Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3-1997
9 Sylvan Way
Parsippany, New Jersey
07054-3802
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Secretariat
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Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of Standards
Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected
interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not nec-
essarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered,
and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does
not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not,
from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or proce-
dures not conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American
National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests
for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name
appears on the title page of this standard.
Published By
Hydraulic Institute
9 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ 07054-3802
www.pumps.org
ISBN 1-880952-24-6
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
9.6.3 Allowable operating region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.3.1 Preferred operating region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.3.2 Allowable operating region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.3.3 Factors affecting AOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.3.3.1 Temperature rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.3.3.2 Bearing life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.3.3.3 Shaft seal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.3.3.4 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.3.3.5 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.3.3.6 Internal mechanical contact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.3.3.7 Shaft fatigue failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.3.3.8 Horsepower limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.3.3.9 Liquid velocity in casing throat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.3.3.10 Thrust reversal on impeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.3.3.11 NPSHA margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.3.3.12 Head rate of flow curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9.6.3.3.13 Suction recirculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Appendix A Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
iii
Purpose of Standards
1) Hydraulic Institute Standards are adopted in the public interest and are
designed to help eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer,
the purchaser and/or the user and to assist the purchaser in selecting and
obtaining the proper product for a particular need.
2) Use of Hydraulic Institute Standards is completely voluntary. Existence of
Hydraulic Institute Standards does not in any respect preclude a member
from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to the Standards.
Scope
This standard applies to centrifugal and vertical pump types. It describes the
effects of operating a centrifugal or vertical pump at rates of flow that are above or
below the rate of flow at the pumps best efficiency point.
Units of Measurement
Metric units of measurement are used; corresponding US units appear in brack-
ets. Charts, graphs and sample calculations are also shown in both metric and US
units.
Since values given in metric units are not exact equivalents to values given in US
units, it is important that the selected units of measure to be applied be stated in
reference to this standard. If no such statement is provided, metric units shall govern.
vi
9.6.3 Allowable operating region range the calculated minimum bearing life will allow
two years of service.
9.6.3.1 Preferred operating region
HI Pumps Allowable Operating Region
A wider operating range is termed the Allowable Oper- 9.6.3.3 Factors affecting AOR
ating Region (AOR). The AOR is that range of rates of
flow recommended by the pump manufacturer over Following is a list of the factors that a pump manufac-
which the service life of a pump is not seriously com- turer considers when establishing the AOR. Within the
promised. Minimum bearing life will be reduced and AOR the manufacturer has determined that none of
noise, vibration, and component stresses will be the factors exceeds limits that will severely impact the
increased when a pump is operated outside its POR. service life of the pump. The factor that determines the
As a result, service life within the AOR may be lower upper or lower limits of the AOR will normally vary with
than within the POR. It should be recognized that pump type and specific design, and may not be evi-
while the calculated minimum bearing life may vary dent from the manufacturers literature. This list, and
significantly over the AOR, at any point within this
the following discussion of each, is provided as an aid have a shorter calculated bearing life. Vertical diffuser
in understanding the acceptable operating limits: pumps and pumps with hydrodynamic bearings do not
normally have a calculated bearing life with respect to
temperature rise; rate of flow, but rate of flow limitations may be consid-
ered in calculating bearing whirl and maximum load
bearing life; rate of flow.
manufacturer evaluates their design and operating 9.6.3.3.9 Liquid velocity in casing throat
experience to determine if operating limits should be
established. The highest velocity in a pump usually occurs at the
entrance to the discharge nozzle. In some designs the
9.6.3.3.7 Shaft fatigue failure velocity head at high rates of flow may constitute most
of the total discharge head. In such cases, the static
Hydraulic loads originating in the impeller or casing head may drop below the vapor pressure resulting in
are transmitted through the shaft to the bearings. cavitation in the nozzle. In such cases the manufac-
Steady radial loads result in fully reversed stresses in turer will limit the maximum flow to avoid cavitation
a rotating shaft which may be increased by stress con- damage.
centrations at changes in shaft cross section. The
radial loads in a volute casing increase at rates of flow 9.6.3.3.10 Thrust reversal on impeller
both higher and lower than BEP. Radial loads in circu-
lar volute or similar styles are minimum at low rates of Momentum change, as an axially directed suction flow
flow, and increase with increasing rate of flow. It is the is turned to a more radial direction in the impeller, pro-
manufacturers responsibility to define rate of flow lim- duces a thrust force away from the suction. This force
its, beyond which, the shaft stress values exceed the increases approximately as the square of the rate of
design fatigue stress limits of the shaft material. flow. If the hydraulic pressure induced axial force on
the impeller is toward the suction, the momentum
9.6.3.3.8 Horsepower limit change force may exceed the pressure force at higher
rates of flow, resulting in thrust reversal. If the thrust
Low specific speed pumps may have horsepower bearings are not designed to absorb this thrust rever-
curves that increase with increasing rate of flow, sal, the manufacturer will limit the maximum allowable
whereas high specific speed pumps have horsepower rate of flow.
curves that increase with decreasing rate of flow. (See
ANSI/HI 1.1-1.2, Centrifugal Pumps for Nomenclature 9.6.3.3.11 NPSHA margin
and Definitions, Section 1.1.4.1, for a discussion of
specific speed). The torsional stresses produced by When pump operation may occur over a wide range of
the higher horsepower requirements may limit the rates of flow the NPSHA may limit the rate of flow. Fig-
AOR. Each manufacturer establishes limits that pro- ure 9.6.3.1 illustrates a typical relationship between
vide an adequate torsional stress safety factor. NPSHA and NPSHR.
NPSHR VS NPSHA
NPSHR
NPSH
NPSHA
RATE OF FLOW
Figure 9.6.3.1
This limitation is application specific. For more infor- back to shutoff, or to hunt between two operating
mation on this subject see ANSI/HI 9.6.1-1998, Cen- points. Neither condition is desirable. In such cases
trifugal and Vertical Pumps for NPSH Margin. the AOR may require further limitation, and/or appro-
priate system controls may be implemented, to pre-
9.6.3.3.12 Head rate of flow curve vent operation at rates of flow less than that
corresponding to the maximum pump total head. In the
Centrifugal Pumps: Some centrifugal pump head rate absence of any of the above conditions, pumps with
of flow curves exhibit a characteristic commonly drooping head curves can perform as well as pumps
referred to as droop. A drooping head rate of flow with continually rising curves.
curve is one for which the zero rate of flow head (shut
off head) is lower than the maximum head on the Total Vertical Pumps: High specific speed pumps may
Head curve. This phenomenon often occurs in low to exhibit a dip in the head rate of flow curve. To the left
medium specific speed pumps which have been of the dip the head increases steadily with decreased
designed to optimize efficiency. Droop does not rate of flow, to the right of the dip the head decreases
present an application problem unless one or more of steadily with increased rate of flow. Figure 9.6.3.2 illus-
the following conditions exist: trates a head rate of flow curve exhibiting dip.
a) The static system head is greater than the pump Continuous operation in the dip region should always
shut-off head. (The system head curve should not be avoided due to possibly damaging vibration and
cross the pump curve at two different rates of noise. In addition, for pumps with specific speeds
flow.) above 7000 Metric, (6000 US units), continuous oper-
ation must be avoided to the left of the dip region. If
b) The pump is operated in parallel with one or more the system curve crosses the pump curve in two or
other pumps. more places, the pump should not be started against a
closed discharge valve. In such cases the pump may
c) A continuously rising curve is required for control not be able to pass beyond the first point of intersec-
purposes. For example this would occur in a sys- tion with the system head curve.
tem that operates with pressure control.
The existence of a dip in the head rate of flow curve of
Applying pumps with drooping head curves in these a pump is not detrimental to use of the pump to the
conditions may cause the pump either to be pushed right of the dip region.
DIP RANGE
RATE OF FLOW
Figure 9.6.3.2
9.6.3.3.13 Suction recirculation The suction nozzle size is used because it approxi-
mates the impeller eye diameter and ties to the rate of
Suction recirculation is a condition in which the flow in flow of the pump, the speed ties directly to the inlet tip
the inlet area of an impeller separates from the vanes speed of the impeller and relative inlet velocities, and
and forms recirculating eddies. These eddies can pro- the Suction Specific Speed also has rpm and rate of
duce large forces on the impeller. Experience has flow in it. The NPSHR in the Suction Specific Speed
shown that the likelihood of suction recirculation occur- calculation is appropriate as a measure of suction
ring is related to suction energy. Suction Energy is energy because larger impeller eye diameters are nor-
defined as the velocity in a pump suction, squared, mally required for lower NPSHR values which
times the rate of flow of the pump, times the specific increases the impeller tip speed (velocity).
gravity of the liquid pumped. Anything that increases
the velocity in the pump suction, the rate of flow of the Centrifugal Pumps: Figure 9.6.3.3 provides a defini-
pump or the specific gravity, increases the suction tion of high suction energy pumps. Figure 9.6.3.4 pro-
energy of the pump. For simplicity we modify this defi- vides an estimate of the rate of flow for onset of
nition as follows: recirculation in high suction energy centrifugal pumps.
This estimate is to be considered a rough guide only.
Suction Energy = D n S Actual values of the onset of recirculation can be
somewhat higher or lower depending on the specific
Where: impeller design. A manufacturer will normally use Fig-
ure 9.6.3.4 to establish the minimum AOR unless one
D = Pump Suction Nozzle Size of the other factors requires a higher value. A test may
be used to verify reliable operation.
n = Pump speed in rpm
Barrel pumps, such as used for boiler feed and pipe-
S = Suction Specific Speed line services, are excluded from this table due to the
typically large shaft diameters in the impeller eye,
S = n Q0.5 / NPSHR0.75
SUCTION ENERGY
750
PUMP SUCTION NOZZLE SIZE - MILLIMETERS
500
REGION OF
HIGH SUCTION
ENERGY
S
=
10
,00
0o
S= r le
ss
10,
001
250 S= to 1
12, 2,20
201 0
S= to 1
REGION OF 14, 4,500
5 01
LOW SUCTION and
abov
e
ENERGY
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
PUMP SPEED - RPM
Figure 9.6.3.3A (metric)
SUCTION ENERGY
30
PUMP SUCTION NOZZLE SIZE - INCHES
20
REGION OF
HIGH SUCTION
ENERGY
S
=
8,5
00
or
S= les
s
8,5
10 01
S= to 1
10, 0,50
501 0
REGION OF S= to 1
12, 2,50
501 0
LOW SUCTION and
abov
e
ENERGY
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
PUMP SPEED - RPM
1) For two vane impellers and impeller trims with less than 15 degrees vane overlap, reduce suction nozzle
size in Figure 9.6.3.3 by one or two sizes.
2) Inducers, which are generally beyond the scope of this document, should have the suction nozzle in Fig-
ure 9.6.3.3 increased by at least one size.
3) For Axial Split Case (Radial Suction) Pumps, increase suction nozzle size in Figure 9.6.3.3 by one size,
except when impeller inlet eye diameter exceeds 80% of pump suction nozzle size. Most split case
pumps have inlet eye diameters less than 80%.
4) For higher pump speeds than listed in Figure 9.6.3.3, the suction nozzle sizes should be reduced, with
the reduction being proportional to the increase in speed. For example, reduce the nozzle size by 50% if
the speed is doubled.
18
16
14
12
10
8
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
MINIMUM RATE OF FLOW - PERCENT OF BEP RATE OF FLOW
AT MAXIMUM DIAMETER IMPELLER
Figure 9.6.3.4A (metric)
17
15
13
11
7
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
MINIMUM RATE OF FLOW - PERCENT OF BEP RATE OF FLOW
AT MAXIMUM DIAMETER IMPELLER
Figure 9.6.3.4B (US units)
which distorts the relationship between the impeller Large Boiler Feed Pumps: In many cases, pumps will
eye diameter and the suction nozzle size. operate satisfactorily at flows below the onset of suc-
tion and discharge recirculation. Therefore, should
Vertical Turbine Pumps: For vertical turbine pumps lower operating flows be necessary or required to con-
the AOR may be limited by impeller inlet tip speed. trol costs of auxiliary systems, consult the OEM for a
These limits are due to hydraulic considerations. Table precise definition of pump minimum rate of flow.
1 provides AOR guidelines for vertical turbine pumps.
Table 9.6.3.1
Appendix A
Index
This appendix is not part of this standard, but is presented to help the user in considering factors beyond this
standard.