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    Curve Sketching

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    19 views20 pages

    Curve Sketching

    Uploaded by

    Saher
    Curve Sketching

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Applications of Derivatives — Curve Sketching L. Applications of the 1* Derivative A. Definitions 1, Let f be a function defined on some open interval. Then for any two numbers x1 and x2 in the interval, / is increasing on the interval if f(x1) f(2) whenever x1 <2, 2. The critical numbers for a function fare those numbers c in the domain of f for which {“(c) or f'(c) does not exist. 3. Let c be a number in the domain of a function f. Then f has a relative (local) maximum at ¢ and f(c) is the relative maximum value for f if there exists an ‘open interval (a, b) containing c such that f(x) < f(c) for all x in (a, b). Also, F has a relative (local) minimum at c and f(c) is the relative minimum value for f if there exists an open interval (a, ) containing c such that f(x)2 f(c) for all x in (a, 5). 4, Let c be a number in the domain of a function . Then f has an absolute (global) maximum at c and f(c) is the absolute maximum value for f if F(x) fC) forall x in the domain of f. Also, f has an absolute (global) minimum at c and f(c) is the absolute value for f i€ f(x)2 f(c) for all x in the domain of f. B. Test for Increasing and Decreasing ‘Suppose a function f has a derivative at each point in an open interval. Then f is increasing on the interval if f'(x)>0 forall x in the interval, and f is decreasing on the interval if /"(x)<0 for all x in the interval. To test for the intervals where a function / is increasing or decreasing, first locate on a number line those values of x for which f"(x)=0or f"(x) does not exist. These points determine several open intervals. Next, choose a value of x in each of these intervals and determine whether f"(x) > Oor f"(x) <0 in that interval. C. Test for Relative Extrema Let c be a critical number for a function f and let be continuous at c. f has a relative maximum at c if f changes from increasing to decreasing at c. f has a relative minimum at c if f changes from decreasing to increasing at c. 5 Example 1: Suppose f(2)=32/9 15:75. Determine the intervals where / is increasing or decreasing. Determine the relative extrema. First, the domain of f is all real numbers. f"(x) = 5x (2s) 210 I") =0 => 5x-10=0=> hs 2=2, f'(2) does not exist = x5 =0= x=0. | aU F is increasing for x <0 orx>2 INC DEC ‘INC Oe fis decreasing for 00 has a relati tx =2 fy Va > JS has a relative minimum at x 17) = 5G) =10 0 3) = =10 , 9 = FO) 7G Example 2: Suppose f(x) = sinx-cosx, where 0< x <2. Find the intervals over which f is increasing or decreasing, and determine relative extrema. S'(@)=cosxtsinx. f'(x)=0=9 cosx+sinx=0=9 sinx=—cosx=> tanz=-1= x2 o¢ alk, ‘There are no values of x for which f(x) is undefined. | INC DEC INC | 5 z 3 F tn Weg 2 4 4 6 f is increasing for O since there are no values of x for which "(x) is undefined, find the values of x for which f'(x) = 0 => 3x? -12x+9 =O => x? —4x +3 =0 = (x-IMx-3)= 0 = the critical numbers are x= 1 and x= 3, F(0)=-8 F has an absolute minimum of - 8 at x = 0 and fa)=-4 x=3 AD) cee 8s f(5)= 12. <—— f hasan absolute maximum of 12 at x = 5 2% Example 2: Locate all absolute extrema for the function f(x) = x73 , where -Isxs8. First, f is continuous on the interval [- 1, 8]. Next, "(x Yeh » find the values of <2 = since there are no values of x for which "x)= x x for which f’(x) is undefined => 39/x =0=> x =0 is the only critical number. 3 0 <¢—— Shas an absolute minimum of 0 at x = 0 f(@)=()9 =4 q—— f has an absolute maximum of 4 at x= 8 IL. Applications of the 2 Derivative A. Definitions 1. A function is concave upward on the interval (a, 6) ifthe graph of y = f(x) lies above its tangent line at each point of (a, b). 2. A function f is concave downward on the interval (a, b) if the graph of y = f(x) lies below its tangent line at each point of (a, b). 3. A point on the graph of y = f (x) where f changes concavity (concave upward to concave downward, or vice versa) is called an inflection point B. Test for Concavity Let f be a function with derivatives f” and f” existing at all points in an interval (a, 5). Then f is concave upward on (a, 5) if f"(x)>0 for all x in (a, b) and concave downward on (a, 6) if f(x) <0 for allx in (a, 5). To test for the interval where f is concave upward or downward, first locate on a number line those values of x for which /"(x) =0 or f%(x) does not exist. These points will determine several open intervals. Next, choose a value of x in each of these intervals and determine whether /"(x)>0 or f"(x) <0 in that interval. x Example 1: Suppose f(x) =3x/> —15x°3 . Determine the intervals over which f is concave upward or downward, and determine any inflection points. yu First, the domain of f is all real numbers. _f'(x)=5x/3 -10x -% 4, 10 10 10x+10 10, /3 410, 3 = x 3 +hr 8 a4 —e uO 3x3 3x73 3x78 = fa= f"(x)=0= 10x + 10= "(-2)=z=<0 is concave downward for x <— 1 F'-2) We f for x 3 j S"(05)===— >0 is concave upward for -10 = .0608 7 P * fy 20 Jf has an inflection point at x = Example 2: Suppose f(x) =x? —4sinx, where 0 x<2m. Determine the intervals over which f is concave upward or downward, and determine any inflection points, S'(x)=2x-4cosx = f"(x)=2+4sinx = f"(x) exists for all x in the 1 In ee i ie 6 2 G 7 3 (Tn ° (32 (Ia s"@)> £(E)0 is concave upward for 00 f is concave upward for x> 0 and is concave downward for x <0 However, f does not have an inflection point because f is not continuous atx=0. IIL. Graphical Summary of the 1“ and 2" Derivatives tf f f 1. f has a horizontal tangent 2.f has a comer point or a 2. f"(x) DNE vertical tangent 3./ is increasing 3. f(x) >0 4.f is decreasing 4. f')<0 5. is concave upward 5. 7” is increasing 5. f"(x)>0 6.f is concave downward 6. f" is decreasing 6. f(x) <0 7.f has an inflection point 7. f’ has alocal maximum 7. f"(x)=0 or or local minimum f"() DNE Example 1: Given below is the graph of y= f(x). 1. f has a horizontal tangent at x=~3 and x=2 => /"(-3)=0 and /"(2)=0 2. f has a “comer point” at x=—2 => f'(~2)DNE f has a vertical tangent at x=0 => f"(0) DNE 3. f is increasing for -5 f'(x)>0 for -S0 for -2 f has no “comer points” nor vertical tangents 3. f'(x)>Ofor x<-3, -L2=>f is increasing for x<~3, -12 4. f(x) <0 for -3 f is decreasing for —32=> f is concave upward for -2<1<0 orx>2 f” is decreasing for x <—2 or 0 f has inflection points at x =—2, 0, and 2. IV. Asymptotes A. Vertical Asymptotes 1. Definition The line x =a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y= f(x) if at least one of the following statements is true: lim f(x) = lim f(@)=% lim, f@) =< lim f@)=-«© tim (x)= tim f(x)=- If f(x= ee, then the candidates for vertical asymptotes are the values of 2 «for which k(a)=0 Note: If k(a)=0 and jim f(x) = L, where Lis a real number, then there is no vertical asymptote at x = ‘y= f(x) at the point (a, 1). . Instead, there is a “hole” in the graph of Example 1: Given f(x) = « Determine the vertical asymptotes. S@)= lim. xan x =00 and lim -o=>x=-I and x= 1 are vertical asymptotes. xo Example 2: Given f(x) =". Determine the vertical asymptotes. x f(x) = BX = candidate is x = 0. Jim “2% =1= there is no vertical x x90 * 8 asymptote at x = 0 but there is a “hole” in the graph at (0, 1). B. Horizontal Asymptotes 1, Definition ‘The line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y= f(x) ifeither lim f(@)=L or lim f(x)=L 2. Suppose fx) = £6, where g(x) = ayy +X"! +--+ a9 with dm # 0 x) and K(x) = yx” bp 121 +--+ Bp with by # 0. Ifm=n, then y = $M isa horizontal asymptote; if m n, there is no horizontal asymptote. 2x? - ax? 45x-3 Example 1: Given f(x)= ~ Determine the horizontal 3x3 42 asymptotes. lim f()= is the horizonial asymptote. 3 _ gy? 2x3 4x? +5x-3 Example 2: Given f(x)="* —***°*—3 | Determine the horizontal 3x442 asymptotes, Jim f(x) =0= y=0 is the horizontal asymptote 4x? 41 ¥ Example 3: Given f(x) = Determine the horizontal asymptotes +1 7 ‘ lim “~—= =2= y=2 isa horizontal asymptote. xe a 2 is a horizontal asymptote. 9 C. Other Asymptotes 1, For any function f(x), if lim [/(x)- g(@)]=0 or lim [/(2)-g@)]=0, then y = g(x) is an asempite for f @). “ 2, Suppose R(x) = a where f(x) and g (x) are polynomial functions and the degree of f(x) is greater than the degree of g(x). Then, by long division of polynomials, R(x) = 20) where the degree of r(x) is less than the degree of g(x). Then, y = Q(x) is a polynomial asymptote for R(x. Example 1: Determine the asymptotes for f(x) = Vx? +1. There are no vertical nor horizontal asymptotes because f(x) is not a quotient function. However, for large positive values of x, Vx? +1 = lx? =x, and for small negative values of x, Vx? +1 = Vx? =-x. im [VePai-x]e tin (Wztte# | aes fa Fai ‘en 1 lees 2at)x? lim ake lim —=—— = 0 = y =x isan asymptote xoto yxteltx roto? eee Similarly, lim [ie +1 --| =0=>y=-x isan asymptote. The graph of f(x) =x? +1 is given below. 342 Example 2: Determine the asymptotes for f(x) = 22 x x =0 isa candidate for a vertical asymptote => lim 242 DNE = x=0 isa vertical asymptote. mm wae ? is an asymptote. 342 is shown below. The graph of f(x) = V. Steps for Sketching the Graph of a Function Determine the domain of the function. Determine the x-intercepts, if possible, and the y-intercept. Use the 1* derivative to determine the intervals over which the function is increasing or decreasing; determine the relative extrema, Use the 2"! derivative to determine the intervals over which the function is concave upward or downward; determine the inflection points, Determine the asymptotes especially if the function is a quotient. Use the special values of x determined in steps B, C, and D as well as some others to get points on the graph. G. Graph the curve using all the information acquired above. H. Determine the absolute extrema and the range of the function. y OP am i x y Example l: Graph the funetion f(x) =3x/3 15x73 A. The domain of / is all real numbers. B. To get the y-intercept, let x= 0 => y=0 To get the x-intercepts, let y = 0 => 3x73 -15x/3 =0=> 3x73 (x-5)=0> x=Oorx=5. C, From a previous example in this handout, f is increasing forx <0 orx>2, is decreasing for 0 0, f is concave downward forx <~ 1, and f has an inflection point at y=— 1 E. f is not a quotient function, so there are no horizontal nor vertical asymptotes. F&G. There are no absolute extrema, and the range of f is all real numbers. 12 Example 2: Graph the function f(x) = 2x3 ~3x? 12x41 for -25x<4. A. Domain = {x | -2 y=1. To get the x-intercepts, let y = 0 => 2x3 ~3x? -12x +1 =0 and the roots cannot be determined from the Rational Root Theorem. C. fe) = 6x? ~ 6x -12 = 6(x? - x-2) = (x- 2x41). fx) =05 x=2orx=-1. VA | — Va S is increasing for x<~1 orx>2 INC | DEC* | ZINC S is decreasing for -1 62x-N=0-x= 4. S| ey x x Sis concave downward forx < V4 o Bt FO0 Jf has an inflection point at x= 14 Ff is concave upward for x > E. f is not a quotient, so there are no vertical nor horizontal asymptotes. F & G. See page 14 of this handout for the table and graph, H. f has an absolute maximum at x = 4 and an absolute minimum at x= 2. The range of f is { y| -19s ys33}. 1B Example 3: Graph the funetion f(x) = A. Domain= {x | x21} B. To get the y-intercepr, tet x= = y To get the x-intercepts, let y = 0 => x? +1=0=> there are none. x) = 0 = x=-1 orx=3. f'(x) does not exist => : : f is increasing for x <—1 of } t x>3 INC DEC DEC’ } “INC f is decreasing for ~ 10 0 x=H1 f has a local minimum at x=3 14 D. f'@) —S_5. There are no values of x for whieh "(x (1 not exist forx=1 Jon. | 7 f is concave upward for x > 1 Jf is concave downward for x <1 91 2 0. ft{x) does f has no inflections points £7(0)<0 —-f"Q2)>0 243 1K E. f has a vertical asymptote at x= | because [im DNE. f does not a horizontal asymptote because the degree of the polynomial ‘numerator is greater than the degree of the polynomial denominator, 243 se) ; sees lim f() = x41 = y=x+1 isa polynomial x= x1 ese asymptote F&G, a Hi. There are no absolute extrema. The range of f is {y! y <-2 or p26}. 15 Example 4: Graph the function /(x)=x+sinx for 0 0 = x+sinx=> x=0 isan obvious solution. Other solutions would be difficult to find. C. fx)=l+cosx. f'(x)=0= 1+ c08x = 0 = cosx=-l=> x=. INC | me | JF is increasing for 0 ° rems)> 0 has no local extrema D. f"(x)2-sinx. f"(x)=0= sine = 0 x=0,2,20, | | fis concave downward for | NC LS I f is concave upward for ao E. There are no vertical nor horizontal asymptotes. F&G. S@) Af w16| = 2. 4/ =16| =2.6 meBl | 3 c/s = 47 | 3.7 2n x63 | =63 H. f has an absolute maximum at x= 27 and an absolute minimum at. Range={ y| O< ys 2r} 16 Practice Sheet ive Sketching L. Locate the absolute extrema for the functions defined as follows, with the specified domains: (1) fx) = x4 - 18x? 41 where 35x54 where 1

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