International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2014)
Analytical Approach to Study Effect of Shear Wall on Flat Slab
& Two Way Slab
Sumit Pawah1, Vivek Tiwari2, Madhavi Prajapati3
1
Asst. Professor, 3M.E. Student, CED, AIT Ujjain M.P., India
2
Asst. Professor CE-AMD, SGSITS, Indore M.P., India
Abstract Slab directly supported on column termed as
flat slab. The present objective of this work is to compare
behavior of flat slab with old traditional two way slab along
with effect of shear walls on their performance. The
parametric studies comprise of maximum lateral
displacement, storey drift and axial forces generated in the
column. For these case studies we have created models for two
way slabs with shear wall and flat slab with shear wall, for
each plan size of 16X24 m and 15X25 m, analyzed with Staad
Pro. 2006 for seismic zones III, IV and V with varying height
21m, 27 m , 33 m and 39 m.
This investigation also told us about seismic behavior of
heavy slab without end restrained. For stabilization of
variable parameter shear wall are provided at corner from
bottom to top for calculation. Results is comprises of study of
36 models, for each plan size, 18 models are analyzed for
varying seismic zone.
Keywords Axial Forces, Flat Slab, Lateral Displacement,
Seismic Zones, Shear Wall, Two way slab, Storey Drift.
I. INTRODUCTION
Infrastructure development is aimed to utilize the
available resources to their optimum levels, may the
resources be in terms of economy or in terms of space.
When the space criterion comes into picture, the utility of
maximum space and aesthetics is the main concern of
present day architects and designers. The slab that satisfies
architectural demand for better illumination, requires
simple formwork that can be removed faster (than other
slabs ) and guarantees open vision while making optimum
use of the available space leads to an admired concept in
field of structural engineering i.e reinforced concrete flat
slab. Thus flat slabs give an economical alternative in
utilizing the internal space to maximum extent. Flat slab is
provided in malls, theatres and other structures where large
beam free spaces are required. But today shear walls are
compulsory for flat slab construction when earthquake
resistance is considered. Flat slab structures in areas of low
seismicity (Zone I& II) can be designed to resist both
vertical and lateral loads as permitted by code IS 1893
Part1:2002. However for areas of high seismicity (Zone III,
IV & V) code does not permit flat slab construction without
any lateral load resisting system.
244
This undesirable behavior is mainly due to the absence
of deep beams and/or shear walls in the flat slab system
which generally gives rise to excessive lateral
deformations. Hence, it becomes more important to give
further attention to the study of this structurally appealing
system, yet controversial in terms of its seismic efficiency,
reliability and vulnerability.
However, flat slabs are susceptible to significant
reductions in stiffness as a consequence of slab cracking
that can arise from construction loads, service gravity
loads, temperature and shrinkage effects, and lateral loads .
Hence in regions of high seismic risk, flat slab construction
should only be used as the vertical load carrying system in
structures braced by frames or shear walls, which are
responsible for the lateral capacity of the structure..
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
S. Bhat et.al [1] comparative study on the earthquake
behavior of buildings with and without shear wall using
STAAD PRO.
S.D.Bothara et.al [2] studies about comparative effect of
earthquake on flat slab & Grid floor system consisting of
beam spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular
directions, monolithic with slab.
A. B. Climent [3] investigates the effective width of
reinforced concrete flat slab structures subjected to seismic
loading on the basis of dynamic shaking table tests. The
study is focused on the behavior of corner slab column
connections with structural steel I- or channel-shaped
sections (shear heads) as shear punching reinforcement. To
this end, a 1/2 scale test model consisting of a flat slab
supported on four box-type steel columns was subjected to
several seismic simulations of increasing intensity. It is
found from the test results that the effective width tends to
increase with the intensity of the seismic simulation, and
this increase is limited by the degradation of adherence
between reinforcing steel and concrete induced by the
strain reversals caused by the earthquake. Also, significant
differences are found between the effective width obtained
from the tests and the values predicted by formula proposed
in the literature.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2014)
These differences are attributed to the stiffening effect
provided by the steel profiles that constitute the punching
shear reinforcement.
P. P. Chandurkar et.al [4] focuses on to determine the
solution for shear wall location in multi-storey building.
Effectiveness of shear wall has been studied with the help
of four different models. Model one is bare frame structural
system and other three models are dual type structural
system. An earthquake load is applied to a building of ten
stories located in zone II, zone III, zone IV and zone V.
Parameters like Lateral displacement, story drift and total
cost required for ground floor are calculated in both the
cases replacing column with shear wall.
M. A. Eebrik [5]{a} discussed about Flat-slab RC
buildings exhibit several advantages over conventional
moment-resisting frames. However the structural
effectiveness of flat-slab construction is hindered by its
alleged inferior performance under earthquake loading.
This is a possible reason for the observation that no
fragility analysis has been undertaken for this widely-used
structural system. This study focuses on the derivation of
fragility curves using medium-rise flat-slab buildings with
masonry infill walls. The developed curves were compared
with those in the literature, derived for moment-resisting
RC frames. This study also concluded that earthquake
losses for flat-slab structures are in the same range as for
moment-resisting frames for low limit states, and
considerably different at high damage levels.
M. A. Eebrik [6]{b} focuses on the study of earthquake
records compatible with the design spectrum selected to
represent the variability in ground motion. Inelastic
response-history analysis was used to analyze the random
sample of structures subjected to the suite of records scaled
in terms of displacement spectral ordinates, whilst
monitoring four performance limit states. The fragility
curves developed from this study were compared with the
fragility curves derived for moment-resisting RC frames.
The study concluded that earthquake losses for flat-slab
structures are in the same range as for moment-resisting
frames.
M. A. Eebrik [7] discussed about loss estimation
analysis of flat-slab structures, a reinforced concrete
structural form that exhibits behavior and response patterns
distinct from conventional moment frames. The fragility
information obtained for flat-slab structures presented in a
companion paper is implemented into software HAZUS.
The latter program includes many existing structural types,
but does not deal with flat-slab structures.
245
After implementation, the earthquake losses in flat-slab
buildings are predicted in comparison with the existing
structural types in software HAZUS by using different
scenario earthquakes for a selected study region. The
prediction results are consistent with the seismic response
characteristics of the compared structural types.
J. C. Ezeh et.al [8] studied on the stability analysis of
orthotropic reinforced concrete shear wall panel with all
edges simply supported by the application of Ritz method.
The study was carried out through a theoretical formulation
based on applying polynomial series deflection function in
Ritz method. The polynomial series as used here was
truncated at the fifth term, which satisfied all the boundary
conditions of the panel and resulted to a particular shape
function for simply supported edges (SSSS) panel.
Orthotropic parameter ratios of flexural plate rigidities in x,
y and x-y directions to flexural plate rigidity in x direction
are 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 respectively. The critical buckling load
obtained herein based on this orthotropic.
E. S. Finzel et al[9] The timing of initiation of flat-slab
subduction beneath southern Alaska and the upper plate
record of this process are not well understood. We explore
the record of flat-slab subduction in southern Alaska by
integrating stratigraphic, provenance, geochronologic, and
thermo chronologic data from the region directly above and
around the perimeter of ongoing flat-slab subduction.
U. Gupta et.al [10] studies about flat slab building
structures which are more significantly flexible than
traditional concrete frame/wall or frame structures, thus
becoming more vulnerable to seismic loading. Therefore,
the characteristics of the seismic behavior of flat slab
buildings suggest that additional measures for guiding the
conception and design of these structures in seismic regions
are needed. To improve the performance of building having
flat slabs under seismic loading, provision of part shear
walls is proposed in the present work. The object of the this
work is to compare the behavior of multi-storey buildings
having flat slabs with drops to the two way slabs with
beams and to study the effect of part shear walls on the
performance of these two types of buildings under seismic
forces. This work provides a good source of information on
the parameters lateral displacement and storey drift.
S. W. Han et.al [11] told about the effective beam width
model (EBWM) used for predicting lateral drifts and slab
moments under lateral loads. They also studies on slab
stiffness with respect to crack formation. This studies
developed equations for calculating slab stiffness reduction
factor by conducting nonlinear regression analysis using
stiffness reduction factors.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2014)
V. R. Harne [12] in this paper, therefore, main focus is
to determine the solution for shear wall location in
multistory building. A RCC building of six storey placed in
NAGPUR subjected to earthquake loading in zone-II is
considered. An earthquake load is calculated by seismic
coefficient method using IS 1893 (PARTI):2002. These
analyses were performed using STAAD Pro. A study has
been carried out to determine the strength of RC shear wall
of a multistoried building by changing shear wall location.
Three different cases of shear wall position for a 6 storey
building have been analyzed. Incorporation of shear wall
has become inevitable in multi-storey building to resist
lateral forces.
E. Humphreys[13] studies about flat subduction of the
Farallon plate beneath western USA during the Laramide
orogeny was caused by the combined effects of oceanic
plateau subduction and unusually great suction in the
mantle wedge, the latter being a result of rapid slab sinking
during the Sevier-Laramide orogeny. Once in contact with
basal North America, the slab cooled and hydrated the
lithosphere. Upon removal, asthenospheric contact with
lithosphere resulted Magmatic production that was
especially intense where the basal lithosphere was fertile
(in what now is the Basin and Range), and the heated
lithosphere was weakened. This made the base of western
USA lithosphere convectively unstable and small-scale
convection has affected many areas. With slab sinking and
the unloading of the continent, the North America elevated
into a broad plateau, and the weak portion gravitationally
collapsed. With development of a transform plate boundary
the western part of the weak zone is partly entrained with
the Pacific plate and deformation is dominated by shear.
J. M. Babaso[14] studies about the Performance of
Steel Plate Shear Wall during Past Earthquakes events and
also study the testing on steel plate and also the different
case study of SPSW system.
R. K. Makode et.al [15] discussed about the flat slab
buildings in which slab is directly rested on columns, have
been adopted in many buildings constructed recently due to
the advantage of reduced floor to floor heights to meet the
economical and architectural demands.
V. C. MANEA et.al [16] shows recent seismic and
magnetotelluric experiments, aimed at better characterizing
the shape and state of the sub ducting slab and continental
crust beneath Central Mexico, exposed significant
differences with conclusions of previous studies. A new
slab geometry is revealed in which the sub ducting Cocas
slab is perfectly flat.
246
Y. Mirzaei et.al [17] studies about the column failure
due to an explosion can propagate in the structure through
punching shear failure at the location of the neighboring
columns, leading to progressive collapse. An analytical
model is developed to be used in a finite element model of
flat plate/slab structures to estimate the initiation of
punching shear failure as well as post-punching shear
response using ABAQUS.
M. A. Musmar[18] The present work adopts nonlinear
finite element analysis using solid65 element. The analysis
comprises both material and geometric nonlinearities.
Solid65 element models the nonlinear response of concrete
material based on a constitutive model for the triaxial
behavior of concrete after Williams and Warnke. Five shear
wall models with different opening sizes are analyzed. A
sixth model of a solid shear wall is also presented to
compare the analysis results. The paper studies the effect of
the size of the openings on the behavior of the reinforced
concrete shear walls. The study indicates that openings of
small dimensions yield minor effects on the response of
shear walls with respect to both normal stresses along the
base level of shear walls and maximum drift. Cantilever
behavior similar to that of a solid shear wall takes place and
analogous to that of coupled shear walls. On the other
hand, when openings are large enough, shear walls behave
as connected shear walls, exhibiting frame action behavior.
S. K. Mohammed et.al[19] studies about A comparison
of structural behavior in terms of strength, stiffness and
damping characteristics is done by arranging shear walls at
different locations/configurations in the structural framing
system. The elastic (response spectrum analysis) as well as
in-elastic (nonlinear static pushover analysis) analyses are
carried out for the evaluation of seismic performance. The
results of the study indicate that the provision of shear
walls symmetrically in the outermost moment resisting
frames of the building and preferably interconnected in
mutually perpendicular directions forming a core will lead
to better seismic performance.
K. S. Patil et.al [20] study about optimum design of
reinforced concrete flat slab with drop panel according to
the Indian code (IS 456-2000) is presented. The objective
function is the total cost of the structure including the cost
of slab and columns. The cost of each structural element
covers that of material and labour for reinforcement,
concrete and formwork. The structure is modelled and
analyzed using the direct design method. The optimization
process is done for different grade of concrete and steel.
The comparative results for different grade of concrete and
steel is presented in tabulated form.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2014)
Optimization for reinforced concrete flat slab buildings
is illustrated and the results of the optimum and
conventional design procedures are compared. The model
is analyzed and design by using MATLAB software.
Optimization is formulated is in nonlinear programming
problem (NLPP) by using sequential unconstrained
minimization technique (SUMT).
K. S. Patil et al [21] Sequential unconstrained
minimization technique (SUMT) is used for the solution of
a comprehensive minimum cost design problem
formulation. The formulation, based on Indian codes of
practice (IS 456-2000), Solutions to the nonlinear
programming problem are obtained with an appropriate
computer program, This is used for solving a wide range of
typical flat slab designs with varying span-to-depth ratios,
live and dead loads, different grades of concrete and steel.
A related sensitivity study enables the comparison of
optimal and standard solutions. The different conditions of
flat slabs are analyzed and design by using MATLAB
software.
K. M. Pathan et.al [22] It has been observed that the
shear wall, if not used for full height of the structure, are
also have same effectiveness in resisting the lateral loads.
Here, an attempt is made to work out the height of Shear
walls which will be just sufficient in resisting the lateral
loads as good as the shear walls having full height equal to
the height of the structure itself.
H. Rahangdale et.al [23] Study of G+5 Storey building
in Zone IV is presented with some preliminary
investigation which is analyzed by changing various
position of shear wall with different shapes for determine
parameter like axial load and moments. This analysis is
done by using Standard package STADD-pro.
V. K. Rahman1 et.al [24] The aim of this work is to
design R.C.C. as well as pre-stressed concrete flat slabs for
various spans and then compare the results. Programming
in MS EXCEL is done to design both types of flat slabs.
The idea is to reach a definite conclusion regarding the
superiority of the two techniques over one another. Results
reveal that a R.C.C. flat slab is cheaper than pre-stressed
concrete flat slab for smaller spans but vice versa is true for
larger spans.
S. RAO et.al [25] presents the punching shear strength
of high performance concrete (HPC) two way slabs under
simply supported edge condition. Three number of HPC
slabs and three numbers of normal concrete slabs as control
specimens were cast and tested. All the slabs were tested
under a central patch load, the results showed that the HPC
slabs posses higher energy absorption, better performance,
higher punching shear strengths than the control specimens.
247
Ramos, et.al [26] studies about the punching failure
mechanism results from the superposition of shear and
flexural stresses near the column, and is associated with the
formation of a pyramidal plug of concrete which punches
through the slab. It is a local and brittle failure mechanism.
The present work reports the experimental analysis of
reduced scale pre-stressed flat slab models under punching.
K. S. Sable et.al [27] focuses on tall commercial
buildings are primarily a response to the demand by
business activities to be as close to each other, and to the
city centre as possible, thereby putting intense pressure on
the available land space. Structures with a large degree of
indeterminacy is superior to one with less indeterminacy,
because of more members are monolithically connected to
each other and if yielding takes place in any one of them,
then a redistribution of forces takes place. Therefore it is
necessary to analyze seismic behavior of building for
different heights to see what changes are going to occur if
the height of conventional building and flat slab building
changes.
Bhunia et.al [28]In this paper, therefore, main focus is to
determine the solution for shear wall location in multi-
storey building based on its both elastic and elasto-plastic
behaviours. An earthquake load is calculated and applied to
a building of fifteen stories located in zone IV. Elastic and
elasto-plastic analyses were performed using both STAAD
Pro 2004 and SAP V 10.0.5 (2000) software packages.
Shear forces, bending moment and story drift were
computed in both the cases and location of shear wall was
established based upon the above computations.
J. Sabouri et.al[29] this paper is to develop energy
dissipation along with the wall height. Such shear walls
concerning the architectural design limitations are lower
than the normal shear walls. In this research, the above-
mentioned shear walls have been examined under the same
conditions and a comparative study has been carried out
concerning some parameters such as strength, stiffness,
lateral displacement, cracking development and steel
weight. Moreover, shear walls have been compared through
considering the ratio of strength to steel weight and their
ductility and the results revealed that slit and coupled shear
walls showed more favorable performance.
S. J. Sardar et.al [30] study of 25 storeys building in
zone V is presented with some investigation which is
analyzed by changing various location of shear wall for
determining parameters like storey drift, storey shear and
displacement is done by using standard package ETAB.
Creation of 3D building model for both linear static and
linear dynamic method of analysis and influence of
concrete core wall provided at the center of the building.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2014)
T. Srikanth et.al [31] study their response under seismic
conditions and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. Two-
dimensional nonlinear push-over analysis is carried out on
a typical flat slab building. The building considered is
designed only for gravity loads and wind loads.
Comparison with similar conventional beam-column
frames shows that the flat slab buildings have low lateral
stiffness, low drift capacity and have hardly any ductility,
while the over strength is of similar order.
A. A. Sathawane et al [32]The aim of the project is to
determine the most economical slab between flat slab with
drop, Flat slab without drop and grid slab. The proposed
construction site is Nexus point apposite to Vidhan Bhavan
and beside NMC office, Nagpur. The total length of slab is
31.38 m and width is 27.22 m. total area of slab is 854.16
sqm. It is designed by using M35 Grade concrete and
Fe415 steel. Analysis of the flat slab and grid slab has been
done both manually by IS 456-2000 and by using software
also. Flat slab and Grid slab has been analyzed by STAAD
PRO. Rates have been taken according to N.M.C. C.S.R It
is observed that the FLAT slab with drop is more
economical than Flat slab without drop and Grid slabs.
S. Satpute et.al [33] The scope of the present work was
to study seismic responses of the ten storey RC shear wall
building with and without opening. Developed
mathematical modeling and analyzed the reinforced
concrete shear wall building by using different nonlinear
methods (time history and pushover method). These
methods differ in respect to accuracy, simplicity,
transparency and clarity of theoretical background. Non-
linear static procedures were developed with the aim of
overcoming the insufficiency and limitations of linear
methods, whilst at the same time maintaining a relatively
simple application. All procedures incorporate
performance-based concepts paying more attention to
damage control. Analysis is carried out by using standard
package SAP2000. The comparison of these models for
different parameters like displacement, storey drift and
base shear has been presented by RC shear wall building
with and without opening.
P. V. Sumanth Chowdary et.al [34]we are study the
solution for shear wall location and type of shear wall in
seismic prone areas. The effectiveness of RCC shear wall
building is studied with help of four different models.
Model one is bare frame system and remaining three types
are different shear wall buildings. An earthquake load is
applied to 8 storey building located in different zones. The
performance of building is evaluated in terms of lateral
displacements of each storey. The analysis is done by using
structural finite element analysis (SAP2000) software.
248
A. Soltani et al[35]studies about numerical
implementation of three different modeling techniques of
RC shear walls into the OpenSEES software. These models
contain fiber section model, flexure-shear interaction model
and cyclic softened membrane model (CSMM). The
models are evaluated by the numerical simulation of a test
case study reported in the literature.
V. K. Tilva et.al [36] studies about to avail a cost
comparison between flat slab panel with drop and without
drop in four storey lateral load resisting building for
analyzing punching effect due to lateral loads. On the basis
of permissible punching shear criteria according to IS 456,
economical thickness of flat slab with drop and without
drop are selected and cost comparison is done by using
S.O.R. (Schedule Of Rates 2008-09).
S. R. Thorat et.al [37] studies the dynamic behavior of
reinforced concrete frame with and without shear wall and
concrete braced frame. The purpose of this study is to
compare the seismic response of above structural systems.
Axial forces and moments in members and floor
displacements will be compared.
N. V. Ramana et al[38] experimental study about High
Performance (HPC) Concrete in punching shear. Two way
slabs are cast and tested to know the behavior of HPC slabs
in punching shear. In addition to this control slab
specimens (RCC) are prepared with conventional concrete
and compared the strength results with HPC slabs. In this
paper experimental work procedure and analysis presented
in detail. The experimental result shows that, the HPC slab
specimens exhibit good strength results than the RCC slab
specimens
M. Varma et.al [39] Present paper gives a method
designated as Equivalent Load Method, in which
equivalent load is calculated using Grashoff-Rankine
formulae, and is considered to be acting on the slab. The
deflection calculated using equivalent load method is found
to be closer to experimental values. The negative deflection
has been tackled in literature by applying a factor of 0.7 to
cracking moment (Mr). The deflection thus calculated again
differs considerably with the experimental values. In the
paper, with the method, a procedure has been proposed in
which instead of the factor 0.7 being applied to Mcr;
cracking moment of inertia is proposed to be used in place
of effective moment of inertia. The deflection thus
calculated has been found to be comparable with
experimental results. Experimental data obtained and data
available in literature have been used to validate the
procedure. Experimental work has been carried out for two
end conditions i.e. fixed supported and simply supported
two-way RC slab.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2014)
Six separate specimens were casted for both end
condition of different thickness, sizes and for different
loads.
Widianto et.al[40] Experimental research on 2/3-scale
slab-column connections was conducted to quantify the
effects of earthquake-damage and low reinforcement ratios
on the punching shear strength, and to study the efficiency
of various rehabilitation techniques

III. ANALYTICAL RESULT

Figure.3 Shows Performance of Flat Slab V/S Two Way Slab using
Shear Wall for Plan 16 m X 24 m for Zone V.

Figure.1 Shows Performance of Flat Slab V/S Two Way Slab using
Shear Wall for Plan 16 m X 24 m for Zone III.

Figure.4 Shows Performance of Flat Slab V/S Two Way Slab using
Shear Wall for Plan 15 m X 25 m for Zone III.

Figure.2 Shows Performance of Flat Slab V/S Two Way Slab using
Shear Wall for Plan 16 m X 24 m for Zone IV.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
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Table 1.
Effect of Shear Wall on Performance of Flat Slab & Two Way Slab.

Zone 16m X 24 m 15 m X 25 m
Without With Without With
SW SW SW SW

III 5mm- 4mm- 8mm- 7mm-

7mm 6mm 20mm 16mm
IV 7mm- 6mm- 12mm- 10mm-
11mm 9mm 30mm 24mm
V 11mm- 9mm- 19mm- 16mm-
Figure.5 Shows Performance of Flat Slab V/S Two Way Slab using
Shear Wall for Plan 15 m X 25 m for Zone IV. 16mm 14mm 45mm 36mm

IV. CONCLUSION
1. Provision of part shear walls in zone V is not enough
to keep maximum displacements within permissible
limits, whether it is a beam slab framed structure or
framed structure with flat slabs with drop.
2. Replacement of beam slab arrangement by flat slabs
with drop results in increase in column reinforcement,
however, presence of shear walls compensates the
increment resulted, but in larger plans only in all the
zones. In case of larger plans increase in column
reinforcement is 0.6 to 1 % without shear walls and
0.2 to 0.6 % with shear walls, hence presence of shear
walls has significant contribution to column
Figure.6 Shows Performance of Flat Slab V/S Two Way Slab using reinforcement in case of larger plans. In shorter plans
Shear Wall for Plan 15 m X 25 m for Zone V. such increment is 0.4 to 0.7 % without shear walls
and 0.3 to 0.7 % with shear walls, hence presence of
shear walls has no significant contribution in shorter
plans.

250
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
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3. From lateral displacement view point, in shorter plans
master slave approach may be adopted but in larger
plans realistic analysis considering slabs at various
floor levels should be carried out. Though time
elapsed in analysis increases, however, it is of tune of
5-10 minutes only.
4. From column design view point, with shear walls
master slave approach may be used, however, without
shear walls realistic approach should be adopted.
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