HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA CANTT

Instrumentation & Control (LAB)

Lab Report # 01

Submitted To
Sir. Rizwan Siddique
By
Ahmed Hassan
14-ME-019
Section (A)
Dated
Thursday, March 16, 2017
Ahmed Hassan Lab Report # 01 14-ME-019

Manufacturing System
A method of organizing production. Many types of
manufacturing systems are in place, including assembly lines,
batch production and computer-integrated manufacturing.

Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS):

A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing
system in which there is some amount of flexibility that allows the
system to react in case of changes, whether predicted or
unpredicted.
Flexibility is considered to be fall in two categories:
1. Machine flexibility:
It covers the system's ability to be changed to
produce new product types, and ability to change the
order of operations executed on a part.
2. Routing flexibility:
It consists of the ability to use multiple machines to
perform the same operation on a part, as well as the
system's ability to absorb large-scale changes, such as in
volume, capacity, or capability.
Advantages:
I. Reduce manufacturing cost.
II. Greater efficiency.
III. Adaptive to CAD/CAM.
IV. Increase production rate.
Ahmed Hassan Lab Report # 01 14-ME-019
Controller
A controller in response to the information/signals gathered
from the sensor, controls the output or behavior of the system
Types of controllers:

PID Controller:
A proportionalintegralderivative controller (PID controller)
is a control loop feedback mechanism (controller) commonly used
in industrial control systems. A PID controller continuously
calculates an error value as the difference between a desired set
point and a measured process variable and applies a correction
based on proportional, integral, and derivative which give their
name to the controller type.

Microcontroller:
A microcontroller (or MCU for microcontroller unit) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern terminology, it
is a System on a chip. A microcontroller contains one or more
CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable
input/output peripherals.
Ahmed Hassan Lab Report # 01 14-ME-019

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller):

A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable
controller is an industrial digital computer which has been
ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing
processes, such as assembly lines, or robotic devices, or any
activity that requires high reliability control and ease of
programming and process fault diagnosis.

Sensors
A sensor is an electronic component, module, or subsystem
whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment
and send the information to other electronics, frequently a
computer processor. A sensor is always used with other
electronics, whether as simple as a light or as complex as a
computer.
There are many types of sensors including proximity sensor,
temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensor etc.

Proximity sensor:
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of
nearby objects without any physical contact.
It has following types:
I. Inductive:
An inductive proximity sensor is a type of non-contact
electronic proximity sensor that is used to detect the position
Ahmed Hassan Lab Report # 01 14-ME-019
of metal objects. The sensing range of an inductive switch is
dependent on the type of metal being detected.
II. Capacitive:
Non-contact capacitive sensors work by measuring
changes in an electrical property called capacitance.
Capacitance describes how two conductive objects with a
space between them respond to a voltage difference applied
to them. It is used to detect non-metallic objects.
III. Photoelectric:
A photoelectric sensor, or photo eye, is an equipment
used to discover the distance, absence, or presence of an
object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a
photoelectric receiver.

Transducer:
A device that converts variations in a physical quantity, such
as pressure or brightness, into an electrical signal, or vice versa.
Every sensor is not a transducer but every transducer
is a sensor.
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