. 5 to60cycles
63. Momentary Interruptions not more than
a. 3 to 5 sec b. 4 to 5 sec c. 1 to 5 sec d. 2 to 5 sec
64. In voltage sag, breaker requires to operate,
a. 0.5 to30cycles b. 5 or 30cycles c. 1 or 50cycles d. 5 or 6cycles
65. An area of vulnerability is determined by total
a. Circuit area b. fault area c. harmonics d.tie line
66. the most commonly used characteristics in voltage sag,
a. frequency and deviation b. duration and magnitude c. amplitude and frequency d. time and
frequency
67. To compute voltage sag performance
a. average feeder length b. average feeder reactance c. feeder reactor d. all the above
68. In feeder, two possible locations for fault
a. same feeder b. parallel feeder c. a &b d. none
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

69. Active Series Compensator is a device that can boost the

a. voltage b. frequency c. current d. amplitude
70. What is suitable to avoid problems with almost all sensitive loads
a. feeder b. switch c. compensator d. load
71. what switch is used for both low level and medium voltage protection
a. static switches b. compensator c. automatic transfer switches d. fast transfer switches
72. Vacuum Breaker Technology uses
a. static switches b. compensator c. automatic transfer switches d. fast transfer switches
73. What type of starters had initially insert an impedence in series with motor
a. resistance and reactance starters b. autotransformer starter c.3point starter d. tappings
74. The connection of the component network depends on the
a. voltage type b. fault type c. current type d. frequency type
75. The reduction in fault clearing time is achieved by using current limiting,
a. switches b. compensator c. fuses d. capacitor
76. Static Circuit Breakers can be able to operate at higher
a. current level b. frequency level c. margin d. voltage level
77. The Tripping Delay increases each time
a.500ms b. 200ms c .150ms d.100ms
78. At the fault position the voltage drops to a
a. high value b. normal value c. low value d. all the above
79. Which method is used to reduce the fault clearing time,
a. capacitor switching b. resistor switching c. mitigation method d. none
80. Following one voltage mitigation technique
a. reduce the immunity b. improving the immunity c. both d. none of the above
81. To improve the immunity by connecting more
a. capacitance b. inductance c. resistance d. load

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
a d d a b d c a C c D a b c d a C c b a

PART-B ( 2 MARKS)
82. What is Voltage Sag? ?(AU-Nov/Dec-'08) (AU-May/Jun'2012)
A sag or dip, as defined by IEEE Standard 1159-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for
Monitoring Electric Power Quality, is a decrease in RMS voltage or current at the power frequency for
durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute, reported as the remaining voltage. Typical values are between
0.1 pu and 0.9 pu.
83. What are the causes of sag? (AU-May/Jun'2013)
Voltage sags are usually associated with system faults. It can also be caused by energization of
heavy loads starting of large motors
84. What are three levels of possible solutions to voltage sag and momentary interruption
problems?
Power System Design
Equipment Design
Power Conditioning Equipment
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

85. What are the mitigation techniques for voltage sags? (AU-May/Jun'09) (AU- Nov/Dec-
2013)
Equipment manufacturers should have voltage sag ride-through capability
curve
(similar to the ones shown previously) available to their customers so that
an initial evaluation of the equipment can be performed. Customers should
begin to demand that these types of curves be made available so that they
can properly evaluate equipment.
The company procuring new equipment should establish a procedure that
rates the importance of the equipment. If the equipment is critical in
nature, the company must make sure that adequate.
Equipment should at least be able to ride through voltage sags with a
minimum voltage of 70 percent (ITI curve). The relative probability of
experiencing a voltage sag to 70 percent or less of nominal is much less
than experiencing a sag to 90 percent or less of nominal. A more ideal
ride-through capability for short-duration voltage sags would be 50
percent, as specified by the semiconductor industry in Standard SEMI F-
47.17
86. List some IEEE Standards Associated with Voltage Sags.
IEEE 1250-1995, IEEE guide for service to equipment sensitive to momentary
voltage disturbances
IEEE 493-1990, Recommended practice for the design of reliable industrial and
commercial power systems
IEEE 1100-1999. IEEE recommended practice for powering and grounding
electronic equipment
IEE 446-1995, IEEE recommended practice for emergency and stand by power
systems for industrial and commercial applications range of sensibility loads
87. What are the sources of sags and Interruption?(AU-Nov/Dec-'08, '09)
Voltage sags and interruptions are generally caused by faults (short circuits) on
the utility system.
i. fault on the same feeder,
ii. a fault on one of the other feeders from the substation,(a fault on a parallel
feeder)
iii. fault somewhere on the transmission system
88. Name the different motor starting methods.
i. Resistance and reactance starters
ii. Autotransformer starters
iii. Star-Delta starter
89. Name types of sag mitigation devices.
i. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
ii. Active Series Compensators (Transformer less series injection)
iii. Solid State (static) Transfer Switches (SSTS)
90. Define active series compensation devices.
i. One of the important new options is a device that can boost the voltage by injecting a voltage
in series with the remaining voltage during a voltage sag condition. These are referred to as
active series compensation devices.
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

ii. They are available in size ranges from small single-phase devices to very largedevices that can
be applied on the medium-voltage systems.
91. What is the main function of DSTATCOM?
Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power
Correction of power factor
Elimination of current harmonics
92. How to estimate the voltage sag performance? (AU-May/Jun'09)
Determine the number and characteristics of voltage sags that result from
transmission system faults.
Determine the number and characteristics of voltage sags that result from
distribution system faults (for facilities that are supplied from distribution
systems).
Determine the equipment sensitivity to voltage sags. This will determine
the actual performance of the production process based on voltage sag
performance calculated in steps 1 and 2.
Evaluate the economics of different solutions that could improve the
performance either on the supply system (fewer voltage sags) or within the
customer facility
PART C (16 MARKS)
93. Discuss the sources of sags and interruption (8)
94. Discuss in detail about the sag performance evaluation indices.(8) (AU-May/Jun'2013)
95. What is the need of estimating sag performance? Explain the different methods of
estimating voltage sag performance. (AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
96. Explain the sag performance evaluation methods (8) (AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
97. Explain the various causes and effects of voltage sags. (8)
98. Explain the following causes of sags.(i)Voltage sag due to motor sag
(ii)Voltage sag due to single line to ground fault. (iii)Voltage sag due to
transformer energizing
99. What are the different voltage sag mitigation techniques? Explain in details (AU-
Nov/Dec-'08)
100. Explain the principle of DVR operation used for sag mitigation. (8)
101. Discuss in detail about the active series compensator. (8) (AU- Apr/May'08)
102. Explain the operation of distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) used for sag
mitigation. (8)
103. Explain the static transfer switch &fast transfer switch(16) (AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
104. Explain the procedure for estimating the sag severity indices.(8)
105. Mention the standards associated with the voltage sag.(8)
106. Explain the system adapted to estimate the severity of the sag occurred due to various
sources. (AU- Apr/May'08)
107. Discuss about estimating the cost of voltage sag events.
108. Describe the procedure for estimating the voltage sag performance(AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
109. Explain the operation of active series filters for voltage sag. (8) (AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
110. Discuss the effects of voltage interruptions on various electrical devices. (AU-May/June
2012) (AU- Nov/Dec-2013)
111. Describe the methods used for analyzing voltage sag and also explain how it is
migitated. (AU-May/June 2012)
 DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

UNIT-III OVERVOLTAGE TRANSIENTS

PART-A ( 1 MARK)
112. Capacitor switching and lightning are the two main sources of transient
a. over voltage b. under voltage c. over current d. under frequency
113. Reactive power compensation improves
a. power factor b. reduces losses c. regulates the voltage d. all the above
114. Transient generation depending on system
a. power factor b. damping c. voltage d. all the above
115. Utility capacitor switching transients range
a. 1.3 and 1.4 b. 3 and 4 c. 1 and 1.4 d. all the above
116. Transient interfere with the gating of
a. MOSFET b. thyristor c. diode d. SCR
117. Ferroresonance is related to
a. capacitance b. indutance c. a & b d. none of the above
118. What happened in one phase open circuit
a. ferroresonance b. series resonance c. a & b d. none of the above
119. Ferroresonance produces voltage less than 1.0pu
a. true b. false
120. The most popular transient simulation is called EMTP,
a. false b. true
121. Most popular harmonic program is called
a. super harm flow b. under harm flow c. over harm flow d. none
122. A transient is defined as a sub cycle disturbance in the
a. AC wave form b. square wave c. triangular wave d. none
123. Transients are difficult to detect because of their
a. long duration b. duty cycle c. short duration d. none
124. Line arresters are to protect against
a. thunder b. lighting strikes c. rain d. none
125. Line flashover occurs at the pole insulators
a. True b. False
126. The voltage discharge is typically 3 to 5kv in transformer protection,
a. False b. True
127. Power outage on UD systems is cable failures
a. True b. False
128. Cable life can be increased by providing
a. surge arresters b. line arresters c. arrester protection d. none
129. EMTP uses the trapezoidal rule
a. true b. false
130. Impedance transformer is used to protect against high frequency
a. noises b. Impulses c. none d. a & b
131. Isolation transformer is used to limit the voltage

109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
 DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

a d b A b c a a b A a c b A b a c A d c

a. increase b. decrease c. notching d. none

PART-B ( 2 MARKS)
132. Define transient over voltages.
A transient over voltage can be defined as the response of an electrical network to a sudden
change in network conditions, either intended or accidental, (e.g. a switching operation or a fault) or
network stimuli (e.g. lightning strike).
133. Define voltage magnification phenomena?
The highest transient voltages occur at the low voltage capacitor bank when the characteristic
frequency of the switching transient is nearly equal to the resonant frequency of the low voltage
system and when the switched capacitor is ten or more times the size of the low-voltage capacitor
134. What is meant by shielding of cables? ?
The construction of a grounded conductor or tower over the lines to intercept
lightning
strokes in an attempt to keep the lightning currents out of the power system.
135. What are the advantages of computer analyzing tools? (AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
cost

productive in this difficult analysis.

Ability of the program to solve some classes of nonlinear problems but is not
usually a significant constraint for most power system problems.
136. How is overvoltage different from swell? (AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
An overvoltage is an increase in the rms ac voltage greater than 110
percent at the power frequency for duration longer than 1 min.
Aswell is defined as an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 pu in rms voltage
or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min.
137. Give the various aspects of equipment specific design and protection issues for the
capacitor switching transients.
Phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase insulation switching withstand to voltage stresses
Controlled closing for circuit breakers (pre-insertion resistors/reactors or synchronous
switching)
Capacitor bank and substation circuit breakers ANSI?IEEE C37 requirements
Current limiting reactor requirements
Surge arrester energy requirement
138. What are the various Causes of over voltages? (AU- Nov/Dec-2013)
Over voltages, i.e. brief voltage peaks (transients, surges, spikes), can be attributed to the
Following main causes:
Atmospheric discharges, i.e. lightning (LEMP Lightning Electro-Magnetic Pulse)
Switching operations in the public grid and low-voltage mains
Electrostatic Discharges (ESD)
Ferro resonance
139. What is the need of surge arrestors?
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

A surge arrester is a protective device for limiting surge voltages on equipment by discharging or
bypassing surge current. Surge arresters allow only minimal flow of the 50Hz/60Hz power current to
ground.
140. What is metal-oxide surge-arrester? (AU- Nov/Dec-2013)
A metal-oxide surge-arrester (MOSA) utilizing zinc-oxide block provides the best performance,
as surge voltage conduction starts and stops promptly at a precise voltage level, thereby improving
system protection.
141. What is the role of surge arrestor on shielded and unshielded transmission line?
i. On shielded transmission lines or under-built distribution circuits, the arrester prevents tower-to-
phase insulator back-flashovers during a lightning strike.
ii. On unshielded sub transmission or distribution circuits, the arrester prevents phase-to-ground
flashover.
142. Define lightning phenomena.
Lightning is an electrical discharge in the air between clouds, between different charge centre
within the same cloud, or between cloud and earth (or earthed object). Even though more discharges
occur between or within clouds, there are enough strokes that terminate on the earth to cause problems to
power systems and sensitive electronic equipment
143. What is Ferro resonance? (AU-Nov/Dec-'08) (AU-May/Jun'2013)
Ferro resonance is a special case of series LC resonance where the inductance involved is
nonlinear and it is usually related to equipment with iron cores. It occurs when line capacitance
resonates with the magnetizing reactance of a core while it goes in the out of saturation
144. Give the cable life equation as a function of impulses.
The cable life is an exponential function of the number of impulses of a certainmagnitude that it
receives, according to Hopkinton. The damage to the cable is related by Dc=P.Ve
Where,Dc=constant, representing cable damageP=Number of impulsesV=Magnitude of
impulsesE=empirical constant ranging from 10 to 15
145. What is the need of Computer analysis tools for transient studies?
Computer analysis simulation tool can simulate the time response of the transient phenomena in
the power system with a very high degree of accuracy.
146. How to model a surge arrestor in PSCAD? (AU- Apr/May'08)
This program features a very sophisticated graphical user interface that enables
the user
to be very productive in this difficult analysis. Time-domain solution is required
to model nonlinear elements such as surge arresters and transformer magnetizing
characteristics.
147. List the functions of line arresters. (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
To prevent overhead line faults, one must raise the insulation level of the line,
prevent
lightning from striking the line, or prevent the voltage from exceeding the
insulation level. The third idea is becoming more popular with improving surge
arrester designs. To accomplish this, surge arresters are placed every two or three
poles along the feeder as well as on distribution transformers. Some utilities place
them on all three phases, while other utilities place them only on the phase most
likely to be struck by lightning. To support some of the recent ideas about
improving power quality, or providing custom power with super reliable main
feeders, it will be necessary to put arresters on every phase of every pole.
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

148. How does the lightning cause over voltages? (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)

The most obvious conduction path occurs during a direct strike to a phase wire,
either on the primary or the secondary side of the transformer.This can generate
very high overvoltages.transient overvoltages can be generated by lightning
currents flowing along ground conductor paths.
149. When on the device to position the power conditioners to avoid voltage swells. (AU-
Apr/May'08)
Low-impedance power conditioners (LIPCs) are used primarily to interface with
the
switch-mode power supplies found in electronic equipment. LIPCs differ from
isolation
transformers in that these conditioners have much lower impedance and have a
filter as
part of their design .The filter is on the output side and protects against
highfrequency,
source-side, common-mode, and normal-mode disturbances (i.e., noise and
impulses). Note the new neutral-to-ground connection that can be made on the
load side
because of the existence of an isolation transformer. However, low- to medium-
frequency transients (capacitor switching) can cause problems for LIPCs: The
transient can be magnified by the output filter capacitor.
150. Give any two analysis examples available in PSCAD/EMTDC?
a. Transient Studies
i. Transient over voltage studies (TOV)
ii. Line energizing (charging and discharging transients)
iii. Capacitor bank back to back switching, selection of inrush and out-rush reactors
b. Power Quality
i. Voltage dips, swells and interruptions
ii. Induction motor starting
iii. System faults
iv. Voltage fluctuation
PART C (16 MARKS)
151. What are transient over voltages? Explain the different types of transient over
voltages.(AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
152. Draw the CBEMA curve for transient over voltages and explain.(8)
153. Explain the problems associated with Ferro resonance (8)

154. What are the different sources of transient over voltages? Discuss the
capacitor switching transient.(8)
155. Describe the protection of transformer from over voltages. (8)(AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
156. Define lightning? Discuss in detail about the over voltages due to lightning
and the problems associated with it.
157. Explain in detail the mechanism of lightning. (8)
158. Explain the computer analyzing tools PSCAD and EMTP for transients by using
suitable examples. (AU-Nov/Dec-'08)
159. Draw the standardized waveform of the lightning induced voltage. Discuss
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

about the wave shape of the lightning current

160. What is the need for protection against over voltages? What are the
basic principles of over voltages protection of load equipments? (8)
161. Explain in detail about various methods to mitigate voltage swells.(8)
162. Explain any 4 methods to mitigate voltage swells. (AU- Apr/May'08)
163. Explain the use of PSCAD in analyzing the power quality. (AU- Apr/May'08)
164. Explain in detail about the surge arrestors and surge suppressors.(8)
165. What are the advantages of surge arrestors? Discuss about the application
module.(8)
166. Explain the following:(i)Low pass filters.(ii)Power conditioners.(iii)Surge filters
167. Explain about the underground cable system protection.(8)
168. Explain in detail about the protection of transformers.(8)
169. What is the various lightning protection of over voltage lines? Explain them. (8)
170. Explain the use of PSCAD in analyzing the Power quality. (8)
171. What are the advantages of computer analysis tools? Discuss about PSCAD and
EMTP for transient studies.(8)
172. Discuss about the models and examples available in PSCAD/EMTDC. (8) (AU-
Nov/Dec-'08)
173. What are the important concerns for capacitor bank switching? (8)
174. Explain the phenomena of Ferro resonance.(8)
175. Explain the design and function of active filters(AU-May/Jun-'09)
176. Briefly explain the transformer protection devices (AU-May/Jun-'09)
177. Explain in detail about mitigation techniques for voltage swells(AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
178. Explain the computer analysis tools PSCAD & EMTP for analyzing the transients by
using suitable examples (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
179. Explain the effects and causes of overvoltages in a power system. (AU-May/June 2012)
180. Discuss different methods of protection transformers and cables. (AU-May/June 2012)

UNIT-IV HARMONICS
PART-A (1 MARK)
181. Harmonic currents are generated at load distortion level by
a. generation b. transmission c. distribution d. all the above
182. The main source of harmonic device is FACTS
a. True b. False
183. Harmonic distortion is produced by
a. linear device b.non linear device c. a&b d. none
184. In non linear device current is proportional to supply voltage
a. True b. False
185. Harmonic indices are used to measure harmonic content of a
a. voltage b. frequency c. waveform d. none
186. To describe the voltage harmonic distortion is used to
a. THD b.TDD c.UTD d. none
187. An electric power converter consist of,
a. THD b.TDD c.UTD d.ASD
188. Harmonic problem combined with -----power factor
a. lead b. unity c.lag d. none
 DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

189. Resonance conditions cause motor and transformer overheating

a. True b. False
190. Non linear loads are classified into--------groups
a. 2 b. 4 c.5 d.3
191. An single electronic ballast can drive upto ------fluorescent lamp
a. 2 b.4 c.5 d.8
192. Fluorescent light are a popular choice of energy
a. saving b. wasting c. none
193. Ballast is ----------- limiting device.
a. voltage b. frequency c. current d. none
194. Passive Filter is used to reduce the input current harmonic distortion
a. True b. False
195. Passive filter is used to control
a. voltage b. frequency c. current d. harmonics
196. Notch filter can provide power factor correction
a. True b. False
197. Passive filters should be placed on a
a. transformer b. buses c. lines d. none
198. A series passive filter is connected in ------------with the load
a. parallel b. series c. none
199. A low pass filter is used to block multiple harmonic frequencies
a. True b. False
200. Active filter are based on power systems
a. True b. False

176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195
d a b b c a d c a d b a c A D a b B a b

PART-B ( 2 MARKS)
201. Define Harmonics.
Harmonics is a sinusoidal component of a periodic wave or quantity having a frequency
that is an integral multiple of the fundamental power frequency. The equation representing a harmonic
frequency is given by : f h=f 1*h Where f1 is the fundamental frequency and h is the harmonic
order.
202. Define true power factor.
True power factor is calculated as the ratio between the total active power used in acircuit (including
harmonics) and the total apparent power (including harmonics)suppliedfrom the source.True power
factor = total active power (P)/Total apparent power (S)
203. Differentiate between linear loads and non-linear loads.
a. Linear loads:
Any load that draws current at supply fundamental frequency only is a linear load. The
current drawn does not contain any harmonics (multiples of the supply frequency). Motors,
resistors, inductors and capacitors are all linear loads.
b. Non linear load:
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

Any load that draws harmonic currents from the supply is a nonlinear load. The current
waveform of such non-linear loads, is discontinuous and non sinusoidal because of the
presence of harmonics.
204. What is voltage and current distortion?
Voltage distortion is any deviation from the nominal sine waveform of the line voltage.
Current distortion is any deviation from the nominal sine waveform of the AC line current.
205. List the harmonic indices. (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
The two most commonly used indices for measuring the harmonic content of a
waveform are the total harmonic distortion and the total demand distortion.
206. Name the devices for controlling harmonic distortion. (AU-Nov/Dec-'09) (AU-
May/Jun'2012)
In-line reactors or chokes
Zigzag transformers
Passive filters
Active filters
207. What is total harmonic distortion? (AU- Nov/Dec-2013)
THD is the ratio between the RMS value of the harmonics and the RMS value of the
fundamental. The amount of harmonic distortion can be measured by means of a factor known
as the total harmonic distortion (THD), which is given by the relation, THD%=100*Where U1
represents the fundamental components and h represents harmonic number.
208. What is total demand distortion? (AU-May/Jun'2013)
The total demand distortion is defined as the square root of the sum of the squares of the
RMS value of the currents from 2nd to the h th harmonics divided by the peak demand load
current and is expressed as a percentage.TDD% of peak demand=Where, IRMS distorted is the
RMS value of the distorted waveform with the fundamental lift out of the summation.
209. Mention the harmonic effects on devices and loads.
Insulation stress (voltage effect)
Thermal stress (current effect)
Load ruptures (abnormal operation)
210. Mention the harmonic sources from industrial loads.
Three phase converter with Adjustable speed drives (DC drives and AC drives)
Arcing Devices (Arc furnaces, weiders, Discharge lamps etc)
Saturable devices (transformer, electromagnetic devices etc with steel core)
211. State the different types of inverters
Variable voltage inverter(VVI)
Current source inverter(CSI)
Pulse width modulated(PWM)
212. What is Variable Voltage Inverter?
The variable voltage inverter (VVI). Or square-wave six-step voltage source
inverter(VSI), receives DC power from an adjustable voltage source (either from thyristor
converter or DC-DC converter fed by Diode Bridge) and adjusts the frequency and voltage.
213. What are the objectives of IEEE standard?
Provide general harmonic distortion evaluation procedures for different classes of customers
(industrial, commercial, residential) and for the application of equipments on utility system.
214. Give the IEC standard to define harmonics. ? (AU-May/Jun'09)
IEEE 519-1992, IEC 61000-2-2, IEC 61000-3-2, IEC 61000-3-4, IEC 61000-3-6
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

215. Define interharmonics. ? (AU-May/Jun'09)

Voltages or currents having frequency components that are not integer multiples
of the
frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate (e.g., 50 or 60 Hz)
are called interharmonics.
216. What are the applications of active filters?
Passive tuned filters introduce new resonances which can cause additional harmonic
Problems Active filters will provide compensation for harmonic components on the utility
system based on the existing harmonic generation at any given moment in time
217. Give at least two IEC standards for EMC.
i. IEC 610000-2-2 (1993): Electromagnetic Compatibility (ECM).
Part 2: Environment. Section 2: Compatibility Levels for Low-Frequency Conducted
Disturbances and Signaling in Public Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems.
ii. IEC 610000-3-2 (2000): Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Part 3: Limits Section
2: Limits for Harmonic Current.
218. What is the need of filtering in harmonic studies?
Filtering is a method to reduce harmonics in an industrial plant when the harmonic
distortion has been gradually increased or as a total solution in a new plant. There are two basic
methods: passive and active filters.
219. List the some dynamic correction of power quality events.
Resonance Prevention
Power Factor Correction.
Dynamic VAR Compensation.
PART C (16 MARKS)
220. Explain briefly about fundamentals of harmonics generation and waveform
distortion.
221. Explain in detail about classification of linear loads and non linear loads
used in harmonic studies. (8)
222. Explain the concept of harmonic phenomena under the presence of
harmonic producing loads.(8)
223. Determine the k rating of a transformer required to carry a load consisting of
500 A of fundamental, 200 A of third harmonics, 120 A of fifth harmonics
and 90 A
of seventh harmonics. (6) Nov/Dec-'08
224. Explain the following terms. (i)Harmonic distortion (ii)Current distortion
(iii)Voltage distortion
225. What are the two indices used in Power system? Explain about it briefly.(8)
226. Give the power definitions under non sinusoidal conditions. Explain briefly about
it.(8)
227. Explain briefly about various harmonic characterization on power systems (8)
228. Explain briefly about the phenomena of how current distortion affects the
voltage distortion under the presence of harmonics. (8)
229. What are the general causes of harmonics in power systems (8)
230. What are the various causes of harmonics in distribution power system.(8)
231. List the various effects of equipments due to harmonics. Explain briefly.(8)
232. Explain the harmonic effects on power system equipments briefly.(8)
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

233. Explain the harmonic phase rotation and phase angle relationship. (10) Nov/Dec-'08
234. What are the various classifications of harmonic sources and explain briefly about
it.(8)
235. Explain Harmonic source Identification Procedure for two source systems. (8)
236. Explain for the following: (i)Harmonic sources from commercial loads.
(ii) Harmonic sources from industrial loads. (iii) Harmonic sources from residential loads.
(AU- Nov/Dec-2013)

237. What is the need of locating harmonic sources?(8)

238. How will you find the harmonic sources from point of common coupling? Give the
identification procedure on the basis of voltage indices.(8)
239. Explain the power system response characteristics under the presence of harmonics.(8)
240. What is the need of IEEE standards used in harmonic studies.? Give their philosophy
and objective of these standards.(8)
241. Explain with diagram of active filter to cancel harmonic currents. (10) (AU-
Nov/Dec'08)
242. Define for the following terms related with IEEE standards. (i)SCR (ii)Load current
(iii)Short circuit current (iv)Total harmonic distortion (v)Total demand distortion
(v)PCC
243. Explain in detail about general procedure for harmonic distortion evaluation at the
point of coupling, utility systems, customer facility and industrial facility
244. What are the various devices for controlling harmonic distortion?
245. Explain briefly about for the following harmonic filter. (i)Active filters (ii)Passive
filters (8)
246. Explain in detail about principles of operation of shunt active power
filter with neat schematic. (8)
247. Explain the effect of harmonics on power system devices. (6) Nov/Dec-'08
248. What is harmonics? Explain harmonic distortion with relevant waveforms?
249. Explain the following:(i)Total harmonic distortion (ii)Total demand distortion
250. How to locate the harmonic sources and discriminate between load side and
supply side harmonics (AU-May/Jun-'09)
251. How a resonance leads to harmonic distortions. Explain with an example(AU-
May/Jun-'09)
252. How a THD is computed? (AU-May/Jun-'09)
253. Explain the harmonic phase rotation and phase angle relationship. (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
254. Explain the methods of locating harmonic sources. (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
255. Describe the harmonic sources from commercial and industrial loads (AU-Nov/Dec-
'09)
256. List and explain the devices for controlling harmonic distortion (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
257. Discuss the construction and working principle of active filters for harmonic
mitigation. (AU-May/June 2012) (AU- Nov/Dec-2013) (AU-May/Jun'2013)

UNIT V POWER QUALITY MONITORING

PART-A ( 1 MARK)
 DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

258. Which is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting raw measurement data
into useful information
a. equipment quality b. power quality c. both a& b d. none
259. The monitoring objectives determines choice of
a. triggering thresholds b. monitoring equipments c. both a &b d. none
260. The reactive mode of power quality monitoring identifies the causes of equipment
incompatibility.
a. True b. False
261. Power quality problems does not include harmonic distortion
a. True b. False
262. Which is used to detect loose connections
a. magnetic gauss b. static electricity meters c. infrared meters d. none
263. Which is used to measure magnetic field strengths,
a. magnetic gauss b. static electricity meters c. infrared meters d. none
264. Which is used to measure static electricity
a. magnetic gauss b. static electricity meters c. infrared meters d. none
265. Disturbance analyzers can measure wide range of system disturbances from very
short duration.
a. True b. False
266. The oscillatory transient can be described by a peak and a duration
a. True b. False
267. which meter is used to measure flicker
a. magnetic gauss b. static electricity meters c. infrared meters d. flicker meter
268. Which will cause lights to flicker
a. magnetic gauss b. monitoring equipments c. electric arc furnace d. none
269. Monitoring as part of an enhanced power quality service is the objective of power
quality monitoring.
a. True b. False
270. Flicker can explain in terms of
a. deviating voltage b. voltage distortion c. fluctuating voltage magnitude d. none
271. Which can be considered as an important cause of power quality problems
a. THD b.TDD c.UTD d.ESD
272. The web based power quality is initiated by TVA and EPRI
a. True b. False
273. which is deploying the web based monitoring systems
a. THD b.TVA c.UTD d.ESD
274. -------------is designed to perform spectrum analyzer on waveform.
a. general purpose spectrum analyzer b. static electricity meters c. infrared meters d. none
275. Switching restrikes may indicate the capacitor
a. performance b. failure c. none
276. Which measures the strength of the electric fields for electrostatic coupling concern
a. general purpose spectrum analyzer b. static electricity meters c. Electric field meters d.
one

253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
b c a b C a B a b d c a C d a b a b c c
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

PART-B ( 2 MARKS)
277. What are the importance of power quality monitoring? (AU- Nov/Dec-2013) (AU-
May/Jun'2012)
Power Quality Monitoring is necessary to detect and classify disturbance at a particular
location on the power system.
PQ monitoring assists in preventive and predictive maintenance.
Problems can be detected before they cause widespread damage by sending automated
alerts.
PQ Monitoring can be used to determine the need for mitigation equipment.
278. What are the monitoring objectives?
Continuous valuation of the electric supply system for disturbances and power quality
variations. Document performance of power conditioning equipment, such as static switches,
UPS systems, other ride through technologies, and backup generators.
279. What are the requirements of monitoring for a voltage regulation and unbalance?
3 phase voltages
RMS magnitudes
Continuous monitoring with periodic max/min/avg samples
Currents for response of equipment
280. What are the requirements of monitoring for a harmonic distortion?
3 phase voltages and currents
Waveform characteristics
128 samples per cycle minimum
Synchronized sampling of all voltages and currents
Configurable sampling characteristics
281. What are the Characteristics of power line monitors?
Portable, rugged, lightweight
Simple to use, with proper training
Designed for long-term unattended recording
Definition of line disturbance parameters varies between manufacturers
282. What is the use of oscilloscope?
Oscilloscopes with fast sampling rates and automatic triggering function can be very
useful for trace of transients.
283. What is Spectrum analyzer?
An instrument used for the analysis and measurement of signals throughout the
electromagnetic spectrum. Spectrum analyzers are available for sub audio, audio, and radio-
frequency measurements, as well as for microwave and optical signal measurements.
284. What is FFT (or) digital technique used for harmonic analysis?
The signal to be analyzed is converted to a digital signal by using an analog-to-digital
converter, and the digital signal is processed by using the FFT algorithm. The algorithm analyzes
the time domain waveform, computes the frequency components present, and displays the
results.
285. What is tracking generator?
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

The tracking generator enhances the applications of spectrum analyzers. Ins outputdelivers a
swept signal whose instantaneous frequency is always equal to the input tunedfrequency of the
analyzer.
286. What is meant by online power quality monitoring? ?(AU-Apr/May'08) (AU-
May/Jun'2013)
On-line power quality data assessment analyzes data as they are captured. The
analysis
results are available immediately for rapid dissemination. Complexity in the
software
design requirement for on-line assessment is usually higher than that of off-line.
Most
features available in off-line analysis software can also be made available in an
online
system. One of the primary advantages of on-line data analysis is that it can
provide
instant message delivery to notify users of specific events of interest. Users can
then take immediate actions upon receiving the notifications.
287. Draw,the block diagram'of a flicker meter. ? (AU-May/Jun'09)

288. What are the necessary measurements to be made to know about the power
quality of a product?(AU-Apr/May'08)
Nature of the problems (data loss, nuisance trips, component failures,
control system malfunctions, etc.)
Characteristics of the sensitive equipment experiencing problems
(equipment design information or at least application guide information)
The times at which problems occur coincident problems or known
operations (e.g., capacitor switching) that occur at the same time
Possible sources of power quality variations within the facility (motor
starting,
capacitor switching, power electronic equipment operation, arcing
equipment, etc.)
Existing power conditioning equipment being used electrical system data
(one-line diagrams, transformer sizes and impedances, load information,
capacitor information, cable data, etc.)
289. Give an application of capacitive dividers. ? (AU-May/Jun'09)
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

Power quality monitoring instruments,

digital multimeters (DMMs),
oscilloscopes, and
other instruments all present very high impedance to the transducer.
290. What is meant by power quality monitoring?
Power quality monitoring is the process of gathering, analyzing, and
interpreting raw measurement data into useful information. The process of
gathering data is usually carried out by continuous measurement of voltage and
current over an extended period.

291. What is the purpose of SVC?

The SVC is mainly used for compensation of large fluctuating reactive industrial loads
like arc furnaces etc. The purpose of the SVC is to maintain a constant voltage level at PCC by
dynamically injecting reactive power and compensation for the fluctuation power demand of the
load.
292. What are the components of flicker meter?
The flicker meter consists of a lamp model, a model representing the human eye-brain
chain and a statistical evaluation block where the flicker parameters PST and PLT are calculated.
293. What is total error?
The total error in a measurement is a sum of errors that can (mainly) be divided into
three different categories:
Instrument errors (quantization, offset- and linearity errors etc.)
Transducer errors
Errors due to the measure signal (low signal level etc.)
294. What are the advantages of expert systems?
Expert systems help users cope with large volumes of EIA work;
Expert systems deliver EIA expertise to the non-expert;
Expert systems enhance user accountability for decisions reached; and
Expert systems provide a structured approach to EIA

PART C (16 MARKS)

295. Explain Proactive monitoring (8)

296. Discuss in detail about the selection of power quality monitoring sites.(8)
297. Bring out the significance of Power quality monitoring. What are the important
power quality monitoring objectives.?
298. Explain the following: (i) Spectrum analyzer.(ii) Disturbance analyzer. Nov/Dec-'08
299. Bring out the important characteristics of power quality variations. (8)
300. Explain the steps involved in power quality monitoring. What are the
information from monitoring site surveys.(8)
301. Write short notes on power quality measurement system. What are the
characteristics of power quality measurement equipments?
302. Explain the harmonic analyzer and disturbance analyzer.
303. Explain expert system application for power quality monitoring with suitable
example. Nov/Dec-'08
304. Explain in detail about Flicker meter.(8)
DR. NNCE EEE/ VIII SEM Sy & QB

305. Application of expert system for power quality monitoring. (8)

306. What are the various instruments used for power quality measurements?
307. What are the factors to be considered when selecting the instruments?
308. Discuss in detail about the instruments used for analyzing non
sinusoidal voltage and currents.
309. Explain the modern power quality monitors(8)
310. Draw and explain the functional structure of expert systems.(8)
311. What are the major features extracted from a waveform to discriminate the
312. power quality events using Neural Network and signal processing tools. (AU-May/Jun-
'09)
313. Explain the power quality disturbance analyzer with a neat block diagram (AU-
May/Jun-'09)
314. With the help of a block diagram explain applications of expert system for
power quality monitoring. (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
315. Explain the following (i) Harmonic analyzer.(ii) Flicker meters. (AU-Nov/Dec-'09)
(AU- Nov/Dec-2013)
316. Draw the block diagram of advanced power quality monitoring systems& Explain it.
317. Describe the need for power quality monitoring,assessment and mitigation. (AU-
May/June 2012).
318. Write short notes on flicker meter.
319. Discuss the need and functioning of power quality analyser. (AU-May/June 2012)