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ENGLISH REPORT TO BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

The Mammals
State University of Malang
This is Made to Complay English for Biology Course
That is Guided by Nuning Wulandari, S.Si., M.Si.

by :
Group 6
Dewi Sekar Miasih (150342606610)
Elvi Nuraini (150342607435)
Farhana Halimah R. (150342607533)
Giovannica Zendi S. (150342606591)
Badrul Munir A. (150342607243)
Offering : I

BIOLOGY MAJORS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
NOVEMBER 2015
ABSTRACT
The Mammals
State University of Malang

Badrul Munir Arrosadi, Dewi Sekar Miasih, Elvi Nuraini, Farhana Halimah
Rusyda, Giovannica Zendi Sulistyaningputri
dewisekarmiasih@gmail.com

Lately mammals in our university are difficult to find and less of


maintenance due to the renovation of Biology forest, so the population of
mammals were declined. The research was conducted to: 1) characteristic of
mammals, 2) type of food in mammals, 3) the shape of teeth of mammals, 4) the
shape of foot of mammals.
The method for research is we turned around FMIPA garden to look for
Dicots Plants. Then looked for plants that reproduce vegetative. After that
observed how the mammals. Finally we took pictures of the objects.
The results indicate that the the characteristic of mammals is all mammals
are warm blooded. Most young are born alive. They have hair or fur on their
bodies. Every mammal is a vertebrate. All mammals have lungs to breathe air.
Mammals feed milk to their babies. Dogs and cats are Carnivorous. Mouse are
omnivore. Dogs and cats have sharp incisors and canines are strong, large and
pointy. Meanwhile molar serrated so that they can chew is hard and tough. Mouse
have incisors, canines and molars.Dogs have forefoot and hind foot. The paw
comes with nails (sometimes called claws), paw pads, and usually dewclaws. Cats
has 4 legs. Each leg has 4 fingers.Each finger has a sharp nail. Mouse have a foot
that the front legs are smaller than the hind legs. Front legs have 4 fingers, while
the hind legs 5 fingers.
Background

Mammals are animals. Yes but so are Insects, Reptiles, Spiders, Sponges and
Slugs. We need to do better than that. Mammals have a back-bone.Yes but so do
Fishes and Frogs and they are not mammals. Mammals are warm-blooded. Yes
but so are birds, and birds are not mammals either. So how do we describe a
mammal?? Obviously, what we need in order to define a mammal are some
characters, or traits that are possessed by all mammals and are unique to
mammals, i.e. they do not occur in fishes and /slugs etc.. Fortunately, scientists
have already worked it all out for us. So here are six solid indications that an
animal is a mammal :

1. Character one : The first characteristic that guarantees that an animal is a


mammal is that it (if it is female) can produce milk to feed its young. This
milk is produced by modified sweat glands called 'mammary' glands. It is
from these glands that the whole group takes its name, 'Mammals.

2. Character two : The second test is the possession of hair, something humans
often have problems with but which they should respect more.

3. Character three : The lower jaw in mammals is a single bone on either side. In
all other vertebrates there are more than one bone on each side of the jaw.

4. Character four : The mammal middle ear, and only the mammal middle ear,
contains 3 bones. The Stapes or (Stirrup), Incus or (Anvil) and the Malleus or
(Hammer). Once these bones were part of the lower jaw, but during the early
evolution of mammals they changed jobs and became a part of our hearing
apparatus instead.
5. Character five : In mammals the main artery leaving the heart curves to the
left becoming the aortic arch. In birds it curves to the right and in all other
vertebrates there are more than one main artery leaving the heart.

6. Character six : Finally mammals have a diaphragm. A sheet of muscle and


tendon that separates the body cavity into two sections. Heart and lungs
before/above, liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines, etc, behind/below. No other
animal has a diaphragm.

LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Mammals
All mammals are warm blooded. Most young are born alive. They have
hair or fur on their bodies. Every mammal is a vertebrate. All mammals have
lungs to breathe air. Mammals feed milk to their babies.

Dog

Dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is


a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various
behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.

Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an


extant canid species (variously supposed as being thedhole, golden
jackal, or gray wolf, extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s
indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000
years ago. Being the oldest domesticated animals, their long association with
people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, as well as
thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog)

Cat
Cat (Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus) is a small,
typically furry, domesticated, and carnivorous mammal. They are often
called house cats when kept as indoor pets or simply cats when there is no need
to distinguish them from other felidsand felines. Cats are often valued by
humans for companionship and their ability to hunt vermin.

Cats are similar in anatomy to the other felids, with strong, flexible bodies,
quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws, and teeth adapted to killing small
prey. Cat senses fit a crepuscular and predatory ecological niche. Cats can hear
sounds too faint or too high infrequency for human ears, such as those made by
mice and other small animals. They can see in near darkness. Like most other
mammals, cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell than
humans.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat)

Mouse
A mouse is a small rodent characteristically having a pointed snout, small
rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate. The best known
mouse species is the common house mouse (Mus musculus). It is also a popular
pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are locally common. They are
known to invade homes for food and shelter.
Domestic mice sold as pets often differ substantially in size from the
common house mouse. This is attributable both to breeding and to different
conditions in the wild. The most well known strain, the white lab mouse, has
more uniform traits that are appropriate to its use in research.
The American white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and the deer
mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), as well as other common species of mouse-
like rodents around the world, also sometimes live in houses. These, however,
are in other genera.
Cats, wild dogs, foxes, birds of prey, snakes and even certain kinds of
arthropods have been known to prey heavily upon mice. Nevertheless, because
of its remarkable adaptability to almost any environment, the mouse is one of
the most successful mammalian genera living on Earth today.

B. Type of Food in Mammals


Carnivorous
Carnivorous mammals eat a diet of mostly animal tissue, whether from
vertebrates or invertebrates. Carnivores possess unique physical characteristics
that enable them to kill and consume their prey, or in the case of scavengers,
that enable them to locate and devour a carcass.

Herbivores

In contrast to carnivores, herbivorous mammals eat a diet of mostly plant


matter. They possess an anatomy specially designed to consume and digest the
cellulose contained in vegetation. These animals must forage for food and will
sometimes cover great distances to find it, but they dont have to hunt and kill
their food as carnivores do.

Omnivores

An omnivorous mammal (e.g. pigs, hedgehogs, squirrels, badgers) has the


anatomy of either a carnivore or an herbivore, but has developed physical
adaptations that enable it to feed on another form of food.

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Tools

1. Camera

2. A piece of paper

3. Stationery
B. Materials

1. Dog

2. Cat

3. Mouse

C. Work Steps

1. We turned around FMIPA garden to look for Dicots Plants.


2. We looked for plants that reproduce vegetative.
3. We observed how the mammals.
4. We took pictures of the objects.
5. We wrote observation result.
6. We reapeate the steps above.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observational Result

NO. Animal Food Shape of teeth Shape of foot PICTURE


Carnivorous
1. Dog Mammalian meat forefoot and hind
eaters (carnivores) foot. The paw
have sharp incisors comes with nails
and canines are (sometimes called
strong, large and claws), paw pads,
pointy. Meanwhile and usually
molar serrated so dewclaws
that they can chew
is hard and tough.
Carnivorous
2. Cat Mammalian meat Cats has 4 legs.
eaters (carnivores) Each leg has 4
have sharp incisors fingers.Each
and canines are finger has a sharp
strong, large and nail
pointy. Meanwhile
molar serrated so
that they can chew
is hard and tough.

3. Mouse Omnivore Omnivorous gear Mouse have a


arrangement foot that the front
consists of incisors, legs are smaller
canines and molars. than the hind legs.
Front legs have 4
fingers, while the
hind legs 5
fingers.

B. Discussion
1) Mammal Characteristics
All mammals are warm blooded. Most young are born alive. They have
hair or fur on their bodies. Every mammal is a vertebrate. All mammals have
lungs to breathe air. Mammals feed milk to their babies.

2) Type of Food
Dogs are carnivores and have teeth that reflect their meat-eating. Cat are
also carnivores, usually they eat meat or fish. But dog and cats are different
with mouse. Mouse are group of omnivores. Mouse can eat everything, like
cheese, paper, ect.

3) The Shape Of Teeth


Dog

In general, a dog or puppy has 28 baby teeth or tooth temporary,


including the front teeth, canines and molars. Puppy does not have the
rearmost molars. Its just temporary teeth and only survive about seven
months.
At the age of 3 months, the front teeth will begin to fall out and
replaced by adult teeth. Canines, molars and molars rearmost starting at age
4-7 months. In adult, the number of teeth are 42. In the lower part 22 and the
upper part 20.
(http://anjing.org/mengenal-anjing/mengenal-gigi-anjing.html)

Cat
Cats have two sets of teeth are primary teeth and permanent teeth. The
kitten has 26 primary teeth, no molars. While the adult cat has 30 teeth with
4 molars.
(http://www.kucingmania.com/article/article_detail.asp?cat=4&id=156)

Mouse

Mouse have incisors and molars . Incisors are the front most teeth in
mammals. In rats, these are the four, long, sharp front teeth, two on top and
two on the bottom. Rat incisors are highly specialized for gnawing. They are
open-rooted, which means they grow throughout life.
Molars are the rearmost teeth in the mouth, used for grinding food prior
to swallowing it. Rats have 12 molars, six on the top and six on the bottom
(and three on each side of each jaw). Molars are never replaced. Rats have
only one set of teeth during their life (called monophyodont).
Mouse do not have canines (the conical, pointed teeth used for holding
prey, defense, and combat), or premolars (grinding teeth behind the canines
and in front of the molars). The rats have a long, toothless space in their
mouth where the second incisors, canines and premolars would be. This
space is called the diastema.
(http://www.ratbehavior.org/Teeth.htm)
4) Classification The Shape Of The Foot In Mammals
Dog
Dogs have a foot or paw at the end of each leg, called the forefoot or
hind foot depending on whether its front or back. The paw comes with nails
(sometimes called claws), paw pads, and usually dewclaws.

Cat

1. Carpal Pad
2. Footads
3. Ligament
4. Relaxed Tendon
5. Retracted Claw
6. Ligament
7. Tightened Tendon
8. Extended Claw
(http://kucing-or-cat.blogspot.co.id/2014/08/anatomi-kucing_19.html)

Mouse
The front legs are smaller than the hind legs. Front legs have 4 fingers,
while the hind legs 5 fingers.
(https://agus34drajat.files.wordpress.com/.../pelatihan-modul-tikus-1.ppt)

CONCLUSION
Conclusion
1. We know the characteristic of mammals is all mammals are warm blooded.
Most young are born alive. They have hair or fur on their bodies. Every
mammal is a vertebrate. All mammals have lungs to breathe air. Mammals
feed milk to their babies.
2. Dogs and cats are Carnivorous. Mouse are omnivore.
3. Dogs and cats have sharp incisors and canines are strong, large and pointy.
Meanwhile molar serrated so that they can chew is hard and tough. Mouse
have incisors, canines and molars.
4. Dogs have forefoot and hind foot. The paw comes with nails (sometimes
called claws), paw pads, and usually dewclaws. Cats has 4 legs. Each leg has
4 fingers.Each finger has a sharp nail. Mouse have a foot that the front legs
are smaller than the hind legs. Front legs have 4 fingers, while the hind legs 5
fingers.

References

Agus.2013.PelatihanModulTikus,(online)
(https://agus34drajat.files.wordpress.com/.../pelatihan-modul-tikus-
1.ppt/) accessed on November 7, 2015
Anonym.2003.RatTeeth,(online),(http://www.ratbehavior.org/Teeth.htm)
accessed on November 7, 2015
Anonym.2014.AnatomiKucing, (on line), (http://kucing-or-
cat.blogspot.co.id/2014/08/anatomi-kucing_19.html/) accessed on
November 7, 2015

Anonym.2015.Mengenal Gigi Anjing, (on line), (http://anjing.org/mengenal-


anjing/mengenal-gigi-anjing.html) accessed on November 2, 2015

Anonym.2015. Mengenal Gigi Kucing, (on line),


(http://www.kucingmania.com/article/article_detail.asp?cat=4&id=156)
accessed on November 2, 2015

Ramel, Gordon. 2015. What is a Mammal?, (on line),

(http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/mammal.html/) accessed on November


6, 2015
Rouge,Melissa.2003. Dental Anatomy of Dogs, (on line),

(http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/dogp
age.html/) accessed on November 6, 2015

Wikipedia.2015.Cat, (on line), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat/) accessed on


November 6, 2015

Wikipedia.2015. Dog, (on line), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog) accessed


on November 2, 2015

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