PROJECT REPORT

ON

Role of collector under RFCTLARR Act,

2013

SUBMITTED

TO

Ms.. Aparajita Das

(FACULTY OF LAND LAWS)

SUBMITTED BY Amitesh Tirkey

SEMESTER VIII

SECTION - C

ROLL NO. 25

DATE OF SUBMISSION 15/02/2017

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First & foremost, I take this opportunity to thank Ms. Aparajita Das Faculty, Land Laws,
HNLU, for allotting me this topic to work on. She has been very kind in providing inputs for
this work, by way of suggestions, ideas and views.

I would also like to thank my dear friends in the University, who have helped me with ideas
about this work. Last, but not the least I thank the University Administration for equipping
the University with such good library and I.T. facilities, without which, no doubt this work
would not have taken this shape in correct time.

AMITESH TIRKEY

Semester-VIII, C

Roll no 25

Batch XII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 2
Contents
Objectives.............................................................................................................. 3
Research Methodology........................................................................................... 4
Introduction........................................................................................................... 5
Historical Trajectory of the Land Acquisition Act....................................................6
Land Acquisition Act, 2014: A Brief Analysis..........................................................8
What are the highlights of the new Bill?..............................................................11
Regarding tribal communities and other disadvantaged groups.........................13
Reduced role of collector..................................................................................... 15
Conclusion........................................................................................................... 16
Bibliography......................................................................................................... 17

Page 3
 Objectives
To discussbriefly the Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
To discuss the brief highlights of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in
LARR Act, 2013.
To analyze the role of Collectorsunder the LARR Act, 2013.

Research Methodology

This project report on An analysis of public purpose under Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in LARR Act, 2013 is based on doctrinal mode of research. It is largely based
on secondary & electronic sources. Books & other reference as guided by faculty of Land
Laws are primarily helpful for the content and completion of this project.

Page 4
 Introduction
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act (RFCTLARR), 2013, that came into force on 1st of January 2014 marked a
major landmark in decades of struggle by activist groups and populations marginalized by the
development bandwagon being pushed by the state. Though not a match for the aspirations of
equitable and sustainable development, the impugned act did provide some semblance of
justice by providing provisions for peoples participation in decision making processes in
development projects. However, the recent amendments brought in the act by way of an
ordinance exactly in a years time after the act was implemented, appear to have done away
with any pretense of ensuring social justice and have laid bare the development priorities of
the state.
Since independence land has been acquired from people particularly from farmers for the
purpose of expanding towns/cities by converting agricultural land into non-agricultural land.
In the name of industrialization a larger portion of land was being acquired from the people
for public purpose and development and was later handed over to private
companies.1Through the history of mankind, societies have tried to balance between
individual rights and state power.2 At international level it is viewed as violation of human
rights.3
The present project report delineates the historical trajectory of law related to land acquisition
in India reflecting upon the socio-political milieu of the times and seeks to place the current
developments in perspective. It argues that changes in social policy over the decades are
reflective of the structural changes in the nature of governance, and in the same vein the
impugned act reflects the increasingly neoliberal stance of governance in the country. It
questions the argument of public purpose and eminent domain of the state for land
acquisition and highlights that despite a populist claim the present act fails to grant
legitimacy to land acquisitions by the state.

1 Xavier Eyras, An SEZ with a Defiance, Social Action Vol. 58.July-Sept-2008, p-272.

2 http//www.ohchr.org/English/bodies/ceser/does/infro-ogas/IDMC2 India PDF (Visited on

12/2/2017)

3 See http//www.2ohchr.org. (Visited on 12.2.2017)

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Historical Trajectory of the Land Acquisition
Act

Need for land acquisition arose in early 19th century with the British government in India
seeking to expand its functions and hold on to the country by strategic construction of roads
and railways and other public facilities, and was increasingly augmented over the years by
the changes in modes of production brought in by the industrial revolution.

The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 was enacted as Pan-India legislation after experimenting
with many versions of policy at various regional levels4. The act allowed the colonial
government to acquire private land and other immovable properties under the ostensible garb
of public purpose, a term that was amorphously defined. The act was meant to amend the
law for the acquisition of land for public purposes and for companies and to determine the
amount of compensation to be made on account of such acquisition in a manner that would
accord legitimacy to the act of usurping land at the same time minimize the financial burden
on the exchequer, as the compensation was to be arbitrated by specifically appointed
arbitrators.

Under such monopsonic5 economic arrangements the state invoked its eminent domain law
to acquire the land it wanted in lieu of arbitrarily decided compensation. Objections could be
raised regarding the quantum of compensation, but not against the act of acquisition per se.
Post-independence the same act, with a few amendments, continued as the major tool for
acquiring land for various projects of nation building by the developmental state following
the Nehruvian paradigm of planned development.

4 The trail goes back to-the Bengal Regulation I of 1824, the Act I of 1850, the Act XXII of 1863, the
Act X of 1870, the Bombay Act No XXVIII of 1839, the Bombay Act No. XVII of 1850, the Madras
Act No. XX of 1852 Madras Act No. 1 of 1854 X of 1861, the Act VI of 1857.

5 Monopsony is obverse of monopoly and describes a situation where there is one buyer and many
sellers. The buyer sets the price. Charkravorty (2013) uses the term to portray land dealings where the
state is the only buyer and innumerable peasants are sellers compelled to sell their land for fulfilling
certain public purpose.

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The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 does not contain any provisions for resettlement or
rehabilitation apart from the monetary compensation. The state did not see the need to
formulate a national legislation on resettlement and rehabilitation of the people being
displaced for decades after independence .It took the union government more than 50 years to
initiate action in this direction.

A national resettlement and rehabilitation policy was formulated in 2004 and revised in 2007.
Further, the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill and the Land Acquisition (Amendment)Bill,
were also introduced in the Indian Parliament in 2007 and again in 2009, however on both the
occasions the bills failed to be passed and enacted. A revised and majorly updated Land
Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Bill that brought together the two components,
that of acquisition and that of compensation, resettlement and rehabilitation in a
comprehensive manner was again introduced in the parliament after wide consultations with
the public and stake holders in 2011, which was enacted as the Right to Fair Compensation
and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act, 2013.

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act (RFCTLARR), 2013 had taken shape after much deliberation by the cabinet
of ministers, the Indian parliament, and two parliamentary committees. Pressure from activist
groups and dynamics of electoral politics ensured that people oriented provisions were
incorporated into the act. The act was implemented not only with its claims of providing
adequate monetary compensations, and provisions for appropriate resettlement and
rehabilitation of the people being displaced, but also recognized the claims of the people over
land and other natural resources by providing for an inclusive space where peoples voices
could be heard and incorporated into the decision making process. The mandatory consent
clause, social impact assessment and environmental assessment were incorporated in order to
create an environment that visualized people as participants in development and not as
roadblocks to development.

Given the paradox that democracy tends to raise often, the very political party that had
pushed for inclusion of many of people friendly provisions in the act, while leading the
opposition benches, has brazenly amended and diluted the very same when leading the
government. Though, it can be claimed that the new land acquisition act makes an attempt to
redefine the relationship between land, state, community, and industry to certain extent, yet
the ostensible tilt that benefits corporations over the community remains, and is being sought
Page 7
to be strengthened through amendments that would push peoples voices to irrelevance within
an increasingly neo-liberal governing regimen.

Land acquisition has become a most vexing problem for policymakers in India. The post
liberalization economic boom continues to create a voracious appetite for space to meet the
demands of industrialization, infrastructure building, urban expansion and resource
extraction. Finding a way to balance the needs of economic growth, equitable distribution and
human rights, rescuing these complex and sometimes conflicting objectives from the
demagoguery of single issue advocates and political opportunists, is perhaps the greatest
challenge facing our democracy.

Land Acquisition Act, 2014: A Brief Analysis

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation
and Resettlement Act, 2013 (also Land Acquisition Act, 2013) is an Act of Indian
Parliament that regulates land acquisition and lays down the procedure and rules for granting
compensation, rehabilitation and resettlement to the affected persons in India. The Act has
provisions to provide fair compensation to those whose land is taken away, brings
transparency to the process of acquisition of land to set up factories or buildings,
infrastructural projects and assures rehabilitation of those affected.

The Act establishes regulations for land acquisition as a part of India's massive
industrialization drive driven by public-private partnership. The Act replaced the Land
Acquisition Act, 1894, a nearly 120-year-old law enacted during British rule

Aims and Objectives:

The aims and objectives of the Act include:

To ensure, in consultation with institutions of local self-government and Gram Sabhas

established under the Constitution of India, a humane, participative, informed and
transparent process for land acquisition for industrialization, development of essential
infrastructural facilities and urbanization with the least disturbance to the owners of
the land and other affected families

Page 8
 Provide just and fair compensation to the affected families whose land has been
acquired or proposed to be acquired or are affected by such acquisition

Make adequate provisions for such affected persons for their rehabilitation and
resettlement

Ensure that the cumulative outcome of compulsory acquisition should be that affected
persons become partners in development leading to an improvement in their post-
acquisition social and economic status and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto.

Purpose and Scope:

The Act aims to establish the law on land acquisition, as well as the rehabilitation and
resettlement of those directly affected by the land acquisition in India. The scope of the Act
includes all land acquisition whether it is done by the Central Government of India, or any
State Government of India, except the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

The Act is applicable when:

Government acquires land for its own use, hold and control, including land for Public
sector undertakings.

Government acquires land with the ultimate purpose to transfer it for the use of
private companies for stated public purpose. The purpose of LARR 2011 includes
public-private-partnership projects, but excludes land acquired for state or national
highway projects.

Government acquires land for immediate and declared use by private companies for
public purpose.

Page 9
The provisions of the Act does not apply to acquisitions under 16 existing legislations
including the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005, the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, the Railways
Act, 1989, etc.

Limits on acquisition:

The Act forbids land acquisition when such acquisition would include multi-crop irrigated
area. However such acquisition may be permitted on demonstrable last resort, which will be
subjected to an aggregated upper limit for all the projects in a District or State as notified by
the State Government. In addition to the above condition, wherever multi-crop irrigated land
is acquired an equivalent area of cultivable wasteland shall be developed by the state for
agricultural purposes. In other type of agricultural land, the total acquisition shall not exceed
the limit for all the projects in a District or State as notified by the Appropriate Authority.
These limits shall not apply to linear projects which include projects for railways, highways,
major district roads, power lines, and irrigation canals6.

What is the significance of the new title The right to fair compensation and
transparency in land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement Bill 2012?

The title of the old law conveyed that its primary purpose was to expedite the acquisition of
land. However, the principle objective of the new Bill is fair compensation, thorough
resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected, adequate safeguards for their well-being and
complete transparency in the process of land acquisition. The title has been amended to
reflect this.

Why was there a need for a new Act?

There is unanimity of opinion across the social and political spectrum that the prior Law (The
Land Acquisition Act 1894) suffers from various shortcomings. Some of these include:

Forced acquisitions: Under the 1894 legislation once the acquiring authority has formed the
intention to acquire a particular plot of land, it can carry out the acquisition regardless of how
the person whose land is sought to be acquired is affected.

6Section 10 of the LARR Act, 2013.

Page 10
 No safeguards: There is no real appeal mechanism to stop the process of the acquisition. A
hearing (under section 5A) is prescribed but this is not a discussion or negotiation. The views
expressed are not required to be taken on board by the officer conducting the hearing.

Silent on resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced: There are absolutely no

provisions in the 1894 law relating to the resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced by
the acquisition.

Urgency clause: This is the most criticised section of the Law. The clause never truly
defines what constitutes an urgent need and leaves it to the discretion of the acquiring
authority. As a result almost all acquisitions under the Act invoke the urgency clause. This
results in the complete dispossession of the land without even the token satisfaction of the
processes listed under the Act.

Low rates of compensation: The rates paid for the land acquired are the prevailing circle
rates in the area which are notorious for being outdated and hence not even remotely
indicative of the actual rates prevailing in the area.

Litigation: Even where acquisition has been carried out the same has been challenged in
litigations on the grounds mentioned above. This results in the stalling of legitimate
infrastructure projects.

Recent observations by the Supreme Court: Justice Ganpat Singhvi of the Supreme Court
has observed, in the wake of repeated violations that have come to light over the last few
months, that the law has become a fraud. He observed that the law seems to have been
drafted with scant regard for the welfare of the common man.

Another bench of the Supreme Court has echoed this sentiment in its observation that [T]
he provisions contained in the Act, of late, have been felt by all concerned, do not adequately
protect the interest of the land owners/persons interested in the land. The Act does not
provide for rehabilitation of persons displaced from their land although by such compulsory
acquisition, their livelihood gets affected To say the least, the Act has become outdated and
needs to be replaced at the earliest by fair, reasonable and rational enactment in tune with the
constitutional provisions, particularly, Article 300A of the Constitution. We expect the law
making process for a comprehensive enactment with regard to acquisition of land being
completed without any unnecessary delay.

Page 11
 What are the highlights of the new Bill?
Compensation: Given the inaccurate nature of circle rates, the Bill proposes the payment of
compensations that are up to four times the market value in rural areas and twice the market
value in urban areas.

R&R: This is the very first law that links land acquisition and the accompanying obligations
for resettlement and rehabilitation. Over five chapters and two entire Schedules have been
dedicated to outlining elaborate processes (and entitlements) for resettlement and
rehabilitation. The Second Schedule in particular outlines the benefits (such as land for land,
housing, employment and annuities) that shall accrue in addition to the one-time cash
payments.

Retrospective operation: To address historical injustice the Bill applies retrospectively to

cases where no land acquisition award has been made. Also in cases where the land was
acquired five years ago but no compensation has been paid or no possession has taken place
then the land acquisition process will be started afresh in accordance with the provisions of
this act.

Multiple checks and balances: A comprehensive, participative and meaningful process

(involving the participation of local Panchayati Raj institutions) has been put in place prior to
the start of any acquisition proceeding. Monitoring committees at the national and state levels
to ensure that R&R obligations are met have also been established.

Special safeguards for tribal communities and other disadvantaged groups: No law can be
acquired in scheduled areas without the consent of the Gram Sabhas. The law also ensures
that all rights guaranteed under such legislation as the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled
Areas) Act 1996 and the Forest Rights Act 2006 are taken care of. It has special enhanced
benefits (outlined in a dedicated chapter) for those belonging to Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes.

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 Safeguards against displacement: The law provides that no one shall be dispossessed until
and unless all payments are made and alternative sites for the resettlement and rehabilitation
have been prepared. The Third Schedule even lists the infrastructural amenities that have to
be provided to those that have been displaced.

Compensation for livelihood losers: In addition to those losing land, the Bill provides
compensation to those who are dependent on the land being acquired for their livelihood.

Consent: In cases where PPP projects are involved or acquisition is taking place for private
companies, the Bill requires the consent of no less than 70% and 80% respectively (in both
cases) of those whose land is sought to be acquired. This ensures that no forcible acquisition
can take place.

Caps on acquisition of multi-crop and agricultural land: To safeguard food security and to
prevent arbitrary acquisition, the Bill directs states to impose limits on the area under
agricultural cultivation that can be acquired.

Return of unutilized land: In case land remains unutilized after acquisition, the new Bill
empowers states to return the land either to the owner or to the State Land Bank.

Exemption from income tax and stamp duty: No income tax shall be levied and no stamp
duty shall be charged on any amount that accrues to an individual as a result of the provisions
of the new law.

Share in appreciated land value: Where the acquired land is sold to a third party for a higher
price, 40% of the appreciated land value (or profit) will be shared with the original owners.

Regarding tribal communities and other

disadvantaged groups
Section 3(g) Collector means the Collector of a revenue district, and includes a Deputy
Commissioner and any officer specially designated by the appropriate Government to
perform the functions of a Collector under this Act;

23. Enquiry and land acquisition award by Collector.On the day so fixed, or on any other
day to which the enquiry has been adjourned, the Collector shall proceed to enquire into the
objections (if any) which any person interested has stated pursuant to a notice given under
section 21, to the measurements made under section 20, and into the value of the land at the

Page 13
date of the publication of the notification, and into the respective interests of the persons
claiming the compensation and rehabilitation and resettlement, shall make an award under his
hand of (a) the true area of the land; (b) the compensation as determined under section 27
along with Rehabilitation and Resettlement Award as determined under section 31 and which
in his opinion should be allowed for the land; and (c) the apportionment of the said
compensation among all the persons known or believed to be interested in the land, or whom,
or of whose claims, he has information, whether or not they have respectively appeared
before him.

26. Determination of market value of land by Collector.(1) The Collector shall adopt the
following criteria in assessing and determining the market value of the land, namely: (a)
the market value, if any, specified in the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (2 of 1899) for the
registration of sale deeds or agreements to sell, as the case may be, in the area, where the land
is situated; or (b) the average sale price for similar type of land situated in the nearest village
or nearest vicinity area; or (c) consented amount of compensation as agreed upon under sub-
section (2) of section 2 in case of acquisition of lands for private companies or for public
private partnership projects, whichever is higher: 20 Provided that the date for determination
of market value shall be the date on which the notification has been issued under section 11.
Explanation 1.The average sale price referred to in clause (b) shall be determined taking
into account the sale deeds or the agreements to sell registered for similar type of area in the
near village or near vicinity area during immediately preceding three years of the year in
which such acquisition of land is proposed to be made. Explanation 2.For determining the
average sale price referred to in Explanation 1, one-half of the total number of sale deeds or
the agreements to sell in which the highest sale price has been mentioned shall be taken into
account. Explanation 3.While determining the market value under this section and the
average sale price referred to in Explanation 1 or Explanation 2, any price paid as
compensation for land acquired under the provisions of this Act on an earlier occasion in the
district shall not be taken into consideration. Explanation 4.While determining the market
value under this section and the average sale price referred to in Explanation 1 or Explanation
2, any price paid, which in the opinion of the Collector is not indicative of actual prevailing
market value may be discounted for the purposes of calculating market value. (2) The market
value calculated as per sub-section (1) shall be multiplied by a factor to be specified in the
First Schedule. (3) Where the market value under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) cannot be
determined for the reason that (a) the land is situated in such area where the transactions in

Page 14
land are restricted by or under any other law for the time being in force in that area; or (b) the
registered sale deeds or agreements to sell as mentioned in clause (a) of sub-section (1) for
similar land are not available for the immediately preceding three years; or (c) the market
value has not been specified under the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (2 of 1899) by the appropriate
authority, the State Government concerned shall specify the floor price or minimum price per
unit area of the said land based on the price calculated in the manner specified in sub-section
(1) in respect of similar types of land situated in the immediate adjoining areas: Provided that
in a case where the Requiring Body offers its shares to the owners of the lands (whose lands
have been acquired) as a part compensation, for acquisition of land, such shares in no case
shall exceed twenty-five per cent, of the value so calculated under sub-section (1) or sub-
section (2) or sub-section (3) as the case may be: Provided further that the Requiring Body
shall in no case compel any owner of the land (whose land has been acquired) to take its
shares, the value of which is deductible in the value of the land calculated under sub-section
(1): Provided also that the Collector shall, before initiation of any land acquisition
proceedings in any area, take all necessary steps to revise and update the market value of the
land on the basis of the prevalent market rate in that area: Provided also that the appropriate
Government shall ensure that the market value determined for acquisition of any land or
property of an educational institution established and administered by a religious or linguistic
minority shall be such as would not restrict or abrogate the right to establish and administer
educational institutions of their choice.

27. Determination of amount of compensation.The Collector having determined the market

value of the land to be acquired shall calculate the total amount of compensation to be paid to
the land owner (whose land has been acquired) by including all assets attached to the land.

31. Rehabilitation and Resettlement Award for affected families by Collector.(1) The
Collector shall pass Rehabilitation and Resettlement Awards for each affected family in terms
of the entitlements provided in the Second Schedule..

65. Collectors statement to Authority.(1) In making the reference, the Collector shall state
for theinformation of the Authority, in writing under his hand (a) the situation and extent of
the land, with particulars of any trees, buildings or standing crops thereon; (b) the names of
the persons whom he has reason to think interested in such land; (c) the amount awarded for
damages and paid or tendered under section 13, and the amount of compensation awarded
under the provisions of this Act; (d) the amount paid or deposited under any other provisions

Page 15
of this Act; and (e) if the objection be to the amount of the compensation, the grounds on
which the amount of compensation was determined. (2) The statement under sub-section (1)
shall be attached a schedule giving the particulars of the notices served upon, and of the
statements in writing made or delivered by the persons interested respectively.

Collector passes 2 types of Awards:

1. Award for Land Acquisition Award made in respect of every affected family whose land
is being acquired (this will include landless tenants as well) and containing details of LA
compensation as listed in the First Schedule;

2. Award for R&R Award made in respect of every affected family, regardless of whether
they may be losing land or not, containing details of R&R entitlements as listed in the Second
Schedule.

Reduced role of collector

There has been a significant reduction of the powers that the Collector enjoyed under the
1894 Act:

Under the 1894 Act, the Collector had complete authority to decide what activity
constituted 'public purpose'. Under the new law he has been completely stripped of
this function. Public purpose must fall strictly within the parameters prescribed under
this law. The Collector cannot add or subtract to the list given.
Under the 1894 Act, the Collector could decide what quantum of compensation could
be paid to those displaced. Under the new law, there is a formula that does not require
the Collector to exercise any discretion. All he has to do is make sure that the rate is
calculated as directed.
Under the 1894 Act, the Collector could decide when to take possession. He could
dispossess any family by giving a moments notice. Now possession can only be taken
once all the requirements under the law relating to the payment of compensation,
rehabilitation and resettlement have been discharged.
Under the 1894 Act, the Collector had sweeping powers to invoke the urgency clause.
What constituted an urgent situation was entirely a function of the Collector's
interpretation. This loophole has been plugged conclusively by limiting urgency to
only two cases- natural disasters and national defence. The Collector can no longer
acquire land citing 'urgent' reasons.

Page 16
Conclusion
The role of District Collectors in land acquisition will be significantly reduced once the new
land acquisition Act comes into force from January 1, 2014, according to Jairam Ramesh,
Union Minister for Rural Development.
Today, all powers for acquiring land are vested with the Collector. How much land will be
acquired, when it will be acquired, how it will be acquired and what will be the compensation
paid are determined by the Collectors. In future, we do not want land acquisition to be
determined by the Collectors, he told newspersons.
The new land acquisition Act is called the Right to Fair Compensation And Transparency in
Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013. This means the priority is fair
compensation, transparency and rehabilitation and resettlement.
A note circulated on the new Act said that there will be a significant reduction of the power
that the Collector enjoyed under the 1894 Act.
For instance, under the old Act, the Collector had complete authority to decide what activity
constituted public purpose. Under the new law, the Collector has been completely stripped
of this function. Public purpose must fall strictly within the parameters prescribed under the
new legislation.
Under the old Act, the Collector had sweeping powers to invoke the urgency clause. What
constituted an urgent situation was entirely a function of the Collectors interpretation. This
loophole has been plugged conclusively by limiting urgency to only cases natural disasters
and national defence. The Collector can no longer acquire land citing urgent reasons.

Bibliography
Books

1. Charkravorty, S. (2013):The price of land: Acquisition, conflict, consequences(New

Delhi: Oxford University Press).
2. Roy, A. (1999): "The Greater Common Good". Frontline, June 4.
3. Fernandes. W.; land acquisition Bill, 1998: Right of Project-Affected People Ignored;
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.33, No.42/43 (Oct. 17-30, 1998), pp. 2703-2706.
4. Ghatak, Maitreesh and Ghosh, Parikshit (2011) The Land Acquisition Bill: A Critique
and a Proposal Economic and political weekly, Vol- XLVI No. 41, October 08,2011

Page 17
Websites

http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/veneer-of-fairness/article5127975.ece
http://www.euroasiapub.org/IJRIM/Mar14/8.pdf
http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Land%20and%20R%20and%20R/LARR%20-
%20Final%20Brief.pdf
http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/16179126012011-11-01.pdf
http://www.ccsniam.gov.in/research/KCG%20Final%20report.pdf

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