International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013)

Survey Report on Cryptography Based on Neural Network

Adel A. El-Zoghabi1, Amr H. Yassin2, Hany H. Hussien3
1
Head, Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University
2
Lecturer, Electronics & Communication, Engineering Department, Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology
3
PHD students, Department of Information Technology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University
Abstract Cryptography is the ability of changing
information into obvious unintelligibility in a way allowing a
secret method of un-mangling. The vital idea of cryptography
is the capability to send information between participants in a
way that prevents others from reading it. Much cryptography
methods are available which are based on number theory but
it has the disadvantage of requirement a large computational
power, complexity and time consumption. To overcome these
drawbacks, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been
applied to solve many problems. The ANNs have many
characteristics such as learning, generalization, less data
requirement, fast computation, ease of implementation, and
software and hardware availability, which make it very
attractive for many applications. This paper provides a state-
of-the-art review on the use of artificial neural networks in
cryptography and studies their performance on
approximation problems related to cryptography. FIGURE 1: CRYPTOGRAPHY PUBLIC KEY COMPONENT [1]

Keywords Artificial neural network, chaotic map,
Cryptography, Decryption, Encryption, Key generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cryptography can be defined as the exchange of data
into a mingle code that can be deciphered and sent across a
public or private network. Cryptography is the practice and
study of hiding information. It is a critical part of secure
communication. Cryptograph not only protects data from
robbery or alternation but can be used as well for user
authentication [1].
Cryptography has two core styles of encrypting data;
symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetric encryptions use
the same key for encryption and decryption process, and
also can be defined as a secret-key, shared-key, and
private-key. Asymmetric cryptography uses different
encryption keys for encryption and decryption process. In
this case an end user on a network, public or private, has a
pair of keys; one for encryption and one for decryption [1].
These keys can be identified as a public and a private key,
which can be shown in (Figure 1).
Within the context of any application-to-application
communication, there are some specific security
requirements, which including:
Integrity: Assuring the receiver that the received
message has not been altered in any way from the
original.
Non-repudiation: A mechanism to prove that the
sender really sent this message.
Authentication: The process of proving one's identity.
Privacy/confidentiality: Ensuring that no one can read
the message except the intended receiver.
A system that provides encryption and decryption is
referred to as a cryptosystem and can be created through
hardware components or program code in an application.
The most cryptosystem algorithms are complex
mathematical formulas that are applied in a specific
sequence to the plaintext. Most encryption methods use a
secret value called a key (usually a long string of bits),
which works with the algorithm to encrypt and decrypt the
text [2].
In the field of cryptography, one is interested in methods
to transmit messages secretly between two parts. One (an
opponent) who is able to listen to the communication
should not be able to recover the secret message. Today a
common secret key based on number theory could be
created over a public channel accessible to any opponent
but it might not be possible to calculate the discrete
logarithm of sufficiently large numbers.

456
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013)
DES, IDEA, RC5, CAST, BLOWFISH, 3DES, and RSA
are the well-known and the mostly used (preferred)
encryption and decryption systems. In general the cost of
these systems is high and it requires more time for
computation and applications.
Artificial neural networks are parallel adaptive networks
consisting of simple nonlinear computing elements called
neurons which are intended to abstract and model some of
the functionality of the human nervous system in an
attempt to partially capture some of its computational
strengths. Neural networks are non-linear statistical data
modeling tools.
The development of ANNs comes from simulating
intelligent tasks which are performed by human brain. They
are most widely used by soft computing techniques that
have the capability to capture and model complex
input/output relationships of any system. The advantages of
ANNs are the ability to generalize results obtained from
known situations to unforeseen situations, the fast response
time in operational phase, the high degree of structural
parallelism, reliability and efficiency. If a set of input-
output data pairs which belongs to a problem is available,
ANNs can learn and exhibit good performance. For these
reasons, application of ANNs has emerged as a promising
area of research, since their adaptive behaviors have the
potential of conveniently modeling strongly nonlinear
characteristics.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2
describes the main ANNs found in the studied literature.
Section 3 presents the survey on various neural network
techniques and related work to cryptography. Finally,
Section 4 shows summary points and Section 5 discusses
the conclusions
II. TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANNS)
After analyzing the aforementioned articles, various
ANN topologies were found. The most frequent ones are
described below:
A. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
Is a network which neurons send feedback signals to
each other, such as the Hopfield network, Elman and
Jordans network, the Long Short Time Memory RNN and
bidirectional networks. This enables the modeling of
dynamic behaviors with the drawback of more memory
consumption if compared to direct networks.
457
B. General regression neural networks
A memory-based network that provides estimates of
continuous variables and converges to the underlying
(linear or nonlinear) regression surface is described. The
general regression neural network (GRNN) is a one-pass
learning algorithm with a highly parallel structure. It is
shown that, even with sparse data in a multidimensional
measurement space, the algorithm provides smooth
transitions from one observed value to another. The
algorithmic form can be used for any regression problem in
which an assumption of linearity is not justified.
C. Chaotic neural networks
Chaotic neural networks offer greatly increase memory
capacity. Each memory is encoded by an Unstable Periodic
Orbit (UPO) on the chaotic attractor. A chaotic attractor is
a set of states in a system's state space with very special
property that the set is an attracting set. So the system
starting with its initial condition in the appropriate basin,
eventually ends up in the set. The most important, once the
system is on the attractor nearby states diverge from each
other exponentially fast, however small amounts of noise
are amplified. According to a binary sequence generated
from a chaotic system, the biases and weights of neurons
are set.
D. Multilayer neural networks (MLP)
MLPs consist of multiple layers of computational units,
interconnected in a feed-forward way. MLPs use a variety
of learning techniques, the most popular being back-
propagation, where the output values are compared with the
correct answer to compute the value of some predefined
error-function. The error is then fed back through the
network. Using this information, the algorithm adjusts the
weights of each connection in order to reduce the value of
the error function by some small amount.
E. Neural cryptography
Is a branch of cryptography dedicated to analyzing the
application of stochastic algorithms, especially neural
network algorithms, for use in encryption and
cryptanalysis. Neural Networks are well known for their
ability to selectively explore the solution space of a given
problem. This feature finds a natural niche of application in
the field of cryptanalysis.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013)
At the same time, Neural Networks offer a new approach
to attack ciphering algorithms based on the principle that
any function could be reproduced by a neural network,
which is a powerful proven computational tool that can be
used to find the inverse-function of any cryptographic
algorithm. The ideas of mutual learning, self learning, and
stochastic behavior of neural networks and similar
algorithms can be used for different aspects of
cryptography, like public-key cryptography, solving the
key distribution problem using neural network mutual
synchronization, hashing or generation of pseudo-random
numbers.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
A recent survey of the literature indicates that there has
been an increasing interest in the application of different
classes of neural networks to problems related to
cryptography in the past few years. Recent works have
examined the use of neural networks in cryptosystems [3-
23]. This can be categorized into three sections:
A. Synchronization neural networks
Neural Cryptography, 2003
Wolfgang Kinzel proposed a secret key over a public
channel using artificial neural networks. The artificial
neural network contains of two multi-layer neural networks
trained on their mutual output bits and able to synchronize.
The two networks starting from random initial weights and
learning from each other with two multilayer networks
relax to the state with time dependent identical synaptic
weights. The partners didnt exchange any information
over a secret channel before their communication.
Synchronization of neural networks can be considered as
the key generation in cryptography. The common identical
weights of the two partners can be used as a key for
encryption. The neural cryptography is the first algorithm
for key generation over public channels which are not
based on number theory. Experimental result shows that the
model is fast, simple, and secures [3].
Synchronization of neural networks by mutual learning and
its application to cryptography, 2004
Einat Klein presented a secured cryptography secret-key
based on neural network in a public channel. The proposed
model has two neural networks that are trained on their
alternate output synchronized to an equal time dependent
weight vector through a chaos synchronization system that
starting from different initial conditions. The system
combined the neural networks with the logistic chaotic
map.
458
The both partners used their neural networks as input for
the logistic maps which generated the output bits to be
learned, by mutually learning. The two neural networks
approach each other and generated a matching signal to the
chaotic maps. The chaotic synchronization applied in the
neural cryptography enhanced the cryptography systems
and improved the security [4].
A New Security on Neural Cryptography with Queries,
2010
N. Prabakaran proposed a secret key using neural
cryptography, based on synchronization of Tree Parity
Machines (TPMs) by mutual learning. The system has two
identical dynamical systems, which starting from different
initial conditions and synchronized by a common input
values which are coupled to the two systems. The networks
received a common input vector after calculating their
outputs and updated their weight vectors according to the
match between their mutual outputs in every time step. The
input or output relations are not exchanged through a public
channel until their weight vectors are matching and can be
used as a secret key for encryption and decryption of secret
messages. The weight vectors of the two neural networks
begin with random numbers, which are generated by
Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs). The
proposed model fixed the security against numerical attacks
[5].
Design of an efficient neural key generation, 2011
R. M. Jogdand proposed a common secret key generated
based on neural networks. The neural cryptography has
two communication networks that received an identical
input vector, generated an output bit and are trained based
on the output bit. The network model initials the weight
randomly and the input object is generated by another
source and the outputs bit are generated finally and
exchange between patterns. The weight may be modified if
the outputs of both partners are matched. The modified
weight after synchronize act as a secret key for the
encryption and decryption process. Simulation results show
that the cryptosystem based on ANNs is secure [6].
Cryptography in structure adaptable digital neural
networks, 2012
Pratap Singh generated a secret key over a public
channel based on neural network. The model has a neural
network machine contains of two partners started with
initial weights and different initial conditions which
synchronized by a common external signal and received a
common random input vector and learned their mutual
output bits.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013)
The synaptic weights are used as a secret key over a
public channel. Simulation results show that the model are
secure and efficiency [7].
Neural Cryptography for Secret Key Exchange and
Encryption with AES, 2013
Ajit Singh presented synchronization neural key-
exchange algorithm for cryptography. The model has
multi-layer feed-forward neural network which have two
tree parity machine (TPM) that synchronized with a
random initial weight act as common secret key for the
encryption and decryption process. The weight can be
updated according to the learning rule only if the output
values of the two machines are equal. Throughout the
synchronization process, only the input vectors and the
output vectors are transmitted over the public channel.
Experimental results show that the model are efficiency
and secure through increasing the common key size [8].
B. Chaotic Neural network
Cryptography based on delayed chaotic neural networks,
2006
Wenwu Yu proposed an encryption techniques based on
the chaotic hopfield neural networks with time varying
delay. The chaotic neural network is used for generating
binary sequences for masking the plaintext. The binary
value of the binary sequence chooses the chaotic logistic
map randomly, that used for generated the binary
sequences. The plaintext is masked by switching of the
chaotic neural network maps and permutation of generated
binary sequences. Simulation results show that the
proposed chaotic cryptography is more functional in the
secure transmission of large multi-media files over public
data communication network [9].
Cryptanalysis of a cryptographic scheme based on delayed
chaotic neural networks, 2009
Jiyun Yang analysed the proposed model of Wenwu Yu
[9]. It was difficult to obtain the key of Yu et al.s
cryptosystem through classical attacks because of large key
space. However, as the same key stream is used in every
encryption process, it can be easily obtained by the chosen
plaintext attack using two pairs of plaintext and cipher-
texts only. Simulation results show that the proposed
chaotic cryptography is insecure [10].
459
Power consumption using artificial neural network in the
field of cryptography, 2012
Rajender S. presented a triple key chaotic neural
network for cryptography. The chaotic neural network are
used for generating a binary sequences for masking
plaintext .The plaintext is masked by switching of chaotic
neural network and permutation of generated binary
sequences. The triple key chaotic neural networks are
contained of 20 hexadecimal characters that entered as
session key with some extraction and manipulations
process to get intermediate key, which combined with the
initial value and control parameters to generate the triple
key chaotic sequence. Experimental results show that the
model is highly secure, but with a little concern about time
consumption [11].
A triple-key chaotic neural network for cryptography in
image processing, 2012
Shweta B. presented a triple key chaotic neural network
for image cryptography. The triple parameters are used to
perform the various operations on image so as to scramble
the data in particular way which look like random but
actually it is in particular sequence. The triple key contains
a hexadecimal key that extraction and manipulations to
achieve the intermediate key which combined with initial
and control parameters to generate chaotic sequence.
Experimental results shows that algorithm successfully
perform the cryptography and can be applied on different
colour image size [12].
An Empirical Investigation of Using ANN Based N-State
Sequential Machine and Chaotic Neural Network in the
Field of Cryptography, 2012
Nitin Shukla proposed two artificial neural networks for
cryptography. The First network is neural network based n-
state sequential machine and other one is chaotic neural
network. The first network generated a finite state
sequential machine using simple recurrent neural network
based on back propagation training algorithm. The starting
state of the n-state sequential machine can be used as a key
for encryption and decryption process. The second network
divided the message into blocks and identified the initial
value, and the control parameter, then generated the chaotic
sequence. The weights and biases of the neural network are
determined based on the chaotic sequence, and act as a key
for encryption and decryption process. Experimental results
show that the two networks are secure, without any results
about efficiency [13].
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013)
Encryption of mpeg-2 video signal based on chaotic neural
network, 2012
Tarip A. proposed adapted system model containing
MPEG-2 for compression and a chaotic neural network
(CNN) for cryptography. The algorithm supports quality
and bit rate control that is required by many video
transmission applications, which is considered a new
hopeful field related to video protection and compression.
The logistics map is used with neural network to produce a
combination of CNN, based on a binary sequence
generated from the logistic map, the biases and weights of
neurons are modified and considerer to be the secret key.
The required time for CNN encryption and decryption can
be reduced by increased the size of neural network from 64
to 256 weights. It has been shown from analysis results that
the proposed algorithm has high security with low cost, and
also supports quality and bit rate control [14].
Use of Artificial Neural Network in the Field of Security,
2013
Navita A. proposed two artificial neural networks for
cryptography. This model is identical to the model
presented by Nitin Shukla[13] . Experimental results show
that the two networks are secure, without any results about
efficiency [15].
A Hybrid Model for Secure Data Transfer in Audio Signals
using HCNN and DD DWT, 2013
Geetha vani proposed a new combined model for
cryptography and steganography. The model using the
Hopfield Chaotic Neural Network (HCNN) for the
cryptography which uses the chaotic trajectories of two
neurons to produce main binary sequences for encryption
the plain-text. The model used also the Double Density
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DD DWT) to embed the
cipher-text into the audio cover. Experimental results show
that the model is efficiency and secure against the most
knows attacks [16].
C. Multi-layer Neural networks
Data security based on neural networks, 2005
Khaled M. presented a cryptography model based on the
general regression neural network (GRNN). The proposed
GRNN has three layers; each layer consists of a number of
neurons, depending on the process type. The encryption
process divided the input message into 3-bit data sets, and
produced 8-bit after the encryption process.
460
Each layer consists of the following, an input layer
consisting of 3 nodes, which represent the n-bit blocks, a
pattern layer of 8 nodes, and an output layer of 8 nodes,
which used to identify the decrypted output message. The
simulation results have shown a very good result, with
relatively better performance than the traditional encryption
methods, but without any knowledge about the security of
the proposed model [17].
A Back propagation Neural Network for Computer
Network Security, 2006
Khalil Shihab provided a new asymmetric encryption
mechanism based on artificial neural networks. The
decryption scheme and the public key system creation
process are based on multi-layer neural network. The
neural network is trained by back-propagation learning
algorithm, while the encryption scheme and the private key
creation process are based on Boolean algebra. The
cryptography schemes are not based on number theoretic
functions and have a small time and memory complexities.
Experimental results show that the security and efficiency
of the proposed model is better than or equal to the
traditional methods [18].
Neural Solutions for Information Security, 2007
Seref S. presented a new data security approach over
electronic communication based on artificial neural
networks (ANNs). The Neural network model converted
the plain message into binary form and applied the neural
network model on it to get different cipher message
sequence. The key source of the neural network encryption
module are the number of neurons in the input, hidden and
output layers, the number of hidden layer, the weights, the
biases and the type of transfer function used in layers,
which transferred from sender to receiver only once in a
secure channel. After receiving the source key from sender,
the neural network decryption module is reconstructed at
receiver and the message can be decrypted after received
via insecure channel. Extra security can be attained by
applied extra module which inserts random binary numbers
into the encrypted message line within a sequence and
provided more complexity to the encrypted messages and
also increased the security. Simulation results show that the
cryptosystem based on ANNs is very efficiency, provides
more security, and can be applied for real-time application
[19].
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013)
Artificial neural network based chaotic generator for
cryptology, 2010
Ilker D. proposed a chaotic cryptosystems based on
artificial neural network and chaotic generator
synchronization. The ANN model generated the chaotic
dynamics by the numerical solution of Chuas circuit. The
proposed model have three initial conditions and time
variable as input with two hidden layers and three chaotic
dynamics as output. Many simulations are done on the
number of neurons on hidden layer to find the best ANN
structure obtained chaotic dynamics. The chaotic dynamics
act as the key for encryption and decryption process. The
ANN model does not have any synchronization problem.
The difference between the chaotic dynamics can be
considered as an advantage of the ANN based chaotic
generator. The major weaknesses of analogue circuit and
the numerical solution of chaotic circuit are eliminated with
the proposed model. Simulation results show that the model
are efficiency, secure, and can be applying on real time
application [20].
AES Cryptosystem Development Using Neural Networks,
2011
Siddeeq. Y presented a new modification of the
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to be immune
against some attacks using nonlinear neural network. The
neural network model performs cryptography processes via
a symmetric key cipher that used as the initial weights for
the neural network which trained to its final weight fast and
low cost algorithm. The objective from the network has
been selected to equivalent the output of the AES that have
an efficient and recommended security. Simulation results
show the proximity of the results accomplished by the
proposed NN-based AES cryptosystem with that of the
normal AES [21].
Implementation of neural - cryptographic system using
FPGA, 2011
Karam M. presented a stream cipher system based on
pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) through using
artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The PRNG model has a
high statistical randomness properties for key sequence
using ANN. The proposed neural pseudo random number
generator consists of two stages; the first stage is
generating a long sequence of patterns from perfect
equation and initial value. So these patterns possess the
randomness and unpredictable properties. The total number
of equations and initial values depend on the number of bits
that represented the initial value, the second stage is an
artificial neural network (ANN) that gets the outputs of the
previous stage and set it as input to the NN.
461
The generation process of the key using back
propagation neural network consists of three phases. The
first phase is the feed-forward, the second phase is a back-
propagation of the associated error and the third phase is
related with weights adjustments. Simulation results show
that the cryptosystem based on ANNs is very efficiency,
and can be applied on hardware application [22].
Cryptography based on neural network, 2012
Eva Volna proposed multi-layer neural networks in
cryptography. The multilayer neural networks modified by
back-propagation. The planned model converted the input
message intro ASCII code then gets the sequence of bit for
each code which divided into 6 bit blocks are used as input
for the encryption process. The cipher key is the neural
network structure contained input layer, hidden layer,
output layer, and updated weights. Experimental results
show that the system is secure [23].
IV. SUMMARY
In this paper, many of the important ANN techniques
have been presented and analyzed. These techniques are
based on:
The Tree Parity Machines (TPM) was used to
generate a secret key over the public channel on the
output at each partner.
The neural network with chaotic logistic map was
used for cryptography by which both partners use the
neural network as input for the logistic map, that
generate the output bits to be learned.
The General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
was used for encryption and decryption process based
on three layers, where the input data divided into 3
bits and 8 bits as output.
The training back-propagation neural network was act
as public key, while Boolean algebra act as private
key.
The chaotic hopfield neural network with time
varying delay was used to generate binary sequence
for making plaintext, which considered as a random
switching function for chaotic map.
The neural network based on chaotic generator was
used for generate chaotic dynamic act as a shard key.
The initial weight value of the neural network was
used after training as symmetric key.
The Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRN) based
on neural network was used in stream cipher as a key
sequence generator.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013)
The chaotic neural network was used to generate
chaotic sequence act as a triple key (combined of
initial condition and control parameters) for
cryptography.
The Layer Recurrent Neural Network (LRNN) was
used to generate pseudo random number based on
weight matrix obtained from layer weight of the
LRNN.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we summarize some recent researches
about the application of neural network in the field of
cryptography. The designed NN-based cryptosystem is a
good idea of building very complicated cryptosystem,
where the crypto analyst or the cracker not just need the
topology of the NN and the key to crack the system, but
also need to know the number of adaptive iterations and the
final weights for the encryption and decryption systems.
Applying higher numbers of plain-text/ cipher-text to the
NN-based cryptosystem so as to make the error rate as
minimum as possible.
Lastly, according to the findings of this work, the trend
for the years to come regarding the use of ANNs for
cryptography tasks will be focused mainly on TPM, CNNs,
and LRNN.
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