Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Cultural note:
In western culture there some questions that you should not ask when
first you meet people. They are questions relating to age, status, religion,
and salary.
Exercise 4
Direction: Get in pairs, develop a conversation about asking for
and giving personal information. Practice your
conversation in front of the class!
Exercise 5
Direction: Get in pairs, ask your friend about someones personal
information in your classroom. Suppose you do not
know him/her before (Take turn)!
The formula
a. Verbal Sentences (use a verb as the predicate)
Affirmative S + V1-s/-es + O
Negative S + Do/Does +not + V1 + O
interrogative Do/Does + S + Verb 1 + O?
Examples :
- I always see him every Sunday.
- She works at that office.
- Doni and Dita work at the same office.
S I => am
S You, They, We => are
S She, He, It => is
Mexico
In Mexico, the educational system reflects some of the
countrys many contrasts. On the one hand, it is believed that the
nation can achieve equality of rights for everyone through
education. The basis of the Mexican educational system is the
countrys constitution, which was written in 1917. It requires
education to be free, compulsory, and universal. It also states that
Modul Bahasa Inggris (UNJ124) Page 12
education should support national unity and lead to social,
economic, and cultural improvement of the people. At lower
levels, this means that there is emphasis on the countrys rich
cultural history. Children write historical essays, participate in
activities for national holidays, and read about national heroes
especially native people (Indians). However, it is often difficult to
provide education in rural areas, where many of the indigenous
people live. People in these areas are poor and isolated
geographically. There arent enough schools, and rural teachers
must be able to teach all six grades of primary school. Also,
traditions among some indigenous people do not typically include
school attendance.
Japan
The Japanese value education highly. One statistic reflects
this: the Japanese place such importance on education that 88
percent of all students complete not only primary school but also
high school. Public schools are all both free and egalitarian; all
Britain
In the United Kingdom (Britain), the educational system
reflects the class system. All state schools primary, secondary,
and university are free, and the first nine years are egalitarian; all
students learn the same material. At age eleven, students take an
important national exam. After this, they attend one of three
possible secondary schools: college preparatory, vocational (for
job training), or comprehensive (with both groups of students).
However, 6 percent of British students attend expensive private
schools. These are students from upper-class families. Half of the
students at Oxford and Cambridge universities come from such
expensive secondary schools. It might seem that anyone can
afford to go to a university because all universities are free, but
only 1 percent of the lower class goes to university. Because
Modul Bahasa Inggris (UNJ124) Page 14
graduates from good universities get the best jobs, it is clear that
success is largely a result of ones social class.
Conclusion
It is clear that each educational system is a reflection of the
largest culture both positive and negative aspects of its
Modul Bahasa Inggris (UNJ124) Page 15
economy, values, and social structure. Look at a countrys
schools, and you will learn about the society in which they exist.
(Source: Hartmann & Kirn. 2007. Interactions 2. Reading.)
Exercise 1
Direction: Match the paragraphs from the reading Education: a
Reflection of Society with their topics below by writing
the topics on the blanks.
2. Another Sentence
Sometimes a clue to the meaning of a new vocabulary item is
in another sentence or sentence part.
Example:
A school system in one country is not identical to the system in any
other country. It cannot be exactly the same because each culture is
different.
(identical means exactly the same)
Modul Bahasa Inggris (UNJ124) Page 18
3. Logic
Simple logic helps the reader to guess a new word.
Example:
The educational system is a mirror that reflects the culture.
(Logically a mirror shows something, so the reader can guess that
reflects means shows)
Exercise 2
Direction: Read the sentences below and figure out the meanings
of the underlined words from the context by writing them
on the blanks.
Comprehensive Questions
Exercise 3
Direction: Read the passage Education: A Reflection of
Society carefully. Then, answer the following
questions clearly and write the answer on the blanks
provided!
1. Describing People
When we want someone to describe a person we can use
questions as follows:
What is she like?
What does he look like?
Which one is Dodi?
c. Eyes
e. Hair
Hair color:
black, brunette, brown, chestnut-brown, blond, honey-blond,
golden-blond, ash-blond, fair, cornsilk, auburn, red, strawberry-
blond, gray, silver, white, salt-and-pepper
f. Facial hair
Hair:
beard, goatee, mustache, soul patch, sideburns
Beard growth:
stubble, fuzz, peach fuzz, bristles, five oclock shadow
(describes new beard growth thats shadowy in appearance.
Its usually more noticeable late in the day on the jaw, chin, or
g. Body
Build:
small, slim, slight, thin, lean, willowy, skinny, angular, bony,
fine-boned, chunky, chubby, large, portly, plump, round, stout,
pudgy, full-figured, ample, broad-shouldered, burly, solid,
muscular
Posture:
stand, sit, slouch, flop, lean, recline, rest, stretch, sprawl, curl
up, roost, squirm, arch, slump, stoop, bend, hunch, scoot, walk,
run, race, jog
h. Clothes
Exercise 1
Direction: Play a guessing game. The teacher describes some
students in the class and the students guess who they
are. Then, ask students to do the same (come to the
front of the class, describe famous people, and the
other students guess)!
Exercise 2
Direction: In pair, practice asking and answering questions about
someones appearance. Produce information as much
as possible about someone being described
Expression Response
What does it look like? Its big, with eight hairy arms
How big is it? Its 3 feet, by 4 feet, by 5 feet.
How much does it weigh? It weighs 75 pounds.
What color is it? Its bright yellow, brighter than a
banana.
Whats it made out of Its made of plastic and aluminum.
What is it? Its a garlic press.
What does it do? It puts a sharp point on wooden
pencils.
What is the purpose of a The purpose of a refrigerator is to
refrigerator keep food cold so it does not spoil.
What do you use (a cheese A cheese grater is used to make small
grater) for? strips of cheese from a larger block.
How does (a water heater) Water is collected in a large tank and
work? heated by either gas or electricity.
Exercise 2
Direction: Play a guessing game. The teacher describes some
objects in the class and the students guess what they
are. Then, ask students to do the same (come to the
front of the class, describe some well-known objects,
and the other students guess)!
Exercise 3
Direction: In pair, practice asking and answering questions
about some objects. Produce information as much as
possible about objects being described (including how
they work)!
Exercise 1
Direction: Read the passage University Life around the World
carefully and answer the questions about the passage.
Exercise 2
Direction: Match each vocabulary word on the left with the
correct definition on the right. The vocabulary words
are from the passage University Life around the
World. The numbers in parentheses ( ) indicate the
paragraphs.
Comprehensive Questions
Exercise 3
Direction: Read the passage University Life around the
World carefully. Then, answer the following
questions clearly and write the answer on the blanks
provided!
Time expressions:
- Yesterday (morning, afternoon, evening)
- Last night
- Last (week, month, year, decade, century)
- Last (Spring, Summer, Autumn/Fall, Winter)
THE FORMULA
(1) Verbal sentences (use a verb as the predicate)
Affirmative S + V2 + O
Negative S + Did + Not + V1 + O
Interrogative Did + S + V1 + O?
Examples :
- I had ice cream last Sunday.
- She didnt sit at her desk two hours ago.
- Did you see our best friend last weekend?
Examples :
- I was a student of Al-Hidayah Boarding school.
- She wasnt mean.
- Were they at the party last night?
2. Irregular verbs
No change
Base verb Past verb Past participle
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
put put put
read read read
Vowel change
Base verb Past verb Past participle
swim swam swum
ring rang rung
drink drank drunk
sing sang sung
Totally changed
Base verb Past verb Past participle
fall fell fallen
go went gone
tear tore torn
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
Exercise 1
Direction: What are the past verbs and past participles of the
following verbs
Exercise 2
Direction: Complete these sentences with the correct form of
verbs in the brackets!
Exercise 3
Direction: Write the negative and interrogative forms of the
above sentences!
Exercise 4
Direction: Write 10 sentences using your own words (verbal and
nominal sentences)!
1. Expressing Commands
Use bare verbs, and dont + a bare verb for negative form
Examples:
- Go!
- Read your book!
- Clean the whiteboard!
- Sweep the floor!
- Dont come late!
- Dont smoke here!
Use be + an adjective/noun, and dont + be +an
adjective/noun.
Examples:
- Be a good student!
2. Expressing Requests
Use bare verbs + please, and dont + bare verb (verb1)+
please for negative forms
Examples:
- Sit on this chair, please!
- Please do it well!
- Dont use my pen, please!
- Dont talk to your friend!
Use could, would, may, will + subject + verb1/be +
adjective/noun (+ please)
Examples:
- Could you help me?
- Would you be quite, please?
- Will you open it, please?
- May I sit on this chair?
2. Negative responses
- Im sorry, but I have to
- Sorry, I cant
- I would love to but sorry I could not
- No, Im sorry
Exercises 1
Direction: Mention the expression of requests used in this
dialogue and practice the dialogue with your partner!
Exercise 2
Direction: In pair, build a conversation containing expressions
about command and request! Then practice it in front
of the class!
The reader can often find the meanings of new vocabulary words
from the context (the other words in the sentence or paragraph).
This context can be:
1. The meaning can be in parentheses ( )
The definition come after the parentheses or the words be or
means.
Example:
Powerful winds from the mountains of Russia may increase
the number of strokes. In times of strong winds in Italy,
Italians have more heart attacks. People everywhere have bad
headaches during times of forceful winds.
Exercise 2
Direction: Complete the following sentences with words from the
passage The Powerful Influence of Weather. Some
definitions appear following be or mean; some are in
parentheses.
Exercise 3
Direction: Sometimes examples can explain the meaning of a
word or phrase. Look at the columns below. Match each
vocabulary word or phrase in the first column with the
examples in the second column.
VOCABULARY EXAMPLES
1. atmospheric a. The ocean, seas, islands,
conditions deserts, forests
2. kinds of extreme b. Coal, oil, carbon dioxide,
weather air, water
Comprehensive Questions
Exercise 4
Direction: Read the passage The Powerful Influence of
Weather carefully. Then, answer the following
questions clearly and write the answer on the blanks
provided!
Examples :
- I am going to visit my parents tomorrow.
- We will leave this city tonight.
- They wont fall asleep in the class again.
Examples :
- I will be a good teacher for them.
- She wont be late again.
- They are going to be here one hour later.
Exercise 1
Direction: Complete the following sentences with will or be
going to correctly!
Modul Bahasa Inggris (UNJ124) Page 66
1. Miguel . (attend) a concert this
weekend.
2. I . (take) this box of books to my
car. (you, help) me?
3. My grades were terrible last year. I promise that I
.. (work) harder this semester.
4. . (you, marry) me?
5. .. (you, marry) him?
6. You look cold. I .............. (get) you a coat.
7. The students in his class .. (hand in)
term papers on Monday.
8. This weekend, many of the students ..
(be) in the computer lab.
9. He . (feel) very happy if he passes this class.
10. (go) to a party Saturday night?
Exercise 2
Direction: Complete the following sentences with your own
expressions. Use be going to!
1. I need a book. I
2. Its midnight now. Im so sleepy. I
3. George has to mail a package. He
....
4. Sue is dirty. She .
Exercise 3
Direction: Write 10 sentences using will or be going to!
Exercise 1
Direction: Read the list below of important events about families.
Then, write the number of each event in the correct box
in the timeline that follows!
Timeline:
Over a millennium ago
Early 1900s
1930s to 1940s
Example:
Nuclear family consists of only parents and their biological
(related by blood) or adopted children.
(biological means related by blood)
Example:
The family is a social institution; in other words, it is an
organization with a purpose inside a human community
that is, among the people living together in a certain area.
Exercise 2
Direction: On the blanks, finish the explanations of the words
from the reading selection A Short History of the
Changing Family.
Comprehensive Questions
Exercise 3
Direction: Read the passage A Short History of the Changing
Family carefully. Then, answer the following
questions clearly and write the answer on the blanks
provided!
1. Fraction
Conversation
Situation: Students are given the fractions 2/6 and 5/6 to compare
Student A : 5/6 is bigger.
Student B : Why do you think that?
Student A : Because 5 is bigger than 2.
Student B : But...
Student A : So, 2/6 is less than 5/6.
Student B : But that doesn't always work.
Student A : What?
Student B : Just... Just because the top, the numerator is
bigger, that doesn't always work.
Student A : okaaaay.
Student B : Like.. if you had 1/2 versus 3/8, just because the
3 is bigger than 1 doesn't mean that 3/8 is bigger
than 1/2.. because.. because.. half of 8 is 4 and so
4/8, and 3/8 is less than half, and 1/2 is half , so...
Student A : yeah but 5/6 is bigger than 2/6.
1 1 3
/2 /4 /8
(One-Half) (One-Quarter) (Three-Eighths)
The top number says how many slices we have. The bottom
number says how many equal slices it was cut into.
Numerator
Denominator
= =
2. Time
Asking about time:
- What time is it?
- Whats the time, please?
- Could you tell me the time, please!
Exercise 3
Direction: In pairs, ask your partner the time he/she does his/her
daily activities! (from morning to night). Take turn!
vitamins
Exercise 1
Direction: Read each question below. Which paragraph in the
passage Global Diet Choices answers each main-
idea question? Write your answer on the blanks
provided!
Exercise 2
Direction: For each of the following definitions or group of
examples, find the words or phrases in the passage
Global Diet Choices. Write the word or phrase on the
lines.
Comprehensive Questions
Exercise 4
Direction: Read the passage Global Diet Choices carefully.
Then, answer the following questions clearly and write
the answer on the blanks provided!
Job Security
The situation varies from country to country, but in todays
economy, there is generally less job security worldwide. Even in
Job Hopping
Jumping from job to job (or job hopping) has always been
more common in some professions, such as building construction,
Telecommuting
In many ways, technology is changing the way people work.
There are advantages and disadvantages to this. In some
professions, for instance, telecommuting is now possible. People
can work at home for some or all of the week and communicate
by computer, telephone, and fax. An advantage of this is that it
saves them from the stress of commuting to the workplace. It also
allows them to plan their own time. On the other hand, it is
difficult for some people to focus on work when they are at home.
The refrigerator, TV, and their children often distract them.
Telecommuters must have enormous discipline and organizational
skills. Technology is changing the way people work in another
way in the use of cell phones. There is an advantage: customers
and clients have access to businesspeople at anytime, anywhere.
Modul Bahasa Inggris (UNJ124) Page 97
However, there is also a drawback: many businesspeople dont
want to be available day and night. They prefer to have a break
from their work life.
Workaholism
In the 21st century, workaholism will continue to be a fact of
life for many workers. Workaholics are as addicted to their work
as other people are to drugs or alcohol. This sounds like a
problem, but it isnt always. Some people overwork but dont
enjoy their work. They dont have time for their family, friends,
or leisure activities such as hobbies, sports, and movies. These
people become tired, angry, and depressed. The tension and stress
often cause physical symptoms such as headaches. However,
other people love their work and receive great pleasure from it.
These people appear to be overworking but are actually very
happy. Psychologists tell us that the most successful people in the
changing world of work are flexible, creative, disciplined, and
passionate about their work. But they are also people who make
time for relaxing activities and for other people. They enjoy their
work and enjoy time away from it, too.
(Source: Hartmann & Kirn. 2007. Interactions 2. Reading.)
Werner, Patricia K., Nelson John P., Hyzer, Keesia, & Church,
Mary Mitchell. (2002). Interactions 2. Grammar, 4th
edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Contemporary.
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