Tacite Ug

SimSci-Esscor
7$&,7E .
8VHU Guide
March 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this documentation shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of Invensys Systems, Inc. No copyright or patent liability is assumed with
respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the
preparation of this documentation, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or
omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein.
The information in this documentation is subject to change without notice and does not represent a
commitment on the part of Invensys Systems, Inc. The software described in this documentation is
furnished under a license or nondisclosure agreement. This software may be used or copied only in
accordance with the terms of these agreements.
2013 by Invensys Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Invensys Systems, Inc.

26561 Rancho Parkway South
Lake Forest, CA 92630 U.S.A.
(949) 727-3200
http://www.simsci-esscor.com/
For comments or suggestions about the product documentation, send an e-mail message to
ProductDocumentationComments@invensys.com.
All terms mentioned in this documentation that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been
appropriately capitalized. Invensys Systems, Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of
a term in this documentation should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
mark. Invensys, Invensys logo, PIPEPHASE, INPLANT, and SimSci-Esscor are trademarks of Invensys plc, its
subsidiaries and affiliates.
Contents
Introduction
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
About TACITE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
About SIMSCI - ESSCOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
Where to find additional help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Online Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Chapter 1 Overview
Main Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Unique Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Assistance to Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Optimization of Pipeline Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Anticipation of Emergency Actions Consequences . . . . . . . .1-5
Specification of Operating Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Training of Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Production Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
Chapter 2 GUI Input

Fluid Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Specifying Process Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Entering Transient Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Scenarios Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6
Transient Source Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
Valve Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11
Relief Valve Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13
Separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14
PID Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-17
Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
Injection Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-23
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide iii

Pigging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Link Segmentation Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
Thermodynamic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Transient Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Chapter 3 Running Transient Simulations

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Build the model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Initial conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Results Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Summary Description of Files Generated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Chapter 4 Transient Results Access System

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Chapter 5 Tutorial Problems

About This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Example 1 - Flow Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
GUI Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Specifying the Link Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Transient Data Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
GUI Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Example 2 - Terrain Slugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
GUI Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
GUI Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Chapter 6 Technical Reference

Modules Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Transport Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Thermodynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Lumping Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Hydrodynamic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Numerical Scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Resolution Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
iv Contents
List of Available Equipments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9
Chapter 7 Component Data Summary

Category Heading Statement (required) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Component Definition (conditional - Section 1.2) . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
SIMSCI Component Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Non-library Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Petroleum Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Appendix A Keyword Data Specifications

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Initiating Transient Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Keyword Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Defining Transient Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Keyword Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Component Lumping Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Component Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Thermodynamic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Unit Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Psuedo Component Data Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
Referencing CMP Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Defining Transient Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8
Pipeline Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9
Appendix B Input Values for TACITE
Appendix C Error Messages

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide v

vi Contents
Introduction
About This Manual
The TACITE User's Guide describes the capabilities and use of the
TACITE add-on program within PIPEPHASE software. It is
designed to help you get the most out of the program. An outline of
the manual is provided below.
Introduction Introduces the manual, the program,

and SIMSCI.
Chapter 1 Overview Explains the applications and advan-
tages of TACITE module.
Chapter 2 GUI Input Describes the step-by-step method for
entering transient data into the TACITE
GUI.
Chapter 3 Running Transient Explains the execution procedure and
Simulations conditions for TACITE simulations.
Chapter 4 Transient Results Provides a detailed description of the
Access System Transient Results Access System.
Chapter 5 Tutorial Problems Provides a step-by-step tutorial of two
typical applications of TACITE module.
Chapter 6 Technical Refer- Provides detailed background infor-
ence mation of the models used in TACITE
module.
Chapter 7 Component Data Provides an overview of the Compo-
Summary nent Data Category (extracted from
the SIMSCI Component and Thermo-
dynamic Data Input Manual).
Appendix A Keyword Data Input Provides statement-by-statement
Specification descriptions of the TACITE keyword
input.
Appendix B Input Values for Provides input values for TACITE code
TACITE and user interface.
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide vii

About TACITE
The TACITE code, developed by IFP as a part of the EVE
Consortium, is a compositional transient, multiphase flow simula-
tion tool, for the design and control of oil and gas production pipe-
lines and wells. The TACITE module within PIPEPHASE software,
has the ability to accurately predict a wide variety of flow scenarios.
The program simulates the transient behavior of a fluid flowing
through a single-link flow system. The source flowrate and sink
pressure are specified as time-dependent boundary conditions.
TACITE module supports a multi-component fluid model. As such,
the user-specified definition of the fluid in the pipeline, based on a
complete slate of pure component fractions, is converted to a
lumped mixture using state-of-the-art lumping techniques. Compo-
sition tracking allows for a local determination of the fluid compo-
sition, producing a good estimate of the fluid properties and local
equilibrium conditions.
The TACITE module allows you to enter data and review output
results from the TACITE transient simulation within the
PIPEPHASE environment.
About SIMSCI - ESSCOR

TACITE module is backed by the full resources of Simulation Sci-
ences Inc. (SIMSCI), a leader in the process simulation business
since 1967. SIMSCI - ESSCOR provides the most thorough service
capabilities and advanced process modeling technologies available
to the process industries. SIMSCI- ESSCORs comprehensive sup-
port around the world, allied with its training seminars for every
level of user, is aimed solely at making your use of TACITE module
the most efficient and effective that it can be.
SIMSCI - ESSCOR is a member of the Intelligent Automation
Division, an Invensys company. Invensys plc is a world class auto-
mation and controls company with its head office in London, Eng-
land. The Intelligent Automation Division provides advanced
software and computer based systems, instrumentation and flow
controls for the petrochemical, food, beverage, power, rail, utility
and general process industries. The Industrial Drive Systems Divi-
sion supplies and services power drives, factory automation and
engineered equipment for general industrial applications. The
Power Systems Division supplies power control and energy man-
agement products and services for telecommunications, factory
viii Introduction
automation, computers and office equipment. The Controls Divi-
sion supplies motors, sensors, controls and complete building man-
agement systems for the appliance, residential and commercial
building markets. The Automotive Division supplies a broad range
of seals, vibration controls, fluid systems, engineered polymers, and
drive train components.
Where to find additional help

Online Documentation
TACITE online documentation is provided in the form of .PDF files
that are most conveniently viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0
or Acrobat Exchange 5.0. You can install Adobe Acrobat Reader
5.0 from the product CD, which requires 5 MB of disk space
beyond that required to for PIPEPHASE software . Online manuals
are stored in the Manuals directory and they remain on the CD when
you install the program. To access these files, open the PIPEPHASE
ONLINE HELP.HLP file in the Bin directory and click the appropri-
ate link to navigate to the corresponding PDF.
Online Help
TACITE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference
tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands, fea-
tures, and data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are avail-
able instantly, online, while you work. You can access the electronic
contents for Help by selecting Help/Contents from the menu bar.
Context-sensitive help is accessed using the F1 key or the Whats
This? button by placing the cursor in the area in question.
Technical Support
SIMSCI - ESSCOR and its agents around the world provide techni-
cal support and service for TACITE. If you have any questions
regarding the use of the program or the interpretation of output pro-
duced by the program, contact your local SIMSCI- ESSCOR repre-
sentative for advice or consultation.
When calling one of the Technical Support Centers, be prepared to
describe your problem or the type of assistance required. Also, to
expedite your call, complete the following steps before calling
Technical Support:
Have the installation CD and all provided documentation avail-
able.
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide ix

Determine the type of computer you are using.
Determine the amount of free disk space available on the disk
on which the product is installed.
Note the exact actions you were taking when the problem
occurred, as well as the steps you took leading up to that point.
Note the exact error messages that appear on your screen, as
well as any other symptoms.
x Introduction
Chapter 1
Overview
TACITE module is a compositional transient simulation tool

designed for use in multiphase production pipelines and wells.
TACITE module is able to simulate transient and steady-state
multiphase flows, for the design and control of oil and gas
production pipelines. This chapter describes the advantages and
industrial application areas of TACITE module.
Main Features
TACITE module is a modular code containing three main modules:
An integrated thermodynamic model which computes fluid
physical properties.
A sophisticated hydrodynamic model which computes the slip
between the gas and liquid phases.
A high performance numerical scheme which computes the
conserved variables at each time step and in each pipeline cell.
Unique Advantages
The TACITE composition tracking approach allows for local
determination of the fluid composition. The main advantages are:
A better estimate of the local phase behavior, fluid properties
and local flow.
Valuable information describing variations in source composi-
tion over time or within different links (for network simula-
tions) can be taken into account.
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 1-1

Predicted liquid and gas compositions at the outlet of the pipe,
which can be useful for production allocation, downstream pro-
cess calculation, plant operation and design.
Implementation of an internal flash algorithm ensures robust-
ness and accuracy of the simulation, in particular for conditions
close to the phase envelope.
Good prediction of phenomena such as local accumulation of
the heavy components in the low points of the line and subse-
quent changes in fluid properties can be predicted.
Application Areas
The main goal in the oil and gas industry is to cut costs while
increasing production. TACITE module can predict the transient
conditions under which any operation will proceed and help
optimize operational efficiency through better safety and control.
Assistance to Operations
TACITE module provides:
Better knowledge of the pipeline dynamic behavior.
Good control perspective of the transient operations.
Development of special operating procedures and schedules for
operations, such as increases/decreases in flow, shut-down,
restart, and depressurization.
Preventive action to eliminate difficulties in operation and
safety.
TACITE module is effective in anticipating the causes and effects
of changes in operation, as exemplified below.
Pipeline Packing/Depacking (or packing/drafting)
When pressure or inlet flow in the line increases, more gas/oil is

stored in the line this is line packing. In the opposite situation, it
is line depacking (or drafting). Several problems may occur:
Low temperature can result due to a high pressure drop (Joule-
Thomson effect) combined with heat transfer with the environ-
ment (sea water or air).
A change in liquid hold-up can occur; big liquid slugs may
form due to the line profile (liquid in low points) or a change in
flow or flow regime.
1-2 Overview
TACITE module can be used to anticipate a transport requirement,
or to respond to one. It provides a good estimate of the gas or liquid
stored in the line and is therefore very useful for forecasting line
behavior for a fluctuating demand.
Change in Operating Conditions
The simulation of pipeline operating conditions involves changes in

inlet flowrates and outlet pressure. The simulation of transient flow
through TACITE module allows you to anticipate dynamic effects,
to react to changes in operating conditions, and to operate more
smoothly, in an effort to prevent undesirable consequences.
Shut-down / Start-up of a Line
In shutdown and restart situations, problems may be caused by the

accumulation of liquid along the line, mainly in the low points,
which may produce big liquid slugs and a high pressure drop
requirement at restart. TACITE simulations helps you to define the
operating procedures (rate of flow increase or decrease) to
minimize undesirable effects and avoid operating problems.
Valve Closure at Outlet
Valve closure very often occurs in relation with emergency action.

However, in a link, it can also be a common operation. TACITE
simulations can depict what will happen over time and along the
pipeline in terms of pressure, temperature and liquid accumulation.
Prediction of Severe Slugging and Terrain Induced Slugging
In particular operating conditions or pipeline topology, it may be

useful to know the flow regime in order to formulate a preventive
action. For instance, TACITE module is useful in predicting the
severe/terrain-induced slugging flow regime where there is periodic
forward and reverse flow. This occurs mainly in slopes, risers, or
lines with rough, irregular topological profiles containing low
points where liquid can accumulate. This is a result of low fluid
speed and low fluid energy, which make it difficult to maintain
steady flow conditions.

Special Transient Operation: Depressurization
For depressurization in a pipeline, TACITE module simulates the
heat transfer with the environment, and provides an accurate fluid
thermodynamic state. TACITE module is also able to predict the
true thermodynamic behavior of the fluid in the pipeline and to
anticipate potential problems, such as:
Low temperature due to Joule-Thomson expansion effect, and
ice formation as a consequence.
Effects of heat transfer with the environment.
Liquid slugs.
Such a study would allow you to define the depressurization
procedure (sequences, duration, and various steps) to ensure safety.
Simulation of Operational Scenarios
TACITE module allows you to simulate a variety of operational

scenarios involving valves, lateral feeds, and multiple wells.
Optimization of Pipeline Design

TACITE can help in the:
Prevention of operating problems.
Prevention of reduction in transportation capacity.
Prevention of oil or gas production losses.
Optimum operation of rotating equipment.
This forecasting technique can result in an overall production gain,
and at the same time, reduce investment capital and operating
expenses. Typical examples are outlined below.
Sizing Production Network / Transportation Systems
Under acceptable flow regimes, TACITE module allows you to

avoid difficult flow conditions which generate very irregular outlet.
You can also control pressure variations within certain limits. Under
acceptable fluid speed, TACITE module allows you to predict and
prevent erosion.
1-4 Overview
Sizing of Reception Installations
Transient flow conditions are very often the design conditions for
certain sizing parameters of the pipeline and reception equipment.
TACITE module has the capability to predict the:
Capacity of the slug-catchers (gas pipeline).
Capacity of separator units (oil pipeline).
Sizing of inlet/outlet line, nozzles, valves, to avoid bottlenecks
during transient flow situations.
Specification of Design Conditions for Pipeline and Equipment
TACITE module allows you to model transient conditions due to

threshold value actuated devices such as injection devices, relief
valves, PID controllers, etc. From this information, the mechanical
stress on elbows, T-connections, etc., as well as placement of pipe
anchors and supports, can be determined.
Prediction of Risk Conditions for Solid Deposition and Line Plugging
Solid deposition and line plugging is mainly a result of low

temperature or low flow rates. TACITE module results can be used
to effectively reduce the risk of hydrates formation, wax scaling,
and sand deposit.
Anticipation of Emergency Actions Consequences

In existing systems, TACITE module can help to evaluate safety
systems to real life risks. In design studies, TACITE module can be
used to design operation schedules for the pipeline (pressure and
temperature) and for online equipment (flowrate, flexibility,
required discharge pressure, and temperature). TACITE module can
therefore be used to aid in the appropriate design of emergency/
safety systems.
It may be necessary at some point in time to employ various
emergency actions, such as:
Valve closure downstream of the line
Shut-down of production
Shut-down of online rotating machines upstream the line
Emergency depressurization
In order to control:

Pressure waves
Overpressurization
Low temperature
Liquid slugs
Hazardous events (line rupture for instance)
TACITE module results can aid in predicting the likelihood and
consequence of such events. This is especially important and useful
in multiphase lines. This applies to liquid pipelines, when gas can
appear, such as in depressurization, or abnormal flow conditions. It
also applies to gas pipelines in situations when liquid can condense.
Specification of Operating Control Systems

With TACITE module you can design the operating control system
in accordance with the real pipeline behavior. Anticipation of any
new situation in the pipeline network enhances the safety of the
operation.
TACITE module is useful for:
Evaluating the adequacy of PID controllers or for designing
PID controllers.
Determining emergency logic system/alarm set points.
Planning a production/transportation network, in relation with
line packing and procedures developed for transient operations.
Developing a real time simulator to visualize:
the trend of the pipeline behavior for the next few hours.
what happens after a change is made to an operating
parameter set point.
Planning operation strategies or training.
Training of Operators
Training concerns production operators and operators of
transportation systems. The goal is to more easily control the
interactions between the line and upstream/downstream equipment,
while at the same time, attempting to operate the production/
transportation network in a safer manner. Operators must know
about their pipeline dynamic behavior in a wide range of operating
conditions.
1-6 Overview
TACITE module can be used as a training tool through the use of
simulations and on-screen animation. It can also be used to study
the sensitivity of the line behavior to various parameters, i.e.,
changes in flow, downstream pressure, inlet temperature, GOR, etc.
Note: Tacite module does not converge incase of Blackoil,

when the GOR value is set to Zero or if the GOR value is not
entered in source.Tacite requires two phase to run the
simulation.
Production Allocation
TACITE module can handle production allocation problems for
multiple wells with inlet composition changes. TACITE module can
correctly and accurately allocate products leaving the pipeline to
each producer using the pipeline to transport the production. This
provides a accurate accounting of line hold-up and packing effect.

1-8 Overview
Chapter 2
GUI Input
The PIPEPHASE installation program provides the option to install

the graphical user interface (GUI) windows required to enter
transient data and view the results. These calculations apply only if
you have licensed the TACITE module. This chapter outlines the
steps for entering transient data into the GUI for execution within
the PIPEPHASE environment. The equivalent keyword input is
described later in Appendix A.
Fluid Characterization
TACITE module requires you to model fluids on a compositional or
blackoil basis.
For compositional simulations:
A detailed composition must be available.
Accurate thermodynamic calculations are required. Vapor frac-
tion is a major factor to consider.
Clustering or Lumping must be ran prior to transient simula-
tion.
TACITE module performance is optimal for four-seven compo-
nents, in which case, either method can be used to create a
reduced component slate:
- Clustering may be used if you want to simulate a wide rate
of (T-P) conditions
- Lumping should be used if you require greater accuracy
over a specified T-P range

Run the lumping module to convert the N components compo-
sition into M pseudocomponents (N > M). Check that the char-
acterization of the M pseudocomponents is correct by
comparison with the N components data set. Compare the
results for vapor fraction and liquid density. This lumping run
will build the PVT file required for TACITE module run.
If N=M, still must run clustering to prepare data for TACITE
module.
Specifying Process Units

The first step in building a network involves entering the source and
sink data. Refer to Chapter 5, Tutorial Problems, for a short review
of this procedure.
To enter the Source data:
From the TACITE flowsheet, double-click on the Source. This
brings up the Compositional Source window.
Complete the Mandatory Data fields.
Click OK.
To enter the Sink data:
From the TACITE flowsheet, double-click on the Sink. This
brings up the Sink window.
Complete the Mandatory Data fields.
Click OK.
After you have fully defined the source and sink properties within
the main PIPEPHASE window, double-click on the link joining the
two nodes. This brings up the Link Device Data window (Figure 2-
1). Here you may enter all your device data (pipes, pumps, IPR,
etc.). This step is similar to PIPEPHASE data entry. Some unit
windows may have clearly indicated TACITE module specific data
entries. Additional transient scenario data is entered by clicking the
TACITE button on the Link Device Data window.
2-2 GUI Input

To enter the Link/Device data:
Double-click on the Link to bring up the Link Device Data
window. Here you can specify the process units in your
simulation.
Note: TACITE module supported process units may require

TACITE specific data.
Entering Transient Data

Transient simulations are allowed for compositional and blackoil
fluid types. For these simulations, transient data may be entered by
clicking the TACITE button in the Link Device Data window, shown
below.
Figure 2-1: Link Device Data Window
Transient simulations are only allowed for links with TACITE

supported equipment.
Note: If unsupported equipment is present in the link, you will not

be warned that the equipment will be ignored by the transient
model before the Transient Simulation Data window is opened.
Since only the compositional model and blackoil models are

currently available in TACITE module, the TACITE button will not
be visible for the condensate, steam, gas and liquid models.

Transient Simulation Input
Clicking the TACITE button brings up the main window for transient
data input, as displayed in Figure 2-2. Within this window, you can
access functional windows or TACITE windows for specifying the
transient data.
Figure 2-2: Transient Simulation Data Window
A transient simulation starts with initialization, which will be run

for a certain amount of time to allow for hydrodynamic, thermal,
and thermodynamic stabilization. Compositions, liquid content,
pressure, and temperature tend to become steady. Liquid content
stability is a good criteria for stabilization.
Stabilization Time An oil line will be quicker to stabilize than a gas pipeline
with condensates. The required initial stabilization time
is estimated from the results obtained during the first
run. Results are not stored during this period. If no
value is specified, TACITE module will determine the
stabilization time based on an internal stationary flow
criterion.
Transient Duration This is the real time of simulation, from t=0, in addition
to the stabilization.
2-4 GUI Input

The restart option allows the simulation to start from the
end of an existing simulation. In this case, simulation
time includes time already simulated in previous run.
The results file includes the overall results.
Both stabilization time and transient duration (both in seconds)

must be specified.
Temperature Profile Drop-down Menu Items:

Several options are available to model the thermal behavior during the transient
simulations:
User-Defined Simple model with user-defined temperature profile along
the pipeline. This profile is determined from the outlet
temperature of each pipe or tubing segment. This method
uses a linear temperature profile between the inlet and
outlet of the device. This information is entered in the
Device Data screen.
Steady The steady state model computes the temperature profile
at the steady state conditions and uses this profile for the
duration of the transient simulation. (The configuration of
the well is limited to a tubing string with one annulus.)
Transient The transient model predicts the temperature profile for
each time step, neglecting the transient effects of the
external heat loss. The configuration of the well is limited
to a tubing string with one annulus.
Transient w Wall The rigorous transient model with wall inertia computes
the temperature profile at each time step, including the
transient heat loss through the pipeline wall and
insulation layers. For wells, the transient heat loss
through the tubing wall, annulus, casing, and external
layers is considered. The heat loss to the formation is
calculated using the Ramey model. This component of
the heat loss is not updated during the transient
simulation because the transient duration is small in
comparison to the overall production time. This method
has the same methods, data requirements, and
limitations as the transient temperature profile, except it
has additional effects of the transient heat transfer
through the walls. (See Figure 2-17)
Default names are provided for the restart and component data files.
You may select another name for the component data files so that
clustering or lumping results may be used by more than one
simulation.

To bring up additional data windows:
Click on... To...
Scenarios... Open the Transient Scenarios window (Figure 2-3)
to specify the transient scenario.
Device Data... Open the Device Data window (Figure 2-19) to view
the pipe segments you have defined. You have the
option to specify the number of segments or
segment length within this window.
Source Data... Open the Source Data window (Figure 2-5) to allow
feed streams to be selected. This also allows access
to Component Lumping and Component Clustering
data.
Other Data... Open the Other Data... window (Figure 2-21) to
specify the report frequency or report times.
Pigging Open the Pigging window (Figure 2-17) to enable
pigging. You can enter pigging data relating to
launcher/trap location and size specifications.
Scenarios Definition
Click on the Scenarios button within the Transient Simulation Data
window (Figure 2-2) to define a transient scenario. Click the Add
button (Figure 2-3). This will bring up the Define Transient
Scenario window (Figure 2-4).
Figure 2-3: Transient Scenarios Window
2-6 GUI Input

Figure 2-4: Define Transient Scenario Window
If Source is selected, the Parameter list box will include various

selections for Rate, Composition and Temperature. The latter
selection will not be included if the Temperature Profile on the
Transient Simulation Data window is specified as User-Defined.
If the Sink is selected, the Parameter list box will include a single
item, Pressure. When the Load Times button is clicked, it will
provide default start and end times based on the problem.
If Link is selected, you can select any device in the link which
supports Transient Scenario specification (see each unit
specification for details). The Parameter list box will show the
parameters allowed for the selected equipment.
Change data is entered on the grid to the right. Up to 100 changes
are permitted, but only six are given on this window. The
More Data... button opens a worksheet where you can enter
additional data.
You must specify the initial conditions on the first line, but the zero
times may not be edited. Subsequent rows are optional. If a Start
Time is entered, the time must be greater than any previous time
and the Final Value is then required.
Transient Source Data

Entering data into the source and sink windows is no different than
for PIPEPHASE simulations. The boundary conditions, however,
are limited for transient simulations. You must enter the source feed
rate, source temperature and sink pressure. You then have the option
to use results from the last simulation or allow the program to
estimate this data if it is not available from steady state calculations.
User Interface
To run TACITE module, first you should have defined a detailed
composition, the main source, and all the auxiliary sources. Before
running the transient simulation, you must perform a simulation of
clustering or lumping to define an optimized set of a reduced
number of components. To perform such a simulation, complete the
Source Data window (Figure 2-5):
Figure 2-5: Source Data Window
Primary Feed is the main source that feeds the stream of a

link. By default this source is the first source in the network.
Auxiliary Feeds are additional sources that can be added as the
links stream feed to the Primary Feed. In the GUI the user may
add up to five auxiliary feed sources. TACITE module supports
modeling a transient simulation in a LINK within a PIPE-
PHASE network. Using Auxiliary Feed enables the user to
specify more than one source to feed a particular LINK stream
during
transient calculations.
Auxiliary source scenarios can be entered independently for all
of the auxiliary feeds, in addition to the primary feed scenario.
Among the parameters that can be changed in editing scenarios
2-8 GUI Input
for auxiliary feeds are the following: Temperature, Total
Weight Rate, Total Molar Rate, Total Standard Liquid
Volume Rate, Total Standard Gas Volume Rate, and
Component Mass Fraction.
Component Clustering is a simplified method to reduce the
number of components to speed up transient calculations. The
user specifies the number of pseudo components and the num-
ber of components at the beginning of the component slate that
may be retained as pure components. When using this option,
the CMP file will show all of the component properties. The
default value for number of pseudo components is four, when
more than four components are present in the simulation.
Component Lumping is a more rigorous method to reduce the
number of components and to ensure accuracy. There are two
possibilities:
You can impose the number of pseudocomponents desired,
so you must complete the field Number of Pseudo
Components in the component clustering part and, click
(check) the box next to Use Number of Pseudos from
Clustering.
If you want TACITE module to determine the number of
pseudocomponents, make sure the Use Number of
Pseudos from Clustering box is unchecked. Then you can
impose an error tolerance on the objective function by fill-
ing the corresponding data: the default value is 0.02 (2%).
This objective function is the minimum average error
(between lumped fluid and detailed fluid) on less present
phase volumetric fraction and most present phase density.
The maximum number is set to seven to reduce calculation
time, but you can impose a greater number as previously
discussed.
The Component Lumping is optimized over a given tem-
perature and pressure range. Enter this data by clicking the
Pressure and Temperature Points button and completing the
points on the pressure temperature window. The Compo-
nent Lumping may fail if you have not provided enough
points in the two-phase region.
You can also exclude some components from the lumping
procedure; these components have to be at the end of the
component list. If there is water in the fluid composition,

the water has to be excluded. So if you have water, put it at
the end of the component list.
Figure 2-6: Conditions For Component Lumping
Important Notes for Lumping
The more pressure temperature points there are located in the

two-phase region, the more accurate the lumping solution.
The closer the temperature pressure points to the simulation
conditions, the more accurate the lumping solution.
If some points are in the monophasic region of the lumping
procedure, try to modify them by putting them in the two-phase
region.
If there is no two-phase point, the lumping procedure will use a
dynamic clustering method that is less accurate.
You can check the error obtained on the pressure temperature
window for the determined lumping, by looking at the end of the
lumping message file. If the dynamic clustering method has been
activated, there will be no information about the error.
2-10 GUI Input

Valve Specification
In TACITE module, the valve is a pressure loss device. In the
scenario setup, the stem position as a function of time can be
specified over the following range: from full open (100%) to a
minimum of 10% open. If the valve is the last device in the link
then the stem position can be taken all the way to shut position (0 %
open). The speed of valve opening and/or closing affects the
pipeline transient behavior.
Typical Simulation Objectives
The simulation of different valve closing and opening schedules on
eliminating the undesirable effects such as pressure spikes & severe
slugging can be studied.
Device Window Interface
For transient simulations with a valve device, the Valve window
allows you to select a transient valve by entering the coefficient and
exponent values as shown in Figure 2-7. The GUI valve variables
coefficient and exponent are equivalent to the keywords TRCOEFF
and TREXPO on the VALVE statement.
Enter the following data in the Valve screen (Figure 2-7):
Valve inlet diameter,
Outlet diameter,
K or KMUL (required for PIPEPHASE network simulations)
Valve discharge Coefficient (CD0) and exponent (E) to model
the effect of valve closure. CD = CD0 * (Valve opening)**E

Figure 2-7: Valve Window
The transient valve variables, defined as TRCOEFF and TREXPO

in the keyword input and Coefficient and Exponent on the Valve
GUI (Figure 2-7) are defined according to the following theory.
The pressure drop across the valve is defined as:
Vm Vm
P = K -----------------
2
where
P = pressure drop, P1 - P2
K = pressure drop coefficient
= fluid density
Vm = center of mass velocity
The pressure drop coefficient K of a valve is computed by TACITE

module as a function of two variables associated with the valve
opening: TRCOEFF (valve coefficient) and TREXPO (valve
exponent [= 1 for a linear valve]).
The pressure drop coefficient K describes the relation between P
and the flowrate.
1- --------
1-
K = -----
2 2
C d C d0
2-12 GUI Input

The coefficient Cd is determined experimentally and is given by the
manufacturer. It depends on the type of flow (turbulent or laminar),
the type of valve, the diameter of pipe and the valve opening. There
are two methods to determine Cd. The first is by means of the
following equation.
C d0 V m C d0 Q
C d = ------------------------------------------
- = -------------------------------------------------
1
-
1
--- ---
2C 2
------P- + V m
2 2 2 2
2S C d0 P + Q
2 2
d0
where
Q = VmS = fluid flowrate
S = pipe cross-section
Cd0 = valve coefficient (TRCOEFF)
The curve of Cd as a function of valve opening is not always a

simple function. It can be simplified to the equation shown below,
where the valve coefficient, Cd, is a function of the valve opening in
percent.

C d = C d0 valve opening
where
= valve exponent (TREXPO)
Notice that if the valve opening is 100%, then K is equal to zero,

and so the pressure drop is also equal to zero. And if the valve
opening is 0%, then 1/K is equal to zero, so Vm is also equal to zero
and consequently the fluid flowrate Q is equal to zero. For a valve
located at the pipe exit, this allows for the simulation of a transient
shutdown by putting the valve equal to 0% in the valve scenario.
Relief Valve Specification

In TACITE module, the relief valve device allows the pipeline to
depressurize by allowing mass to flow out of the pipeline when
pressure in the pipeline at the relief valve location has exceeded a
pre-set relief pressure value. Relief valves may be located anywhere
in the pipeline.
the sufficient emergency relief capacity in the pipeline

the effects of the multi-phase flow during relief
the effects of the relief valve location

the set relief pressure
Figure 2-8: TACITE Relief Valve Window
Enter the Relief Valve inlet diameter.
Note: The relief valve diameters must be less than or equal to 1/

10th the diameter of the pipeline at that location.
Scenario Data Input Window Interface

After selecting the Device Type, Relief Valve, you must specify the
Outlet (Outside) Pressure (or set relief pressure) as the initial
conditions of the relief valve in the TACITE Scenario section of the
data (Figure 2-4).
The relief pressure can be changed as a function of time. If the
pipeline pressure at the relief valve location goes above the set
pressure, the relief valve will open. If the pipeline pressure at the
location goes below the relief pressure, the relief valve will close.
If the Valve is the Device Type, the user must also specify the initial
conditions of the valve stem position in the TACITE Scenario
section (Figure 2-4). The valve stem position with time can also be
specified as part of the scenario.
Separator
The Separator is a cylindrical vessel with a user defined angle of
inclination (0 degree is horizontal and 90 degree is vertical) and a
separator diameter. Currently, the separator is allowed only as the
last device in the link just before the sink.
Separator may get flooded or the separator pressure exceeds the

design pressure during severe slugging.
2-14 GUI Input

natural slugging
terrain induced or flow rate change
Associated with the separator is a valve and a PID Controller for
each of the separated gas and liquid streams. The characteristics of
the PID Controllers can be specified by the user. The PID
Controller will also enable the user to model the pressure changes in
the separator as a function of time based on the PID Controller
adjustments of the valves.
Enter the applicable data for the Separator (Figure 2-9) and click the
TACITE Data button to access the TACITE Separator window (Figure
2-10).
Figure 2-9: Separator Window
Phase removed - Vapor or Liquid (Three phase separation not

currently supported).

Figure 2-10: TACITE Separator Window
Constant Geometrical Data is the Separator Length,

Diameter, and Inclination Angle values.
Separator Control Parameter Range is the Min. Oil Level, Max.
Oil Level, and the Imposed Oil Level for Max. values. For the
Imposed Oil Level, TACITE module will set the liquid level to
this value if the maximum liquid level is exceeded during the
transient simulation.
Valve Data is the user specified valve diameter, coefficient and
valve exponent (to calculate the valve coefficient at various
stem positions).
Controller Parameters are the characteristic coefficients for
each control components: Proportional, Integral, and Differen-
tial (PID). The controllers control the valves stem position.
Scenario Data Input
The user must specify the initial conditions of the separator data in
the TACITE Scenario screen (Figure 2-4). All the available
separator variables on this screen must at least be defined at
time=zero. This variable may also be used to define the scenarios.
The variables are:
2-16 GUI Input

Gas discharge pressure drop of the gas stream valve
Liquid discharge pressure drop of the liquid stream valve
Gas pressure set point in the separator
Liquid level set point in the separator
PID Controller
The PID Controller is used to control measured conditions along the
pipeline by adjusting operating variable setpoints in the pipeline
equipment.
PID Controllers introduce transients in the pipeline that can be
accurately modeled by TACITE module. Transient simulations can
be used to examine the effectiveness of the controller parameters
and to optimize the design of the controller. The PID Controller is
also useful in setting and maintaining boundary conditions
anywhere along the pipeline.
The PID Controller is a device placed in the link at the location
where measured data will be sustained at a specified set point. For
example, a control device can be added as the last device in the link
to control conditions at the link outlet.
Figure 2-11: TACITE Controller Window
Controller name

Controlled Equipment Name - The controller equipment
entered is not used for the separator. The separator has in-built
PID Controllers to adjust the valve opening to control the gas
stream pressure or the liquid level.
Measured Variable - The set point for this variable is defined
as a scenario. Valid measurements include:
Pressure
Temperature
Total Mass Flow Rate
Gas Mass Flow Rate
Oil Mass Flow Rate
Gas Volumetric Fraction
Oil Volumetric Fraction
Gas Absolute Velocity
Oil Absolute Velocity
Gas Superficial Velocity
Oil Superficial Velocity
Controlled Variable - Select the equipment variable to be
adjusted to meet measured variable set point. Valid variables
include:
Variable Device
Pressure Sink, IPR, Relief Valve
Temperature Source, IPR, Injection
Total Mass Flow Rate Source, Injection
Valve Opening Valve
Rotational Velocity Pump
Controller Parameters - Enter the P Coefficient for propor-

tional component of control, I Coefficient for integral compo-
nent of control, and D Coefficient for derivative component of
control.
2-18 GUI Input

Scenario Data Input
One scenario is required to define the set point for the controller
measured variable. The scenario selected must agree with the
measured variable selected for the controller. This information
should be specified on the TACITE Scenario screen (Figure 2-4).
Pump
Pumps are equipment devices used to increase the pressure in a
liquid dominated line. TACITE module uses the Poseidon multi-
phase pump model developed under the Poseidon Project by IFP,
Total, and Statoil.
Transient thermal models may not be used when pumps are present
in the link.
Pumps actuated transient behavior that can be accurately modeled
by TACITE module. Transient simulations can be used to examine
the effectiveness of changing pump speeds to handle various startup
and shutdown scenarios or to determine the transient affect of
modifying pump speeds after a steady state condition has
previously been reached.
The Pump is a device placed in a link at the location where pipeline
pressure is to be increased. For example, a pump can be placed at
the beginning of a upward sloping pipeline to ensure the pressures
remain sufficient for complete transfer of fluid to the end of the
pipeline.
TACITE module specific data required for the pump is entered in
the TACITE Pump window (Figure 2-12) after clicking the TACITE
Data button from the Pump window:

Figure 2-12: TACITE Pump Window
Pump name
The Name of the pump is displayed for information. The name
can only be changed from the main pump window.
Number of Stages
The maximum number is 30. Push the Stage Data button to open
the TACITE Pump Stages worksheet and complete the fields
provided: Print, Input ID, Input OD, Output OD, and Angle
Coefficient.
Operating Conditions
This includes the Nominal Rotation Velocity, Minimum Rota-
tional Velocity, Maximum Rotational Velocity (not to exceed
150 rotations per second), and Maximum Pressure Drop.
Note: The Nominal Rotation Velocity value will be used for

the entire transient simulation unless a scenario has been
specified. The rotational velocities must range between 0 and
150 rotations per second.
Note: The Maximum Pressure Drop value will be enforced

through the duration of the transient simulation.
Scenario Data Input Interface

Scenarios are not mandatory for the pump. You may vary the pump
rotational velocity. Specify the start and end times for each velocity
you wish to simulate. This velocity will be ramped up linearly
2-20 GUI Input

between the times specified or will be held constant over the time
specified if the velocity is the same as the ending velocity for the
previous time segment.
Injection Device
The injection device is a means of introducing a separate stream in
the middle of a link to flow with the main stream. If the injection
flow rate (from the injection device) varies with time, the flow
characteristics in the pipeline will change accordingly. The injector
flow scenario can be modeled as a arbitrary user defined flow rate
schedule or it can be automatically calculated if the you wish to
model a finite volume, compressible fluid injector. If the finite
volume compressible fluid option is activated, the flow rate through
the injector will be controlled by the compressibility of a fluid
contained in the finite volume injector. In this case the user must
specify Injection angle (which affects the momentum transfer), the
injection line length & diameter (to calculate the volume of the
injector), Injector hole diameter and the threshold pressure drop.
To model the effect of gas lift (continuous or intermittent) in a
well.
Helps to model the effect of lateral pipelines flowing into the
main line in a flow network with a user specified flow rate and
flow composition scenario.
The 'finite volume compressible fluid' injector option can be
used to model pressure differential activated injection for
example in intermittent gaslift in risers to reduce severe
slugging effects.

Figure 2-13: Injection Device Window
Define Injector pressure or temperature (not mandatory).
Note: For TACITE module, the 'Mandatory data' for PIPEPHASE

software is not required.
Figure 2-14: TACITE Injector Window
Injection Angle from Pipe Axis This is the angle of the injection from the pipe
axis in the direction of flow. 0 angle 90o
Injection Line Length This is the injector line length which is used to
calculate the volume of the injector line and is
used to activate the compressible injector
volume option. If set to zero the incompressible
option is used.
2-22 GUI Input

Injection Line Diameter This is the injector line diameter which is used to
calculate the volume of the injector line. Set it to
zero if compressible option is not required.
Note: The calculated line volume must be less than
5000 m3.
Injector Hole Diameter Required for the compressible injector option
and has to be the half the pipe diameter. This
diameter is used to calculate the fluid pressure
drop from the injector to the main line.
Threshold Pressure Drop Required only if compressible option is desired.
When the pressure difference between the
injector and the mainline is greater than this
threshold pressure the injector will get activated.
Initial Conditions ( @ time = 0 ) & Scenario data

The user must specify the composition scenario, the injection flow
rate scenario from the TACITE/Scenarios screen. Click Add and then
click the Link Name radio button and change the Device Type to
Injector. The injection temperature scenario if specified will be used
only for the thermal calculation option. If the user really does not
wish to model a real transient scenario for variations in the injector
parameters, these values (component fraction and flow rate and
temperature) must at least be set (specified) at time zero at a
minimum.
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

The IPR (inflow Performance Relationship) is used to model the
effect of the flow in a reservoir into a well/pipeline system.
TACITE module supports the straight PI model. If the user specifies
the PI value the steady state IPR is modeled.
For the steady state PI mode, the IPR is used to model the effect of
the pressure decline in a reservoir on the well/pipeline performance.
Here the Reservoir flow is at pseudo-steady state. Additionally, the
reservoir production stream composition can be changed over time.

Figure 2-15: IPR Window
Select PI model.
Figure 2-16: TACITE Steady State PI Window
Specify PI value if you want to model pseudo-steady state

reservoir flow.
Click OK.
Access the Define Transient Scenario window (Figure 2-4) and
complete the following:
The user must specify the initial Pressure of the IPR at time=0.
Optional scenario variables:
Pressure
Temperature
Component weight fraction or Component model fraction
2-24 GUI Input

Additional IPR Notes for User Interface
The PI or IPR location L must satisfy 0 L pipeline length.
Pigging
A pig is a spherical or cylindrical (neoprene type material) ball
which is dispatched through a pipeline. Typically, pigging is used to
increase the gas flow efficiency in wet gas and gas dominated
multiphase pipelines. This is done by the pig moving through the
pipeline from a given launcher location to a given pig trap and
pushing out the liquid in the form of a slug. The diameter of the pig
is normally very close to the pipe diameter.
Typical simulation objectives
The pigging calculation predicts the quantity of liquids formed as
multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and helps determines the size of
the liquid slug that is pushed out by the pig. This can be helpful in
calculating the required volume of a Slug Catcher Tank.
TACITE module will also provide the liquid build up in the pipeline
as a function of time after each pigging cycle. Other useful results
include the time required for the pigging cycle to be completed, the
pressure changes in the system, and estimating operational
parameters.
User Interface
Click the Pigging... button from the Transient TACITE Simulation
Data window (Figure 2-2) to bring up the TACITE Pigging window.
Enable Pigging and enter the corresponding values for the
following parameters (Figure 2-17):

Figure 2-17: TACITE Pigging Window
Launcher location is the distance from the inlet of the pipeline

where the pig is going to be entered. The launch location must
be at a mesh point (should fall exactly at the end of the pipe)
other than the entrance to the pipe. This location should be
larger than the one SEGMENT of the pipe.
Trap Location is the distance from the pipeline inlet where the
pig is taken out. Hence, the trap location has to be less than the
pipeline length.
Note: Equipment such as valve, injector, relief valve, and

pump or PI cannot be located on the pipe between launcher
location and trap location during a pigging simulation
Diameter has to be less or equal to the pipe diameter.

Length has to be equal or less than 1/5th the length of the
shortest segment.
Weight has to be entered in the simulations defined input
units.
Wall Friction Factor Coefficient is commonly taken to be 1.
Note: A few overall limitations are: The transient thermal options

are not available with pigging and the restart option is not
available for a pigging simulation.
Scenario Data Input

Variable Parameters that can be specified in the TACITE Scenario
window is shown in Figure 2-4.
2-26 GUI Input

Parameter for Pigging - Launch Status is the only parameter
that needs to be specified and it can only accept values 0 or 1.
Pig status in pipe is equal to 0 at time t=0 (steady-state compu-
tation) and equal to1at launching time (End Time).
Link Segmentation Discussion

To perform a simulation, you must divide the pipeline into cells or
segments (Device window in Figure 2-2). The accuracy of the
simulation is a function of the number of cells. A typical number of
cells for a pipeline simulation is 30 to 60. A very detailed profile,
with important and frequent changes in elevation, will require more
cells to produce good accuracy, than a short pipeline, or than a
pipeline with a flat profile.
Your choice of the number of cells depends on the length of the
pipeline. For example, 10 cells for a 100 mile long pipeline is not
enough (too few). The dynamic behavior of the pipeline will be
largely distorted. However, increasing the number of cells a lot will
not necessarily produce a large change in the results. It will just
decrease the cells size, and increase the simulation time by reducing
the time step. This occurs because, for a transient simulation, the
stable time step size is directly dependent on the smallest cell size.
Conversely, when oversimplifying the profile, you have the
possibility of neglecting some profile effects. As a result, the model
may arrive at a inaccurate liquid content.
The size of the smallest cell determines the time step of the
simulation. When too small, it will lead to very small timestep and
will increase the CPU time.
Note: Be careful with the risers. Sometimes, a short riser will

generate the smallest cell. A riser should not be divided in less than
2 or 3 cells, which is often enough for a short riser.
The inside properties of the pipe device should be specified. This

can be achieved from the Pipe window. Double-click the TACITE
Data button to accessing the Thermal Wall Inertia window (Figure
2-18).
Provide the pipe/insulation layer data for the pipe device, by
entering the density and specific heat for the pipe wall and
insulation(s).

Figure 2-18: TACITE Data - Thermal Wall Inertia Window
Other properties of the pipe device should be specified to complete

the pipeline configuration. The Mesh segmenting for transient
simulations is controlled through the Device Data window shown in
Figure 2-19. The device names, lengths and elevation changes are
displayed. You may define either the number of segments or
segment length for each flow device. Zero segments are allowed to
indicate that a mesh point is not available for that pipe. Also
indicate the Outlet Temp. degrees for the pipe device. This will only
be active if you have the User Defined Temperature Profile enabled.
Figure 2-19: Device Data Window
Click the View... button to bring up a schematic of your pipeline

configuration (i.e., distance versus elevation) and the generated
mesh points.
2-28 GUI Input

Figure 2-20: Pipeline Configuration With Marked Mesh Points
Thermodynamic
For TACITE transient simulations, the user must specify the
TACITE thermodynamic method. This method is comprised of the
following components:
K-Value, Enthalpy and Gas Peng-Robinson (Default) or Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Density
Liquid Density Peneloux
Transport Properties Petroleum with Parachor method for surface
tension
Kij Databank PROCESS (default) or SIMSCI
Transient Output
You can specify the transient output through the Other Data...
window. The Report Frequency option allows transient data to be
stored at a specified frequency or in time intervals (the default is 10
seconds). You should note that if you specify a small time step, this
will produce rather large results files. The Flash Tolerance is an
optional entry for single-phase compositional models. You can
generate complete transient reports at precise times, as specified in
the cells of the Report Times list. You can enter a maximum of 10
report times.

Figure 2-21: Other Data Window
2-30 GUI Input

Chapter 3
Running Transient Simulations
Overview
This chapter describes the steps required to run TACITE transient
simulations after the necessary data has been entered. All program
calculations can be controlled from the Run Simulation window
accessed by the Run button on the toolbar. This brings up the data
window shown below, supporting:
Perform Component Lumping or Clustering
Check and Run Simulation
Link to View Transient Results Access System (TRAS)
Stop the simulation with a restart file for future simulations
Restart the simulation
Figure 3-1: Run Simulation and View Results Window
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide Chapter 3-1

Build the model
The first step is for the user to build a pipeline they wish to
simulate, making sure to use a compositional source and to use
equipment supported by TACITE module. Equipment not
supported by TACITE module is ignored by the transient
simulation. The following equipment is supported in this
version of TACITE module:
PIPE
TUBING
PUMP
VALVE
RELIEF VALVE
PIGGING Operation
INJECTOR
PID Controller
SEPARATOR
IPR (device with Productivity Index Model)
You must fill out all required TACITE data in the associated
data entry windows for each device before doing a TACITE
simulation.
Define Simulation Details
For compositional systems with many components, you must first

perform component lumping or clustering. Define the component
lumping and/or clustering information located in the LINK window
under the TACITE button. You will also need to supply scenarios for
the TACITE transient simulation as well as segmenting details,
transient duration, reporting frequency and other data needed for
the transient simulation. See Chapter 2 for details on entering this
data.
Chapter 3-2 Running Transient Simulations

Initial conditions
In general, the initial values of the variables are computed along the
pipe by solving the steady-state set of equations for the initial
boundary conditions. If steady-state does not exist, as it does in
severe or terrain slugging cases, an approximate steady-state is
determined by ignoring the geometry induced transients.
Boundary conditions
Before executing the simulation, ensure that you have specified the
following boundary conditions:
At the inletcomponent mass flowrates and temperature.
At the outletpressure.
Nonstandard boundary conditions may be simulated by using
special equipment models. For instance, a transient shutdown may
be simulated through the closure of a valve located at the pipe exit.
For Component Lumping and Component Clustering
With all the necessary information specified, you can now

proceed to the run window and execute Component Lumping
or Component Clustering. This step will generate an input
file named name-lumping.inp or name-clustering.inp depending on
the type of run you perform. Next it will begin the calculations
to produce the .cmp and .pvt files which contain the lumped
or clustered component information. If you dont specify a
name for these files, the default names will be name-pseudo.cmp
and name-pseudo.pvt. Once you have generated these files you
are ready to begin the TACITE Transient calculation.

Figure 3-2: Run Simulation and View Results Window
From the run window choose the TACITE Transient type of

simulation and begin the run. Doing this will create several
files necessary for the TACITE Transient calculation module to
begin execution. Once the simulation is complete, several other
files will have been generated which are used for examining the
results. The user does not need to look at these files since the

TACITE Results Access System (TRAS) is available which
will graphically communicate these results. TRAS is started by
selecting the TACITE Results Access System button on the run
window.
Results Analysis
A TACITE simulation generates several results files which contain
data dependent on space and/or time.
Space-dependent variables are stored as a function of spatial
location on each mesh side at the beginning of the simulation.
These variables are location, absolute elevation, and cross-sectional
area.

Time-dependent variables are stored as a function of time, but only
at specific time steps. They are not dependent on the location in the
line. These variables are in real time from the start of simulation.
They include cumulative produced gas mass, cumulative produced
oil mass, total gas volume, total oil volume, total gas mass, total oil
mass, and total mass of each component.
Time and space dependent variables are stored on the upstream
side, on each mesh cell center and on the downstream side, as a
function of time at specific time steps. These variables are also in
current time from the start of simulation. They include the position
in space, flow pattern, slug fraction, pressure, temperature, gas
volumetric fraction, oil volumetric fraction, superficial gas velocity,
superficial oil velocity, gas mass flowrate, oil mass flowrate, mass
flowrate of components, mass fraction of components in the gas,
and mass fraction of components in the oil.
The evolution of those physical parameters can be visualized
through graphics or animation, either in space along the pipe at a
given time, or at any given location as a function of time.
Summary Description of Files Generated

Through the course of a TACITE transient simulation, several files
will be generated and will exist in the users directory after the
calculations are complete. A brief description of these files is listed
below along with how the most significant files are created and how
they are used:
Clustering Files
INPUT
name-clustering.inp Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation.
OUTPUT
name-clustering.out Output generated for users examination to see if an error
has occurred.
name-clustering.tho Complete thermo module output. Important parts of this
file are reproduced in the .out file for users examination.
name-pseudo.cmp Original components shown with results from clustering
operation.
name-pseudo.pvt Physical property file required for TACITE Transient
calculation.

Lumping Files
INPUT
name-lumping.inp Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation
setup.
name-lumping2.inp Input file generated by the PIPEPHASE thermo module to
drive the TACITE Lumping analysis.
OUTPUT
name-lumping.out Output generated for users examination to see if an error
has occurred.
name-lumping.tho Complete thermo module output. Important parts of this
file are reproduced in the .out file for users
examination.
name-lumping.err Output from the TACITE Lumping module - showing
errors if any occurred otherwise showing results of
lumping operation.
name-lumping.mas Lumping results file used in TACITE Transient
calculations.
name-pseudo.cmp Original components shown with results from clustering
operation.
name-pseudo.pvt Physical property file required for TACITE Transient
calculation.
TRANSIENT TACITE Files
INPUT
name-pseudo.pvt Physical property file generated by lumping or
clustering step.
name-tacite.inp Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation.
GUI generated files, required for tacite (assume name-tacite

prefix)
.job Information about other required files for the simulation.
.top Flowline topography.
.geo Pipeline characteristics.
.the Thermal properties of the flow-line.
.msh Spatial discretization of the flow-line.
.pp0, .pp1 GUI database files
.pvt Physical properties.
.sc1 Used to generate top portion of scenario file.
.sc2 Used to build bottom portion of scenario file.
.sce Scenario to be completed.

.sto Storage options for the results.
TACITE generated files containing results

.out Output from PIPEPHASE driver program.
.tit TACITE job title information.
.rep TACITE job output.
.rtt TACITE restart file.
.pp2 If pump exists
.pig If pig exists
.sep If separator exists
.xv Transient results data (used by TRAS)
.xn Transient results data (used by TRAS)
.tv Transient results data (used by TRAS)
.tn Transient results data (used by TRAS)
.txv Transient results data (used by TRAS)
.txn Transient results data (used by TRAS)
.inj If injector with compressible option exists.

Chapter 4
Transient Results Access System
Overview
The Transient Results Access System (TRAS) is a post-processing
feature in TACITE that allows you to configure and view tables and
plots of transient results data. TRAS provides multiple formats to
display the data in an effort to satisfy the range of available
software to all users.
To access this system, click on the Transient Results Access System
button within the Run Simulation and View Results window (see
Figure 3-1), after you run TACITE simulation successfully. This
brings up the SIMSCI PIPEPHASE TRAS window (Figure 4-1).

Figure 4-1: SIMSCI PIPEPHASE TRAS Window
TRAS graphical interface is divided into tree view, chart view, and
table view. Tree view is used to select process variables, while chart
view presents transient data plots and table view presents transient
data in spreadsheet format.
4-2 Transient Results Access System

Figure 4-2: X variable configuration
By clicking Profile, you select pipeline length as x variable.

Using PipeLine Length group, you can change begin point,
end point, and data percentage to view for x variable.
By clicking Trend, you select time as x variable. Using Time
group, you can change begin point, end point, and trend data
percentage to view for x variable.
Using Chart group, Print is to print the chart to your default
printer. Clipboard is to make a snap shot of chart to clipboard
memory. Print to File is to generate a bitmap file. Excel is to
export data to Excel spreadheet and plot the data in Excel
application.

Data series selection
Figure 4-3: Select Time Window
To activate the time series selection, select Configure ...Time or

press the corresponding icon on the toolbar. Single arrow is to
move one time selection at a time. Double arrow is to move all
available selection.
Figure 4-4: Select Location Window
To activate the location series selection, select Configure

...Location or press the corresponding icon on the toolbar. Single
arrow is to move one location selection at a time. Double arrow
is to move all available selection.
Output Units of Measure

Figure 4-5: Unit of Measure
X variable and y variable Units of Measure can be configured using

SIMSCI standard UOM graphical interface. To activate the Convert
Units of Measure window, click Units of Measure on chart view or
right click on the unit of measure displayed on the plot. After
selecting new Units of Measure, click Change Units.
Animation
Figure 4-6: Animation
To start animation, select Animation ...Start.

To stop animation, select Animation ... Stop.
To change Animation rate, select toolbar animation rate drop
down box.
Flow Patterns

Figure 4-7: Flow Pattern
To view Flow Pattern plot, click the Flow Pattern option in the
tree view. The available flow patterns are
1. Liquid Flow
2. Dispersed Flow
3. Slug Flow
4. Annular Dispersed Flow
5. Stratified Smooth Flow
6. Stratified Wavy Flow
7. Annular Flow
8. Gas Flow

Chapter 5
Tutorial Problems
About This Chapter

One of the main objectives of TACITE module is to accurately
predict the propagation of liquid slugs. These slugs may occur
during transient flow due to modifications to the boundary
conditions such as inlet flowrates variation (Example 1), outlet
depressurization, shutdown or restart. They may also appear due to
transients created by heavy topography changes, such as terrain
slugging or severe slugging phenomena (Example 2). This chapter
shows you how to set up both these cases.
Example 1 - Flow Variation

Introduction
This example illustrates flow variation within a gas pipeline. The
lumping method within TACITE module is also exemplified.
Problem Description
This is a platform-to-shore gas pipeline configuration. The
topography of the pipe is shown in Figure 5-1. We would like to be
able to predict liquid outlet (slugs) after an increase in flowrate.
This can be achieved using TACITE module by allowing
stabilization at the initial flowrate, then increasing the flowrate in x
seconds, and finally allowing stabilization again. Some plots of
interest may include the behavior of pressure and liquid holdup
versus time after the flow increase, which depends heavily on the
line profile, variation of flowrate, and its ramp.

Figure 5-1: Topography of the Pipe: Platform to Shore
GUI Input
Building the Network
To select the nodes:
Click the icon of the desired node from the toolbar.
For the source, click on the button.
For the sink, click on the button.
Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the
node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in
the main flowsheet area of the screen.
To connect two nodes:
Click the source with the left mouse button. A red square will
appear on the node, and the border of the node will turn green
to indicate that the node has been selected.
Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and,
while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to the
sink. The completed flow diagram is shown in Figure 5-2.
5-2 Tutorial Problems

Figure 5-2: Process Flow Diagram
Defining the Source and Sink

To enter the data for the source S001:
Double-click on the node S001, and enter the data in Table 5-1.
Click the Define Composition... button to enter the
compositional data.
Table 5-1: Source Composition
Component Weight % MW SG
H2S 0.0
N2 2.8
CO2 1.5
C1 75.2
C2 7.8
C3 4.0
IC4 1.6
NC4 1.5
IC5 1.1
NC5 0.8
KC6 1.2 85.5 0.690
KC7 0.8 97.1 0.730
C8+ 1.7 120.0 0.770

Table 5-1: Source Composition
Component Weight % MW SG
Inlet temperature 323K
Outlet pressure 30 bar
To enter the data for the sink D002:

Double-click on the node D002, and enter the outlet pressure.
Both the source and sink are now bordered in blue, indicating
that all required data have been entered.
Specifying the Link Segments

The last step in defining the network is to enter the data for each of
the segments on the flowsheet. The pipe geometry, as shown in
Figure 5-1, is given in Table 5-2
Table 5-2: Pipe Geometry
Length (m) Elevation (m)
140 -140.0
840 46.1
325 -9.3
685 31.6
275 -11.3
260 12.8
475 12.4
500 3.0
500 12.7
500 15.5
500 11.5
To enter the data for this link:

Double-click on the link L001. This brings up the Link <L001>
Device Data window.
Click the Pipe button on the device palette to add a pipe to the
link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry window.
Enter the appropriate data, as outlined in Table 5-3.

Table 5-3: Pipe Specifications
Nominal diameter 24 schedule 40
Wall thickness 17.5 mm
Roughness 0.0457 mm
Materials: steel pipeline Thermal conductivity = 44.89 W/mK
6 mm coaltar layer Thermal conductivity = 0.2 W/mK
70 mm concrete layer1 Thermal conductivity = 4.06 W/mK
Pipe Water Temperature = 288 K
Surroundings
(in the vertical section) Convection coefficient = 2300 W/m2K
(seabed) Convection coefficient = 100 W/m2K
1 The vertical section of the pipeline is not insulated with a concrete layer.
The completed Pipe window for device E001 (the vertical section)
should appear as in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3: Completed Pipe Segment for Vertical Section
Click on Heat Transfer Data... to enter the thermal conductivity

and convection coefficients for the riser section. Figure 5-4
shows the completed window.

Figure 5-4: Heat Transfer Data Window for the Vertical Section
Similarly for the remaining sections of the pipeline, which lie on the
seabed, heat transfer data is entered as shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5: Heat Transfer Data Window for Main Pipeline
Transient Data Input

To enter transient data:
Click on Trans within the Link <L001> Device Data window to
bring up the Transient Simulation Data window.
Enter the first three data entries of Table 5-4.
Enter a name for the binary component data file. The
completed window appears in Figure 5-6.
Table 5-4: Transient Scenario Data

Stabilization time 200 s
Transient simulation 1000 s
Thermal option Steady-state
Flow Increase and Decrease
Initial flowrate of 288 t/h for 200 s
Increase flowrate to 720 t/h in 200 s
Keep flowrate of 720 t/h for 200 s
Decrease flowrate to 288 t/h in 200 s
Keep flowrate of 288 t/h until end of simulation
Figure 5-6: Completed Transient Simulation Data Window
Click the Scenarios... button and enter the remaining data. You
will need to click the More Data... button to open the
spreadsheet to enter the complete set of data.

Figure 5-7: Completed Scenario Data Window
Component Lumping
The lumping procedure is used to characterize the fluid, and will
select the appropriate number of lumped components. To do this, a
test grid is chosen, composed of the experimental points obtained
by couples of pressure and temperature, as given in Table 5-5.
From the main Transient Simulation Data window, click the
Source Data... button.
Click the Pressure and Temperature Points... button and enter the
experimental points in Table 5-5.
Table 5-5: Experimental Points

Temperature (K) Pressure (KPa)
273 2000
293 2000
313 2000
333 2000
273 4000
293 4000
313 4000
333 4000
273 6000
293 6000
313 6000
333 6000

Table 5-5: Experimental Points
Temperature (K) Pressure (KPa)
273 8000
293 8000
313 8000
333 8000
273 10000
393 10000
313 10000
333 10000
The problem is now fully specified and can be executed.
GUI Output
For this transient application, where there is a step change in the
source flowrate, we are interested in the resultant pressure and
liquid holdup profiles over time.
We are interested in viewing the behavior of the pressure as a
function of both time and space. The plot of pressure versus length
can be generated by selecting the "profile" radio button in the upper
right corner of the screen. This provides a plot of pressure at
multiple time slices, with the default being the start and end times.
Select the Configure menu and choose Time. The time selection
box at the bottom of the screen will appear. Select 220 seconds, 241
seconds and 272 seconds for display. The plot will appear as shown
in Figure 5-8. Alternately, pressure as a function of time can be
viewed by selecting the "trend" radio button in the upper right
corner as shown in Figure 5-9. Both of these plots provide much of
the same information but from different perspectives.

Figure 5-8: Pressure versus Length
Figure 5-9: Pressure versus Time

Other plots that may be of interest are those of oil and gas flowrates,
along the profile and showing trends. These can be generated by
selecting the Mass Flowrate tree and then Oil.
Figure 5-10: Oil Flowrate versus Length at various Times
The trend plot shows that the maximum oil flowrate of 23 kg/s
occurs at 272 seconds and approximate 300 meters from the inlet.
The time slices chosen may not represent the maximum oil flow.
However, by switching to a profile plot, we see that the maximum
oil flow of 32.5 kg/s occurs at 1142 m and 650 seconds.

Figure 5-11: Oil Flowrate versus Time at various Lengths

Example 2 - Terrain Slugging
Introduction
In hilly terrain multiphase pipelines, liquid tends to accumulate at
the low points of the pipe when the fluid velocities are low, thus
leading to temporary blockage and increase in upstream pressure
and liquid slug formation. This type of slugging is called terrain
induced slugging.
Severe slugging, which is a special case of terrain induced slugging,
occurs typically offshore when a pipeline with a small negative
slope (on the sea floor) flows into a near vertical riser (connected to
a production platform). The liquid starts to collect at the base of the
riser and with time, the liquid collects on the pipeline and the level
of the liquid rises up the riser. During this time, the pressure in the
pipeline builds up until a point is reached when the accumulated
liquid gets pushed out as a large slug. If the slug is large, it can
flood the separator in the production platform and disrupt
operations. Large velocities may be reached during the slug
delivery phase of the severe slugging cycle.
Terrain induced slugging is a periodic phenomena even though the
pipeline inlet flow rate may be a constant.
Problem Description
TACITE module simulates severe or terrain slugging phenomena
due to a riser or to a hilly pipeline topography. This example
illustrates terrain slugging in a hilly terrain system. For the
conditions listed below, develop a oil flow profile as a function of
time. A sink pressure of 200 psig is desired. The topography of the
pipe being studied is shown in Figure 5-12.

Figure 5-12: Pipeline Configuration
GUI Input
Property Set Definition
Begin a new compositional simulation.
Click on the 'component library' option under ' General' in the
menu bar.
Enter the component data as indicated in the table below.
Figure 5-13: Component Data Window

The following is the source stream compositions:
Table 5-6: Source Stream Composition
Composition Mole %
H2O 0.269
C1 0.479
C2 0.067
PSEUDO-00 0.172
PSEUDO-00 0.013
The above stream composition will have the following equivalent

Blackoil properties:
Table 5-7: Source Fluid Properties - Property Set 1
Oil, API 28.00
Gas, specific gravity 0.615
Water, specific gravity 1.00
GOR 855 scf/stb
Water cut (%) 5.16 %
Note: Tacite module does not converge incase of Blackoil,

when the GOR value is set to Zero or if the GOR value is not
entered in source.Tacite module requires two phase to run the
simulation.
Building the Network

To select the nodes:
Click the icon of the desired node (sink or source node) from
the toolbar.
Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the
node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in
the main flowsheet area of the screen.
To connect two nodes:
Click the source with the left mouse button. A red square will
appear on the node, and the border of the node will turn green
to indicate that the node has been selected.

Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and,
while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to the
sink.
Defining the Source and Sink
To enter the data for the source S001:
Double-click on the node S001, and enter the data in Table 5-8.
Table 5-8: Source Definition
Source LV Flowrate 300 bbl/day

Temperature 70F
Composition: See table above
To enter the data for the sink D002:

Double-click on the node D002, and enter the outlet pressure
(200 psig).
Both the source and sink is now bordered in blue, indicating
that all required data have been entered.
Specifying the Link Segments
The last step in specifying the network is entering the data for each
link on the flowsheet. The pipe geometry is given in Table 5-9.
Table 5-9: Pipe Geometry
Length (ft) Elevation (ft)

1000 -200
1000 200
1000 -200
1000 200
To enter the data for this link:

Double-click on the link L001. This brings up the Link <L001>
Device Data window.
Click the Pipe button on the device palette to add a pipe to the
link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry window.
Enter the data for each segment, as outlined in Table 5-10.
Nominal diameter 3 schedule 40

Roughness 0.0457 mm
Pipe Surroundings Air Ambient temperature = 70F
The completed Pipe window for device E001 (segment 1) should

appear as in Figure 5-14.
Figure 5-14: Completed Pipe Segment for Section 1
Transient Data Input

To enter transient data:
Click on Trans within the Link <L001> Device Data window to
bring up the Transient Simulation Data window.
Enter the data in Table 5-11. The completed window is
displayed in Figure 5-15.
Table 5-15: Transient Scenario
Stabilization time 3000 s

Transient simulation 2400 s
Thermal option Steady-state

Figure 5-15: Completed Transient Simulation Data Window
3000
2400
Scenario data:
Click on 'Scenarios' and choose 'Add'.
Then choose Node and Source name. Under parameter choose
Total weight rate. Specify 3268 lb/hr (equivalent to 300 bbl/day
LV rate) as shown in the Figure 5-16.
Save and exit back to the 'Transient TACITE Simulation Data'
window.
Figure 5-16: Define TACITE Scenario
Click the Device Data... button and specify the segment length
as 200 ft within this window.
Click the Source Data button and specify 5 clustered
components (same number as the number of components).

Click the Other Data... button. Set the report frequency time
interval to 60 seconds. The problem is now fully specified and
can be executed.
From the run window choose 'Clustering Run' type and run
clustering before you execute the transient run. After this is
done choose 'TACITE Transient' to start executing TACITE.
GUI Output
We are interested in viewing the behavior of the liquid flow rate as a
function of time at the various points in the pipeline (Figure 5-17).
You will notice that the flow rate at the outlet has a periodic
behavior even though the inlet flow rate is constant.
Other plots that may be of interest are flow pattern and holdup as a
function of time or length.
Figure 5-17: Oil Volume Flowrate

Keyword Input:
(Note: In general, all Tacite data may not be reproduced in the keyword file)
(Note2: Existing keyword files can be imported with the exception of Blackoil
problems and some minor features)
$ SIMSCI PIPEPHASE Version 8.2 Transient TACITE Analysis keyword file...

$
$ General Data Section
$
TITLE PROBLEM=TACITE-EXAM2, USER=SIMSCI, DATE=11/19/99
$
DESCRIPTION Sample Problem for Terrain Slugging
$
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, TACITE, *
CMPTAB, PRANDTL
$
FCODE PIPE=TACITE
$
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, HAUSEN
$
PRINT INPUT=FULL
$
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
$ Component Data Section
$
COMPONENT DATA
$
LIBID 1, H2O / *
2, C1 / *
3, C2
PETRO(API) 4, PSEUDO-001, 362.058, 31.067, 601.173 / *
5, PSEUDO-002, 1075.805, 10.038, 1205.007
$
$ Thermodynamic Data Section
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
$
METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , *
DENSITY(V)=SRK
$
WATER PROPERTY=Super
$
PVT DATA
FILE CMPFILE=BET-EXAM2-PSEUDO
$ Structure Data Section
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES(ESTI)=500, *
TEMP=70, RATE(LV)=300, XCORD=25, *
YCORD=-100, *
COMP(M)=1, 0.269 / 2, 0.47855 / 3, 0.06719 / *
4, 0.17201 / 5, 0.0131
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=200, RATE(ESTI)=300, *
XCORD=1958, YCORD=296
$
LINK NAME=L003, FROM=S001, TO=D002, *
PRINT
PIPE NAME=P005, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, *
ECHG=-200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
ECHG=200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
ECHG=-200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
ECHG=200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
$
$ TACITE Data Section
$
TACITE DATA
$
TRANSIENT RESTART=BT1-tacite, THER=STEADY, STOP=2400, *
STAB=3000
$
STORAGE TIMEPERIOD=10, ASCII
$
CHANGE SOURCE=S001, TIME=0/3000, RATE(W)=3268/3268

$ End of TACITE Data Section
$
END

Chapter 6
Technical Reference
TACITE module is able to simulate transient and steady state two-

phase flow in a pipeline. TACITE module is based on a
compositional tracking approach which allows for the time and
space computation of the local mixture composition and associated
physical properties. This compositional approach leads to a better
estimation of the phase physical properties, and can be useful to
predict the hydrates formation conditions.
Modules Organization
The resolution algorithm involves three main modules:
The thermodynamic module
The hydrodynamic module
The numerical scheme module
Transport Equations
The mass conservation equation for the ith component is written as
follows:
p p
i
k R k x k V k =
i i
---- R x + -----
t k k k x
k = 1 k = 1
The mass transfer between phases is taken into account through the
assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium.
The momentum transport equation is written for the mixture:
p p

---- k R k V k + ----- k R k V 2k + P = w g sin

t x
k = 1 k = 1
The energy equation for the mixture is written as:

p p

+ -----
---- R H P k R k V k H k = Q w U M g sin
t k k k x
k = 1 k = 1
where
xik = mass fraction of component i in phase k
ci = total mass fraction of component i
xk = total mass fraction of phase k
P = pressure, Pa
T = temperature, K
Rk = volumetric fraction of phase k
Vk = velocity of phase k, m/s
k = density of phase k, kg/m3
W = wall shear stress, Pa/m
= local slope, degrees
g = acceleration of gravity m/s2
Hk = mass enthalpy, J/kg
Qw = rate of heat transfer exchange, Pa/s
UM = mixture velocity, m/s
UM = Rk Vk
k=1
= mixture density, kg/m3
= k Rk
k=1
6-2 Technical Reference

VM = center of mass velocity, m/s
k Rk Vk
VM = k----------------------------
=1 -

and where the subscripts

k = phase index: g = gas; l = liquid; w = water
i = component indice (1, 2,..., n)
Relations
In the mixture composed of N components and P phases, the
following relations are verified.
P N
xk
i
R k = 1 and = 1 k 1, P
k=1 i=1
To close the system, two sets of physical closure laws are used: the
first one is related to the thermodynamic model, the second one is
related to the hydrodynamic model.
Thermodynamic Model
The thermodynamic closure law computes the equilibrium state of
the mixture, and determines the transport properties such as
viscosity, surface tension and heat transfer properties such as
conductivity, heat capacity and enthalpy per unit mass for each
phase.
It is represented by the following equation:
i = 1, N 2 i = 1, N 1
P , T, c , x k = 1, P , k, k, k, k, c pk, H = 0
where
= kinematic viscosity of phase k, m2/s
= interfacial tension, N/m
cpk = specific heat of phase k, J/kgK

= thermal conductivity of phase k, W/mK

TACITE module uses an integrated flash algorithm and
thermodynamic model that is solved at each time and space
increment, which is very accurate and robust especially near the
vicinity of the phase envelope (this is not the case when using the
table interpolation approach).
TACITE module has one option for thermodynamic computation:
Flash single phase or three phases
This option has two equations of state which are available:
Peng-Robinson or SRK.
At each time step and each pipeline cell of calculation the
thermodynamic module is called to perform a flash calculation for
the specific fluid present in this cell at this time. This allows:
Variation of composition along the line
Mass and heat transfer between phases
Realistic modeling of fluid thermodynamic behavior
To reduce CPU time computation, specific flashes have been
developed, integrated and optimized within TACITE module. These
are:
A standard P,T flash is used when pressure, temperature and
mass fractions are known. This flash computes the equilibrium
phase mass fractions.
A T, V flash is used when temperature and masses are known.
This flash computes the pressure and the equilibrium.
A U, V flash is used when mixture energy and masses are
known. This flash computes the pressure, temperature and
equilibrium phase mass fractions.
These algorithms have been designed to meet the following
objectives:
Accuracy of the computation
Robustness near the phase envelope
Computing speed

To solve the nonlinear hyperbolic system of conservation equations,
the Jacobian of fluxes versus conservative variables has to be
computed at each time step and at each space location. This
computation is very time consuming, especially when numerical
derivatives are performed. For robustness and computation
efficiency, analytical derivatives of the thermodynamic properties
versus conservatives variables are performed within the flash
module.
As a result of the flash optimization in TACITE module, the
transient simulation of a two-phase multi-component mixture
consumes no more time when using these specific flash algorithms,
than through interpolation in tables.
To be able to use the thermodynamic module it is necessary to
define the fluid composition with N lumped pseudo-components. A
lumping technique was set up to optimize the fluid representation
with two lumped pseudocomponents. The lumped component
characterization is optimized to reproduce as well as possible, over
a given (pressure, temperature) window, the fluid properties of the
original mixture.
The goal of the lumping module is to create a PVT file which
provides data set for each pseudocomponent. This result file is used
to run TACITE module.
Lumping Procedure
In this version of TACITE module, a specific module running as a
preprocessor of TACITE module does the lumping of the initial
composition into the lumped components that will be fed into the
TACITE flash algorithm. The lumping technique is briefly
described in the next section.
Lumping method
The method used for lumping was developed by C. Leibovici2a,b.

The idea of the lumping technique is to optimize the
characterization of the lumped components in a pressure,
temperature domain, consistent with the pressure and temperature
profiles estimated for a given pipeline simulation.
The user has the possibility to use the automatic procedure or to
impose the wished number of pseudocomponents.
The successive steps of the automatic procedure are:

9. Verification of pressure temperature windows: only two phase
points are kept; for single phase points, they are moved inside
the phase envelope if possible.
10. If the resulting number of two phase points is sufficient, lump-
ing procedure is activated in the following ways:
Determination of the best clustering obtained for a given
number of psuedocomponents between 2 and 7 using an
objective function based on a and b equation of state phase
parameters.
Determination of the minimum number of pseudo-compo-
nents determined in the previous step respecting minimum
error values on the less present phase mass fraction and the
most present phase density.
11. If the number of two phase points is not sufficient, the proce-
dure determined seven pseudocomponents using the dynamic
clustering method.
The successive steps of the non-automatic procedure are:
1. Verification of pressure temperature windows: only two phase
points are kept. For single phase points, they are moved inside
phase envelope if possible.
2. If the resulting number of two phase points is sufficient, lump-
ing procedure is activated: the best clustering obtained for the
given number of pseudocomponents is determined using an
objective function based on a and b equation of state phase
parameters.
3. If the number of two phase points is not sufficient, the proce-
dure determined the given number of pseudo-components
using the dynamic clustering method.
Hydrodynamic Model
The hydrodynamic closure law computes the flow regime, the slip
velocity between the phases and the friction terms. It is represented
by the following equation:
V M, x k, dV jk, = 0
A mechanistic slip model has been developed and widely validated

against experimental data. TACITE module considers eight types of
flow regimes: single-phase liquid, dispersed, slug, annular

dispersed, stratified smooth, stratified wavy, annular, and single-
phase gas flow. TACITE module also models flow regime
characterization for all pipe slopes.
The transition between the regimes are modeled and an important
effort has been made to ensure continuity of the slip solution when
flow regime transitions occur. The hydrodynamic slip model3 has
been validated on several data banks. Its originality lies in the
choice of a limited set of closure laws continuous with respect to
slope and fluid properties. As a consequence, TACITE module
produces good pressure drop/pressure profile estimations and liquid
holdup and liquid slug volume predictions.
The closure laws together with the flow regime transitions have
been chosen in order to make the overall transport model
hyperbolic.
Numerical Scheme
In TACITE module the numerical scheme4 ensures a good front
tracking with an optimized CPU simulation time. The TACITE
numerical scheme is:
Based on a finite volume discretization in space to be conserva-
tive.
Explicit in time on void fraction waves to ensure good front
tracking.
Implicit in time on pressure waves to reduce the time computa-
tion.
The scheme is conservative, so it provides excellent mass and
energy balance along the pipeline cells and along the iteration
loops. It is an approximate Riemann solver algorithm similar to the
well-known Roe5 scheme, and its' modifications have been based
on the ideas described by Gallout6. It is accurate to second order in
space and time, implicit in time for the pressure waves and explicit
for the description of void waves. This insures a good
representation of steep void fronts with a reduced computing time.
The emphasis of the numerical scheme implemented in TACITE
module is to obtain a fast and robust front tracking algorithm, in
order to be able to detect large liquid slugs transported in the
pipeline system and to predict correctly the amplitude of these
slugs.

A mixed implicit/explicit scheme is used to optimize the computing
speed and front tracking capability. This is particularly important in
the case of a terrain or severe slugging when void fraction waves
travel in both directions.
Resolution Algorithm
The conservation equations are written in conservative form with W
representing the conservative variables, F representing the flux, and
S the source terms.
W F- = S
-------- + ------
t x
The resolution algorithm which encompasses all three modules is
shown in Figure 7-1.
Figure 0-1: TACITE Resolution Algorithm
The time advancing scheme gives the mass per unit volume of each
component and the total energy of the mixture, from which the
pressure, the volumetric fraction of each phase and the temperature
can be calculated by an internal flash algorithm.
The time-advancing scheme also gives the total mass flowrate, from
which the phase velocities and the frictional pressure gradient are
computed using the hydrodynamic module. By knowing the phase

velocities, the pressure, the temperature and the frictional pressure
drop, the fluxes for the next time step as well as the source terms
included in the momentum and energy transport equations can be
determined. Thus the conservative variables can be computed for
the next time step.
List of Available Equipments

Equipment modules
Pipe inlet.
Source with given component mass flow-rates
Reservoir productivity index
Pipe outlet.
Sink with given pressure
Separator with controlled gas pressure and liquid level (two
phase separator).
Valve which can be located anywhere on the pipe except at the
inlet.
Lateral injector which can be located anywhere on the pipe
except at the inlet and the outlet:
Injector with given fluid mass flow-rate
Injector with compressible option using an injection vol-
ume to regulate the fluid mass flow-rate
Relief valve which can be located anywhere on the pipe except
at the inlet and the outlet. It opens up when pressure in pipe
exceeds the relief valve set point pressure.
Pump7 with a two phase flow model.
Pig8 which is moving all along the pipe from a given pig
launcher to a given pig trap.
PID controller9 which can operate on the main variables of the
system.
PI Model (IPR) which models the pressure drop in a reservoir.

References
1 Henroit, V. Pauchon, C., Duchet-Suchaux, P., Leibovici, C.F., TACITE:

Contribution of Fluid Composition Tracking on Transient Multiphase
Flow. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, held in
Houston Texas, May 1997.
2-a Leibovici, C.F., 1993, A consistent procedure for the estimation of
properties associated to lumped systems. Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol.
87, 1993, p 189-197.
2-b Leibovici, C.F., Govel, P.L., Piacentino, T., 1993, A consistent procedure
for the estimation of pseudo-component properties. SPE Paper 26611
presented at the 68th annual technical conference and exhibition of the
SPE held in Houston, Texas, October 1993.
3 Pauchon, C., Dhulesia, H., Lopez, D., Fabre, J., 1993: TACITE: A
comprehensive mechanistic model for two-phase flow . Proceedings of
6th International Conference on Multiphase Production, Cannes, France.
4 Faille, I., Heintze, E., A Rough Finite Volume Scheme for Modeling Two-
Phase Flow in a Pipeline. Computers and Fluids 28 (1999) 213-24.
5 Roe, P.L.., 1981, Approximate Riemann solvers, parameter vectors and
difference schemes. J. Comput. Phys.., 43, pp 357-372.
6 Gallout T., 1996: Rough schemes for complex hyperbolic systems.
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Finite Volume for
Complex Applications, Rouen (France),July 1996.
7 De Salis, J., Heintze, E., Charron, Y., 1999: Dynamic simulation of
multiphase pumps, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on
Multiphase Production, Cannes, France.
8 Coadou, L., Heintze, E., Henroit, V., Pauchon, C., Ferre, D., Duchet-
Suchaux, P., Gummuluri, K., 1999: Pigging operation: measurement
and simulation, Proceedings of 9th International Conference on
Multiphase Production, Cannes, France.
9 Henroit, V., Courbot, A., Heintze, E., Moyeux, L., 1999: Simulation of
process to control severe slugging: application to the Dunbar pipeline.
SPE Paper 56461 presented at the annual technical conference and
exhibition of the SPE held in Houston, Texas, October 1999.

Chapter 7
Component Data Summary
This section provides an overview of the Component Data category.

Detailed documentation, along with examples of common usage of
all the component features, is contained in a separate document, the
SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.
Unless noted otherwise, sections referred in this chapter refer to
sections in the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input
Manual.
Category Heading Statement (required)

COMPONENT DATA
Component Definition (conditional - Section 1.2)
LIBID i, library name, library number, alias/...,

BANK=PROCESS, SIMSCI, DIPPR, bankid...
{FILL=SIMSCI}
NONLIBRARY i, name/...
{FILL=SIMSCI}
PETROLEUM i, name, MW, std liquid density, NBP/ ...
(densunit, tunit)
PHASE DEFAULT= VL or LS or S or VLS,
{VL= i, j,..., LS= i, j,...,}
SIMSCI Component Library

SIMSCI comes with an extensive pure component data base of over
1,750 components, tabulated in Sections 1.3-1.5. All components
capable of vapor-liquid phase behavior have sufficient information

to be used with generalized K-value predictors and density
calculations. Most components have built in transport property
correlations. A majority of SIMSCI simulations with pure
components use this library exclusively and require no additional
pure component data. Refer to the SIMSCI Reference Manual for
additional details on the structure of the pure component data base
and the information it contains.
Non-library Components
Components not found in the SIMSCI library may be entered as
NONLIBRARY components. The format for entering user
components is straight forward, however SIMSCI users who do this
regularly or need help in estimating unknown required properties
should use SIMSCIs Property Data Management functionality
present in SIMSCI to assist the user in determining all necessary
component properties and develop a keyword file segment in
SIMSCI ready form.
Petroleum Components
SIMSCI handles petroleum components using industry standard
characterization techniques. SIMSCI estimates all required
component data given two out of three of molecular weight, boiling
point, or gravity.
Refer to the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input
Manual for instructions on how to enter basic PETROLEUM data,
how to change the default characterization procedures, and entering
stream assay data.
Petroleum Component Characterizations (optional - Section 1.6)
ASSAY FIT= SPLINE or QUADRATIC or PDF(NONE, IP, EP, BOTH)

CHARACTERIZE= CAVETT or LK or SIMSCI,
MW= SIMSCI or EXTAPI or CAVETT,
CONVERSION= API87 or API63, or EDOK or API94
CURVEFIT=VER6 or IMPR
GRAVITY= WATSONK or PRE301,
{TBPIP= 1, TBPEP= 98}, {NBP=LV or MID}
CUTPOINTS TBPCUTS= to, t1, ncuts {/t2, ncuts/...},
{CUTSET=SIMSCI}, {BLEND=name}, {DEFAULT}
7-2 Component Data Summary

Component Properties (optional - Section 1.8)
The user may define or override component properties for all

components in the simulation. This includes components in the
SIMSCI component library, user-defined components, petroleum
pseudocomponents and solid forming components. The properties
include constants (such as molecular weight or critical properties),
as well as temperature dependent properties (such as enthalpies in
various phase states). Where appropriate, properties may be given
on a mole or weight basis. Refer to Section 1.8 for entering
component property values.
Component invariant properties and constants
MW i, value/...
SPGR i, value/...
API i, value/...
NBP (unit) i, value/...
ACENTRIC i, value/...
VC (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
TC (unit) i, value/...
PC (unit) i, value/...
ZC i, value/...
RACKETT i, value/...
CNUM i, value/...
ZNUM i, value/...
DIPOLE (unit) i, value/...
RADIUS (unit) i, value/...
SOLUPARA i, value/...
MOLVOL (unit) i, value/...
STDDENSITY (unit) i, value/...
HCOMBUST (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
HVAPORIZE (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
HFUSION (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
NMP (unit) i, value/...
PTP (unit) i, value/...
TTP (unit) i, value/...
GHV (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
LHV (unit, M or WT) i, value/...

SVTB i, value/...
SLTB i, value/...
SLTM i, value/...
HVTB i, value/...
HLTB i, value/...
HLTM i, value/...
Multi-property entries
FORMATION(V or L or S, i, enthalpy, Gibbs/...
unit, M or WT)
VANDERWAALS i, area, volume/...
Component temperature-dependent properties

General format:
<Property> (phase, tunit, propunit, M or WT)
CORRELATION= icorr,
LN or LOG or EXPFAC=ipos,
DATA= i, tmax, tmin, C1, ..., C8 /...
or
TABULAR= t1, t2, ....,/i, p1, p2, ..., /...
<Property> types may be:
VP (L or S, propunit, tunit),
ENTHALPY (I or L or S, propunit, tunit, M or WT),
CP (propunit, tunit, M or WT)
LATENT ( propunit, tunit, M or WT),
DENSITY (L or S, propunit, tunit, M or WT),
VISCOSITY (V or L, propunit, tunit),
CONDUCTIVITY (V or L, propunit, tunit),
SURFACE (L, propunit, tunit)
Component temperature-dependent special properties

KVIS (M or WT or LV) {GAMMA=value, REFINDEX=value,
REFVALUE(kvisunit)=value,}
DATA (tunit, kvisunit) t1, t2, /i, p1, p2, /... ,
INDEX (tunit) t1, t2, /i, p1, p2, /...
Note: If data or index values are not supplied, the kinematic

viscosity is computed using the Twu method.
7-4 Component Data Summary

Appendix A
Keyword Data Specifications
Overview
Previous versions of PIPEPHASE software included support for
entry of all TACITE module related data through keyword. These
keyword files continue to be supported in this release, but the func-
tionality remains available through keywords which represent a
subset of total functionality.
The PIPEPHASE keyword-driven input processor allows you to
enter TACITE-specific data. As a single-link multiphase simulation
tool, the input requirements for TACITE module are, for the most
part, similar to those for PIPEPHASE software. The modifications
to PIPEPHASE keyword input to support TACITE module are
listed below in Table A-1.
Table A-1: Keyword Modifications to support TACITE Module
Modification Statement
Definition of type of transient simulation CALCULATION
Definition of output reports PRINT
Definition of compositional fluids for binary COMPONENT DATA
characterization THERMODYNAMIC DATA
LUMPING UNIT
Definition of .CMP file for binary component definition PVT DATA
Specification of simulation control parameters TRANSIENT
Definition of time-dependent transient scenario CHANGE
Simulation output definition STORAGE
Mesh definition for pipeline segmentation PIPE TUBING
TACITE valve model specification VALVE
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide A-1

Initiating Transient Simulations
TACITE transient simulations are identified on the CALCULA-
TION statement, along with the PVT system and model. The
TACITE model is limited to a single link with a specified flow rate
and sink pressure.
The TACITE hydrodynamic model is based on the solution to the
conservation of mass equations.
COMPOSITIONAL systems are modeled using a lumped
binary representation. The lumping unit is used to prepare a
binary data file (*.CMP) prior to running a transient simulation.
The transient simulation must refer to this binary data file. This
two-step process allows you to analyze the lumping results
prior to performing a transient simulation.
Keyword Input
CALCULATION TACITE, NETWORK, or COMPOSITIONAL or
COMP(GAS) or COMP(LIQUID)
TACITE Activates TACITE simulation.
NETWORK Network algorithm, limited to a single link for
transient simulations.
COMPOSITIONAL Compositional model.
COMP(GAS) or Single-phase compositional models.
COMP(LIQUID)
Note: Compositional models require the CMPTAB
keyword to indicate that an existing binary
component data table is being used in combination
with the TACITE Peng-Robinson flash algorithm.
Examples:
CALC TACITE, NETWORK, COMP, CMPTAB
A-2 Keyword Data Specifications

Defining Transient Reports
Text reports for transient output are defined on the PRINT state-
ment.
Keyword Input
PRINT TIME = value, value
TIME = value, value Generate reports for specified transient times. Default
is time = 0 (steady-state stabilization solution).
Example
PRINT TIME=0,100
Component Lumping Features

TACITE compositional simulations require keywords COMPO-
NENT DATA, THERMODYNAMIC DATA and the component
LUMPING UNIT statement.
Component Data
Compositional simulations require that library and non-library com-
ponents are specified as outlined in the SIMSCI Component and
Thermodynamic Data Input Manual (refer to the summary pre-
sented in Chapter 9 of this manual).
Example - Library Components
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID1, C2 / 2, C3 / 3, IC4 / 4, NC4
Example - Non-Library Components

COMPONENT DATA
NONLIB1 , PSEUDO-001
TC(K)1 , 432.9580
PC(KPA) 1 , 3416.406
ACENTRIC 1 , .2144549
NBP(K) 1 , 281.7416
MW 1 , 61.33212
SPGR 1 , .5854389
VC(M3,M) 1 , .1950745
ENTH(I,K,KJ/KG,M) CORRELATION =25, *
DATA = 1, 1200, 200, 14413.97, -15.26487, .2250287, *
-.8529221E-04 , .1478637E-07, -794527.2, *
.3171683E+08
NONLIB 2 , PSEUDO-002
.
.
.
.

Thermodynamic Data
For transient analysis, TACITE module uses a single thermody-
namic system called TACITE module, which is specified for the
system and transport properties on the thermodynamic method
statement. The PENELOUX and PARACHOR parameters are used
in the Peneloux density, Lohrenz-Bray-Clark liquid viscosity and
Parachor surface tension prediction methods.
Example
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SYSTEM=TACITE, TRANS=TACITE, SET=SET01
KVALUE
KIJ 1, 2, -.1160767E-02
PCHOR 1, 201.2821 /*
2, 523.6652
PENELOUX(M3/KG,MOLE) 1, -.2652777E-01 /*
2, .3749420E-01
EXPONENT4.0
Note: The TACITE thermodynamic method is used for compo-

nent lumping and transient simulations.
Unit Operation
The component lumping unit is used to prepare compositional data
for transient simulations. The lumping unit is entered in the UNIT
OPERATION data category which is normally given after the
STRUCTURE data category.
Keyword Input
LUMP LUMP UID = name, FEED = name
CLUSTER NPS = value
or or
IDENTIFY TEMP() = value, PRES() = value
LUMP UID = name eight character unit name. Optional.
FEED = name twelve character feed stream name. Required.
CLUSTER Used to request the generation of the .CMP file for
two components.
PRES value Liquid Viscosity fit at Pressure is the reference
pressure for fitting the component liquid viscosity as
a function of temperature. The Lumping code
computes the viscosity data for each component in
the Cluster at a series of temperatures at the
reference Pressure. Then it uses a weighting
algorithm to generate the temperature dependent
correlation coefficients for the Cluster component.
The reference pressure and the correlations
coefficients are included in the .LMP file.

NPS = value Specifies the number of lumped pseudocomponents.
Required for binary component systems.
IDENTIFY Requests the characterization of a multicomponent
fluid using binary components. Up to 100 IDENTIFY
statements can be used to specify the conditions for
the characterization. At least seven points are
required within the two phase region.
Example
UNIT DATA
LUMPING UID=LUMP
FEED name
CLUSTER PRES=20, NPS=2
IDENTIFY TEMP(K) = 293, PRES(BAR) = 20
Note: A minimum of seven points are required in the two-phase

area. PIPEPHASE software does not perform error checking on
the results from the component lumping unit or on the applica-
tion of the results. You are responsible for verifying that the fit
between the thermodynamic and transport data predicted by the
binary and multicomponent systems is valid over the range of
conditions used in the simulation. A component lumping report
is provided to aid in this evaluation. You can expect less accu-
rate results if:
non-ideal components, such as water, are present
fluid properties are extrapolated because simulation condi-
tions
exceed the range used for the component lumping, or
coarse granularity is used in the lumping unit.
Psuedo Component Data Libraries

Characterizing multicomponent systems using lumped binary
parameters requires significant computation time. You may want to
create a library of binary pseudocomponents within the thermody-
namic preprocessor. User libraries may be created and maintained
with the DATAPREP program, an auxiliary program to PRO/II.
Refer to the DATAPREP Users Guide or contact your SIMSCI rep-
resentative for further information.

Referencing CMP Files
Existing tables of binary component thermodynamic parameters
(.CMP) may be referenced for transient compositional simulations.
Keyword Input
FILE CMPFILE = name
CMPFILE = name 8 character prefix for .CMP file. Default is
input_filename.CMP.
Example
PVT DATA
FILE CMPFILE = name
Defining Transient Simulations

Transient simulations are controlled using data supplied in the
TACITE DATA category. The TRANSIENT statement controls the
simulation calculations, the CHANGE statement specifies the tran-
sient changes, and the STORAGE statement controls the simulation
output. Values for the change parameter require repetition for ramp
changes, but are aligned with the time statement for clarity.
Note: Equipment transient data 2 scenarios are not supported by

keywords.
Keyword Input
TRANSIENT THERMAL = NONE, or STEADY, or

CHANGE TRANSIENT, STABILIZE = X, STOPTIME =X,
CHANGE RESTART = filename, FTOL = value
CHANGE SOURCE = name, AUXS = name
SINK = name, PRESSURE() = X,Y/Z,...
DEVICE = name, TIME = X,Y/Z,...,
TEMPERATURE() = X,Y/Z,...,
RATE() = X,Y/Z,..., COMPOSITION = S1,S1/S2,
STORAGE FREQ = N or TIMEPERIOD = X,

THERMAL = Required. Thermal calculations performed by
TACITE module:
NONE or
fixed fluid temperature profile
STEADY or
TRANSIENT steady-state fluid temperature
profile
transient fluid temperature pro-
file
STABILIZE = value Stabilization time, in seconds, for the steady-state
solution (allows composition to vary). Default is a
negative value to allow TACITE module to calculate
the stabilization time.
STOPTIME = value Required. Maximum time, in seconds, for transient
calculations.
RESTART = filename Starts where previous run ended. Keyword file
contains original keyword file, along with restart
request, extended transient simulation time and
additional changes. Data contained in filename.RST
FTOL = value Optional flash tolerance for COMP(GAS) and
COMP(LIQ) simulations. Default is 1.0e-7 phase
volumetric fraction.
SOURCE = name Specifies source node for temperature, rate or bulk
composition changes.
AUXS = name Specifies auxiliary source node for temperature or
rate changes. Combined temperature and rate
changes are not permitted.
SINK = name Specifies sink node for pressure changes.
DEVICE = name Specifies the device name (valves with stem change
only).
TIME = X,Y/Z,... Up to 100 time periods for the boundary condition
changes in seconds. A step change is indicated by a
single value. A ramp change is specified by two
values separated by a /. Time must be given
before change.
PRESSURE() =X,Y/Z,... Pressure boundary condition, for sink only. Change
format must align with times given.
TEMPERATURE()= X,Y/Z,... Temperature boundary condition, for source only.
Change format must align with times given.
Temperature changes are specified for source and
auxiliary sources in a single statement using a
single time change specification.

RATE()=X,Y/Z,... Compositional flowrate boundary condition for
source only. Compositional flowrates may have M,
WT, LV or GV basis. If no qualifier is given, the oil
rate is specified and the gas rate is scaled according
to the original gas:oil ratio. Oil rates must be on LV
basis and gas rates must be on GV basis. Change
format must align with times given. Rate changes
are specified for source and auxiliary sources in a
single statement using a single time change
specification. Only one rate change is permitted.
COMPOSITION = S1,S1/S2 Composition boundary condition, for source only.
Compositions are obtained by referencing a source
stream where data may have M, WT, LV or GV basis.
The multicomponent compositions are changed.
These changes are mapped to the binary system by
maintaining the same molecular weight between the
multicomponent and binary systems.
FREQ = N Storage frequency of writing simulation output
expressed in number of time steps.
TIMEPERIOD = X Time period between two consecutive data storage
expressed in seconds. Output is written at time step
after specified time is reached (not exactly at
specified time step). Default = 10 seconds.
Note: TACITE module does not solve the simulation if the

SOURCE and SINK name begin with PIPE (i.e.
SOURCE=PIPEIN).
Example
TACITE DATA
TRANSIENTTHER=TRANS, STAB=100, STOP=300
CHANGE VALVE=VAL,TIME=0,50/70,170/190, *
STEM=100,100/10,10/100
CHANGE SINK=SOL, TIME=0,50, PRES=100,90
STORAGE TIMEPERIOD=5
Example with Auxiliary Sources

TACITE DATA
TRANSIENTTHER=TRAN, STAB=100, STOP=25
STORAGE TIMEPERIOD=5
CHANGE TIME=0,2/10,20, *
SOURCE=MAIN, TEMP = 500,500/525,500, *
AUXS=SOL1, TEMP = 500,500/450,500
Boundary Conditions
Sources and sinks are defined as outlined in the PIPEPHASE Key-
word Manual. TACITE module has some restrictions on the bound-
ary conditions, requiring fixed source flowrate and sink pressure.

These may be specified as time-dependent boundary conditions.
Sources may also have assay data.
Example - Time-Independent
SOURCENAME=COMP, TEMP=190, PRES(ESTI)=100, RATE(M)=1000.00, *
COMP=1,10/2,30/3,60
Example with Assay Data

SOURCENAME=ASSA, TEMP=750, PRES=100, RATE(LV)=200.0, ASSAY=LV
D1160 DATA=5,131/10,186/30,234/50,303/70,497
MW AVG=325,DATA=8.1,186/20.9,247/49.5,338/70.3,470
SPGR AVG=0.7
Pipeline Configuration
Transient simulations allow for a single link consisting of pipes and
simple valves. Multiple sources may feed the link. Complete PIPE-
PHASE functionality for the pipe, tubing, annulus and riser are sup-
ported within TACITE keyword. However in addition, you have
expanded options for the segment length. Up to 10 valves may be
used, as long as they are not adjacent to the source. The TACITE
model for pressure drop over the valve is used.
Keyword Input
LINK FROM = name, AUXSOURCE = name
PIPE/TUBING TRDL() = X or TRSEG = N or NONODE, TEMP
VALVE TRCOEFF = X, TREXPO = X
FROM = name Primary feed to the link. Used in the network
solution matrix.
AUXSOURCE = name Optional. Specifies auxiliary sources. All feeds are
mixed at the lowest pressure and must have fixed
flowrates. Compositions, temperature and gas-oil
ratio may differ and may be changed as a function
of time. You can specify up to 10 additional sources
by repeating the keyword.
TRDL() = X Length of each segment. The length of the final
segment is increased by up to 50 percent to avoid a
small final segment.
TRSEG = N Number of evenly-spaced segments. Default is 1 or
one device length. No link to global defaults.
NONODE No mesh point for this device.
TEMP Average fluid temperature for isothermal
simulations.
TRCOEFF = X Valve coefficient for TACITE valve model. The
default is 1.0.

TREXPO = X Valve exponent for TACITE valve model. The default
is 1.0.
Note: Refer to Chapter 7, Technical Reference, for further
explanation of the keywords TRCOEFF and TREXPO.
Appendix B
Input Values for TACITE
Table B-1: Input Values

Maximum values used in the TACITE Code
The maximum number of flow devices in a link device 1
The maximum number of insulation layers 20
The maximum number of computing cells 500
The maximum number of components 17
The maximum number of phases 3
The maximum number of valves 10
The maximum number of lateral injectors 10
The maximum number of relief valves 10
The maximum number of pumps 1
The maximum number of stages for a pump 30
The maximum number of pigs 1
The maximum number of productivity index 10
The maximum number of PID controllers 10
The maximum number of separators 1
The maximum number of steps in one scenario 100
Maximum values managed by the Interface

The maximum number of topographical survey points 500
The maximum number of different pipe geometrical definitions 50
The maximum number of different thermal insulation descriptions 50
The maximum number of different discretization definitions 500
Physical Constants
The gravity constant 9.81 m/s2,
The constant 3.14159265358979312 rad.
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide B-1

Appendix C
Error Messages
Overview
List of all the error messages that the code can send before stopping
the ongoing simulation:
code 1001 / TACITE.JOB: File unknown

This message should not appear if the command file is used cor-
rectly. It means that the "TACIT.EJOB" file does not exist in the
standard repertory.
code 1002 / TACITE.JOB: Incorrect job name

The first line of the "TACITE.JOB" file contains a wrong name.
code 1003 / TACITE.JOB: Incorrect date
The second line in the "TACITE.JOB" file contains a wrong date.
code 1004 / <geName>: Wrong keyword line "numLine".

A keyword other than "TITLE", "NOTE", "TOP", "GEO", "THE",
"MSH", "PVT", "SCE","STO" and "NUM" has been used in the
<geName> generic file for the simulation.
code 1005 / <geName>: Job title missing

The keyword "TITLE" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1006 / <geName>: Missing" Topography" file name

The keyword "TOP" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1007 / <geName>: Missing "Geometry" file name

The keyword "GEO" is lacking in the generic files.
code 1008 / <geName>: Missing "Thermal" file name

The keyword "THE" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1009 / <geName>: Missing "Mesh" file name
The keyword "MSH" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1010 / <geName>: Missing "PVT" file name

The keyword "PVT" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1011 / <geName>: Missing "Scenario" file name
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide Appendix C-1

The keyword "SCE" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1012 / <geName>: Missing "Storage" file name

The keyword "STO" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1013 / <geName>: Missing "Numerical" file name

The keyword "NUM" is lacking in the generic file.
code 1020 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Job file name is too long

The name of the "geName>_<jobNum>" file contains too many
characters. The authorized number of characters depends on the
operating system of the machine used (generally the length of a file
name is 8 characters).
code 1021 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Job file name contains a point

The name of the <geName>_>jobNum>: job file contains a point.
We have forbidden this to avoid problems of file extension under
DOS when the jobs are done on a PC.
code 1023 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Impossible job number

The job number is impossible.
code 1024 / <geName>_<jobNum>: Job number is too large (>99)

The number of jobs, which can be done in relation to a given simu-
lation, is limited to 99.
code 1011 / <geName>.SCE: File not found

The "<geName>.SCE" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1012 / <geName>.SCE: No data

No data found about equipment scenario in the "<geName>.SCE"
file.
code 1013 / <geName>.SCE: Incorrect data line "numLine"

A data error that is not clearly identified was found in the
"<geName>.SCE" file.
code 1201 / <geName>.TOP: File not found

The "<geName>.TOP" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1202 / <geName>.TOP: No data

No data found about equipment scenario in the "<geName>.TOP"
file.
Appendix C-2 Error Messages

code 1203 / <geName>.TOP: Incorrect data line "numLine"
"<geName>.TOP" file.
code 1204 / <geName>.TOP: Abscissa should be increasing line

"numLine"
code 1205 / <geName>.TOP: First abscissa should be zero line

"numLine"
code 1206 / <geName>.TOP: Elevation too large line "numLine"

The elevation of one of the segments is not coherent with the length
in the "<geName>.TOP
File.
code 1207 / <geName>.TOP: Too many topographical points

There are too many topographical points in the "<geName>.TOP"
file.
code 1301 / <geName>.GEO: File not found

The "<geName>.GEO" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1302 / <geName>.GEO: No data

No data found in the "<geName>.GEO" file.
code 1303 / <geName>.GEO: Incorrect data line "numLine"

"<geName>.GEO" file.
code 1304 / <geName>.GEO: Abscissa should be increasing
code 1305 / <geName>.GEO: First abscissa should be zero
code 1306 / <geName>.GEO: Geometry abscissa > length of pipe

A geometry abscissa in the file "<geName>.GEO" is greater than
the last topographical point location.
code 1307 / <geName>.GEO: Diameter less or equal to zero
code 1308 / <geName>.GEO: Negative roughness
code 1309 / <geName>.GEO: Too much geometry

Too many geometrical definitions in the "<geName>.GEO" file.

code 1310 / <geName>.GEO: Bad equipment number or type
The number of equipment is not the same than in the
"<geName>.SCE" file.
code 1311 / <geName>.GEO: Bad equipment name line "numLine"

The equipment name is not the same than in the "<geName>.SCE"
file.
code 1401 / <geName>.MSH: File not found

The "<geName>.MSH" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1402 / <geName>.MSH: No data

No data found in the "<geName>.MSH" file.
code 1403 / <geName>.MSH: Incorrect data line "numLine"

"<geName>.MSH" file.
code 1404 / <geName>.MSH: Incorrect key line "numLine"

Wrong keyword used in the "<geName>.MSH" file.
code 1405 / <geName>.MSH: Abscissa should be increasing line

"numLine"
code 1406 / <geName>.MSH: First abscissa should be zero line

"numLine"
code 1407 / <geName>.MSH: Zero or negative mesh size line

"numLine"
code 1408 / <geName>.MSH: Zero or negative mesh number line

"numLine"
code 1409 / <geName>.MSH: Too many descriptors

The maximum number of discretization definition is exceeded in
file "<geName>.MSH" (cf.
4: Array Dimensions).
code 1501 / <geName>.MSH: File not found
The "<geName>.THE" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1502 / <geName>.THE: Incorrect data line "numLine"

"<geName>.THE" file.

code 1503 / <geName>.THE: Incorrect thermal type
Incorrect thermal option in the "<geName>.THE".
code 1504 / <geName>.THE: Too many temperatures

The number of temperatures specified exceeds the limit allowed.
code 1505 / <geName>.THE: Non increasing abscissa. Data group

"numLine"
The abscissa list should be in increasing order in the
code 1506 / <geName>.THE: Negative temperatures. Data group

"numLine"
Negative temperatures (assumed in degree Kelvin) were found in
the "<geName>.THE" file.
code 1507 / <geName>.THE: Kay!-kay! Kelvin ? Data group

"numLine"
The temperature unit should be degree Kelvin.
code 1508 / <geName>.THE: Missing upstream thermal definition

Upstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.THE" file.
code 1508 / <geName>.THE: Missing downstream thermal defini-

tion
Downstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.THE" file.
code 1408 / <geName>.MSH: Zero or negative mesh number line

"numLine"
code 1409 / <geName>.MSH: Too many descriptors

The maximum number of discretization definition is exceeded in
file "<geName>.MSH" (cf.
4: Array Dimensions).
code 1501 / <geName>.THE: File not found

The "<geName>.THE" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1502 / <geName>.TBE: Incorrect data line "numLine"
A data error that-is not clearly identified was found in the
code 1503 / <geName>.THE: Incorrect thermal type

Incorrect thermal option in the file "<geName>.THE".

code 1504 / <geName>.THE: Too many temperatures
The number of temperatures specified exceeds the limit allowed.
code 1505 / <geName>.THE: Non increasing abscissa. Data group

"numLine"
The abscissa list should be in increasing order in the
code 1506 / <geName>.THE: Negative temperatures. Data group

"numLine"
Negative temperatures (assumed in degree Kelvin) were found in
the "<geName>.THE" file.
code 1507 / <geName>.THE: Kay!-kay! Kelvin ? Data group

"numLine"
The temperature unit should be degree Kelvin.
code 1508 / <geName>.TBE: Missing upstream thermal definition

Upstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.THE" file.
code 1509 / <geName>.THE: Missing downstream thermal defini-

tion
Downstream temperature missing in the "<geName>.TBE" file.
code 1510 / <geName>.SCE: Scenario on temperature not to be

used
The thermal option is fluid temperature profile imposed, so the sce-
nario on temperature in the
"<geName>.SCE" file is not necessary.
code 1511 / <geName>.SCE: Missing scenario on upstream tem-

perature
code 1601 / <geName>.PVT: File not found

The "<geName>.PVT" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1602 / <geName>.PVT: Incorrect data line "numLine"

"<geName>.PVT" file.
code 1603 / <geName>.PVT: Incorrect type line "numLine"

Incorrect PVT option in the file "<geName>.PVT".
code 1701 / <geName>.STO: File not found

The "<geName>.STO" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1702 / <geName> STO: Incorrect data line "numLine"

"<geName>.STO" file.
code 1703 / <geName> STO: Incorrect file type line "numLine"

The output file type should be ASCII or BINARY in the
"<geName>.STO" file.
code 1704 / <geName> STO: Incorrect keyword line "numLine"
code 1801 / <geName>.NUM: File not found

The "<geName>.NUM" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 1802 / <geName> NUM: Incorrect data line "numLine"

A data error that, is not clearly identified was found in the
"<geName>.NUM" file.
code 1803 <geName> NUM: Incorrect hydrodynamic model type
code 1804 <geName> NUM: Incorrect keyword line "numLine"
code 1901 <geName>.STD: File not found

The "geName>.STD" file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 2001 / Restart file not found

The restart file does not exist in the standard repertory.
code 2011 / Equipment number > equipment array dimension

The number of equipments is greater than the maximum equipment
number.
code 2012 / Equipment number has to be > or = to 2

The number of equipments is less than the minimum equipment
number.
code 2013 / Pipe inlet defined as source and PI
code 2014 / Pipe outlet defined as sink and separator code code
2015 / Impossible equipment type for equip. <>
code 2016 / Equipment abscissa < pipe origin for equip. <>

code 2017 / Equipment abscissa > pipe length for equip.<>
code 2018 / Impossible equipment BC number for equip. <> The

equipment BC number has not been given by interface
code 2050 / Impossible side number <> for equip. <>
code 2101 Source number > source array dimension

The number of sources is greater than the maximum source number.
code 2102 / Equip. item number > equip. number for source <>
The equipment item number of source is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2103 / Impossible abscissa for source <> The source has to be
located at the pipe inlet.
code 2104 / Impossible mass flow-rate scenario for source <>

A mass flow-rate less than 0 or greater than 5000 kg/s has been
specified.
code 2105 / Impossible temperature scenario for source <>

A temperature less than 223 K or greater than 523 K has been spec-
ified.
code 2201 / Sink number > sink array dimension

The number of sinks is greater than the maximum sink number.
code 2202 / Equip. item number > equip. number for sink <>
The equipment item number of sink is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2203 / Impossible abscissa for sink <> The sink has to be
located at the pipe outlet.
code 2204 / Impossible pressure scenario for sink <>

A pressure less than 0.00 1. 10' Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has
been specified.
code 2301 / Valve number > valve array dimension The number of
valves is greater than the maximum valve number.
code 2302 / Equip. item number > equip. number for valve <>

The equipment item number of valve is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2303 / Impossible diameter for valve <>

The valve diameter is greater than the pipe diameter or the section
ratio valve over pipe is less
than 10%.
code 2304 / Impossible coefficient for valve <> The valve coeffi-
cient is negative.
code 2305 / Impossible exponent for valve <> The valve exponent
is negative.
code 2306 / Impossible valve opening scenario for valve <>

A valve opening less than 0% or greater than 100% has been speci-
fied.
code 2307 / Impossible initial valve opening for valve <>

A valve opening less than 10% has been specified in the steady-
state step (at time equal 0).
code 2408 / Impossible minimum valve opening for valve <>

A valve opening less than 10% time the area section ratio pipe over
valve has been specified for
valve not located on the pipe outlet.
code 2401 / Injector number > injector array dimension

The number of injectors is greater than the maximum injector num-
ber.
code 2402 / Equip. item number > equip. number for injector <>
The equipment item number of injector is greater than the equip-
ment number.
code 2403 / Impossible slope for injector line <>

The injector slope is less than 0 or greater than 90 degree.
code 2404 / Impossible length for injector line <> The injector line
length is less than 0.
code 2405 / Impossible diameter for injector line <> The injector
line diameter is less than 0.
code 2406 / Impossible hole diameter for injector <>

The injector hole diameter has to be less or equal than half of the
pipe diameter.
code 2407 / Impossible mass fraction scenario for injector <>

A mass fraction less than 0 or greater than I has been specified.
code 2408 / Impossible mass flow-rate scenario for injector <>

specified.
code 2409 / Impossible initial mass flow-rate for injector <>

A mass flow-rate not equal to 0 has been specified in the steady-
state step (at time equal 0).
code 2410 / Impossible temperature scenario for injector <>

ified.
code 2501 / Relief valve number > relief valve array dimension
The number of relief valves is greater than the maximum relief
valve number.
code 2502 / Equip. item number > equip. number for relief valve <>
The equipment item number of relief valve is greater than the
equipment number.
code 2503 / Impossible hole diameter for relief valve <>

The relief valve hole diameter has to be less or equal than half of the
pipe diameter.
code 2504 / Impossible pressure scenario for relief valve <>

been specified. code 2601 Pump number > pump array dimension
The number of pumps is greater than the maximum pump number.
code 2602 / Equip. item number > equip. number for pump <>
The equipment item number of pump is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2603 / Transient thermal computation incompatible with

pump

code 2604 / Impossible pump velocity scenario for pump <>
A pump velocity less than 0 or greater than 150 loop/s has been
specified.
code 2701 / Pig number > pig array dimension

The number of pigs is greater than the maximum pig number.
code 2702 / Equip. item number > equip. number for pig <>
The equipment item number of pig is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2703 / Restart impossible with pig
code 2704 / Transient thermal computation incompatible with pig
code 2705 / Equipments are incompatible with pig

Equipment as valve, injector, relief valve, pump or PI can not be
located on the pipe during a pigging simulation.
code 2706 / Impossible pig inlet side <> for pig <>
The pig inlet has to be on a mesh side but after the second global
mesh side.
code 2707 / Impossible pig diameter at side <> for pig <>
The pig diameter has to be less or equal to the pipe diameter.
code 2708 / Impossible pig length for cell <> for pig <>
The pig length has to be less or equal than the length of the shorter
cell over 5.
code 2709 / Impossible pig data in scenario for pig <>

A pig data different from 0 or I has been specified.
code 2710 / Impossible initial pig data value for pig <>
A pig data different from 0 has been specified in the steady state
step (at time equal 0).
code 2801 / PI number > PI array dimension

The number of PIs is greater than the maximum PI number.
code 2802 / Equip. item number > equip. number for PI <>
The equipment item number of PI is greater than the equipment
number.

code 2803 / Transient PI impossible for PI <>
The PI value for an PI module which is not located on the pipe inlet
has to be constant and so
different from 0.
code 2804 / Impossible reservoir radius for PI <> The reservoir

radius has to be less or equal than half of the pipe diameter.
code 2805 / Impossible volumetric fraction data for PI <> The sum
of phase volumetric fractions has to be equal to 1.
code 2806 / Impossible permeability data for PI <>

The sum of phase relative permeability has to be equal to 1.
code 2807 / Impossible viscosity data for PI <> The phase viscosity
has to be greater than 0.
code 2808 / Impossible mass fraction scenario for PI <>

A mass fraction less than 0 or greater than I has been specified.
code 2809 / Impossible pressure scenario for PI <>

been specified.
code 2810 / Impossible temperature scenario for PI <> A tempera-

ture less than 223 K or greater than 523 K has been specified.
code 2811 / Upstream equipment has to be a PI module
code 2812 / Steady-state upstream PI gives too big flow-rate

The total mass flow-rate computed in steady-state step is greater
than 5000 kg/s..
code 2901 / MID number > PID array dimension

The number of MID controllers is greater than the maximum PID
controller number.
code 2902 / Equip. item number > equip. number for PID <>
The equipment item number of PID controller is greater than the
equipment number.
code 2903 / Impossible variable to control for PID <>

The variable to control is incompatible with the type of controlled
equipment.

code 2904 / Impossible pressure scenario for PID <>
been specified.
code 2905 / Impossible temperature scenario for PED <>

ified.
code 2906 / Impossible mass flow-rate scenario for PID <>

specified.
code 3101 / Separator number > separator array dimension

The number of separators is greater than the maximum separator
number.
code 3102 / Equip. item number > equip. number for separator <>
The equipment item number of separator is greater than the equip-
ment number.
code 3103 / Impossible abscissa for separator <> The separator has
to be located at the pipe outlet.
code 3104 / Impossible oil levels data for separator <> Data on oil
levels are incompatible with respect to one another.
code 3105 / Impossible water levels data for separator <>

Data on water levels are incompatible with respect to one another.
code 3106 / Impossible pressure scenario for separator <>

A pressure less than 0.001. 10' Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa has
been specified.
code 3107 / Impossible gas pressure set point for separator <>
A pressure less than 0.00 1. 11Y Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa
has been specified.
code 3108 / Impossible oil level set point for separator <>
An oil level less than minimum oil level data or greater than maxi-
mum oil level data has been specified.
code 3109 / Impossible water level set point for separator <>
A water level less than minimum water level data or greater than
maximum water level data has been specified.

code 4101 / No convergence in the scanning procedure
The domain-of definition of the function was scanned and no solu-
tion was found.
code 4102 / No convergence in transient hydro calculation

No solution was found in the hydrodynamic slip calculation.
code 4103 / No convergence in pressure calculation
code 4104 / No convergence in model calculation

No solution was found in the pressure calculation or in the hydrody-
namic slip calculation.
code 4105 / No convergence in temperature calculation
code 4106 / No convergence in non linear system

The resolution of a set of non-linear algebraic equations failed.
code 4107 / No convergence in steady-state hydro calculation

No solution was found in the steady-state calculation of the local
pressure drop.
code 4108 / No convergence in the flash calculation

No solution was found in the thermodynamic flash calculation.
code 4109 / No convergence in the Gauss band matrix solver The

resolution of a set of linear algebraic equations failed. code 4201 /
No convergence at side <> at time <>
code 4202 / No convergence at cell <> at time <>
code 4301 / Impossible input pressure for thermo module

The pressure given to solve the thermo module is out of a coherent
range.
code 4302 / Impossible input temperature for thermo module The

temperature given to solve the thermo module is out of a coherent
range.
code 4303 / Impossible input mass fraction for thermo module

The mass fraction given to solve the thermo module is out of a
coherent range.

code 4304 / Impossible input mono component for thermo module
The mono component can not be solved by the flash module.
code 4401 / Fluid is not single phase at side <>

Single phase flow user hypothesis is not valid according to the flash
module.
code 4402 / Physical fluid properties out of bound

Thermodynamic results give negative value for phase density or
give impossible value for
phase volumetric fraction.
code 4501 / Complex eigenvalues
code 5001 / Beware ... all messages were not printed out
Too many error messages were identified, all of them could not be
printed out.
code 7777 Scenario completed

The scenario ended. This is not an error code. This means that the
simulation is completed and that a priori, no numerical problem was
encountered.

Index
A Problem Description 5-1

Specifying the Link Segments 5-4
About SIMSCI 1-viii Transient Data Input 5-6
Auxiliary Feeds 2-8 Example 2

GUI Input 5-14
GUI Output 5-19
B Problem Description 5-13
Terrain Slugging 5-13
Boundary Conditions A-8
F
C
Fluid Characterization 2-1
Component Definition 7-1
Component Lumping Features A-3
H
D Help, online 1-ix
Hydrodynamic Model 6-6
Defining Transient Reports A-3
Defining Transient Simulations A-6
I
Documentation 1-ix
Initiating Transient Simulations A-2

E Injection Device 2-21
Entering Transient Data 2-3

L
Example 1
Flow Variation 5-1
Link Segmentation 2-27
GUI Input 5-2
Lumping Procedure 6-5
GUI Output 5-9
Binary lumping method 6-5
TACITE 4.1 Users Guide I-1

M Resolution Algorithm 6-8
Running Transient Simulations
Modules Organization 6-1 Overview 3-1
N S
Non-library Components 7-2 Scenarios Definition 2-6

Numerical Scheme 6-7 Separator 2-14
Source / Sink Data Entry 2-7
Specifying Process Units 2-2
O
Online T
documentation 1-ix
help 1-ix TACITE
Optimization of Pipeline Design 1-4 About TACITE 1-viii
About This Manual 1-vii
Application Areas 1-2
P Emergency Actions 1-5
Main Features 1-1
Petroleum Components 7-2 Unique advantages 1-1
PID Controller 2-17 Thermodynamic Model 6-3
Pigging 2-25 Transient Output 2-29
PRO/II Component Library 7-1 Transient Results Access System (TRAS)
Pump 2-19 Overview 4-1
Transient Simulation Input 2-3
R Transient Simulations
Results Analysis 3-4
Relations 6-3 Transient Valve Specification 2-11, 6-9
Relief Valve 2-13 Transport Equations 6-1
I-2 Index
Invensys Systems, Inc.
26561 Rancho Parkway South
Lake Forest, CA 92630
United States of America
http://iom.invensys.com
Global Customer Support

Inside U.S.: 1-866-746-6477
Outside U.S.: 1-508-549-2424 or contact your
local Invensys Representative.
Email: iom.support@invensys.com
Website: http://support.ips.invensys.com

Tacite Ug

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tacite Ug

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SimSci-Esscor

2013 by Invensys Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Invensys Systems, Inc.

Chapter 2 GUI Input

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide iii

Chapter 3 Running Transient Simulations

Chapter 4 Transient Results Access System

Chapter 5 Tutorial Problems

Chapter 6 Technical Reference

Chapter 7 Component Data Summary

Appendix A Keyword Data Specifications

Appendix B Input Values for TACITE

Appendix C Error Messages

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide v

Introduction Introduces the manual, the program,

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide vii

About SIMSCI - ESSCOR

Where to find additional help

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide ix

TACITE module is a compositional transient simulation tool

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 1-1

When pressure or inlet flow in the line increases, more gas/oil is

The simulation of pipeline operating conditions involves changes in

In shutdown and restart situations, problems may be caused by the

Valve closure very often occurs in relation with emergency action.

In particular operating conditions or pipeline topology, it may be

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 1-3

TACITE module allows you to simulate a variety of operational

Optimization of Pipeline Design

Under acceptable flow regimes, TACITE module allows you to

TACITE module allows you to model transient conditions due to

Solid deposition and line plugging is mainly a result of low

Anticipation of Emergency Actions Consequences

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 1-5

Specification of Operating Control Systems

Note: Tacite module does not converge incase of Blackoil,

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 1-7

The PIPEPHASE installation program provides the option to install

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 2-1

Specifying Process Units

2-2 GUI Input

Note: TACITE module supported process units may require

Entering Transient Data

Figure 2-1: Link Device Data Window

Transient simulations are only allowed for links with TACITE

Note: If unsupported equipment is present in the link, you will not

Since only the compositional model and blackoil models are

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 2-3

A transient simulation starts with initialization, which will be run

2-4 GUI Input

Both stabilization time and transient duration (both in seconds)

Temperature Profile Drop-down Menu Items:

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 2-5

Figure 2-3: Transient Scenarios Window

2-6 GUI Input

If Source is selected, the Parameter list box will include various

Transient Source Data

Primary Feed is the main source that feeds the stream of a

TACITE 4.1 Users Guide 2-9

Figure 2-6: Conditions For Component Lumping

Important Notes for Lumping

The more pressure temperature points there are located in the

2-10 GUI Input