Comparison of relational database

management systems

The following tables compare general and technical infor-
mation for a number of relational database management
systems. Please see the individual products articles for
further information. Unless otherwise specied in foot-
notes, comparisons are based on the stable versions with-
out any add-ons, extensions or external programs.
1 General information
2 Operating system support
The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.
3 Fundamental features
Information about what fundamental RDBMS features range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second.
are implemented natively.
Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited
transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable iso- Note (11): Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up
lation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (ex-
cluding VARBINARY, VARCHAR, BLOB, or TEXT
columns).[54]
Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,000 columns.[54]
Note (6): Using VARCHAR (MAX) in SQL 2005 and
later.[55]
Note (7): When using a page size of 32 KB, and when
BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database le.
Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (231 )
objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of
characters in names, rows per table, columns per table,
and characters per CHAR/VARCHAR.
Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite
does include date and time functions,[56] which work for
timestamps between 0000-01-01 00:00:00 and 5352-11-
01 10:52:47.
Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable
DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000
through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
to 4000 B.

Note (2): MySQL provides ACID compliance through

the default InnoDB storage engine.[46][47]
Note (3): For other [than InnoDB] storage engines,
MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY
5 Tables and views
and REFERENCES syntax in CREATE TABLE state-
ments. The CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all Information about what tables and views (other than basic
storage engines.[48] ones) are supported natively.
Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0. Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for
public and private (for the session) temp tables.[57]
Note (5): MySQL provides GUI interface through
MySQL Workbench. Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in In-
formix; the term is used in IBMs documentation to refer
to a temporary table created to run the views query when
it is too complex, but one cannot for example dene the
4 Limits way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is
dened in the Informix Performance Guide.[58]
Information about data size limits. Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using
Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is ef- stored procedures and triggers.[59]
fectively unlimited with the largest known database size Note (5): Materialized views are now standard but can
>980 GB.[52] Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 be emulated in versions prior to 9.3 with stored proce-
TB. dures and triggers using PL/pgSQL, PL/Perl, PL/Python,
Note (2): Limit is 1038 using DECIMAL datatype.[53] or other procedural languages.[60]

1
2 11 ACCESS CONTROL

6 Indices Note (3): ENUM datatype exist. CHECK clause is

parsed, but not enforced in runtime.
Information about what indices (other than basic B-/B+ Note (4): In Drizzle the user codes functions and proce-
tree indices) are supported natively. dures in C++.
Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAd- Note (5): Informix supports external functions written in
hocUDF library or similar.[90] Java, C, & C++.
Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using
expression-based indexes.
Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed
10 Partitioning
column[91] (doesn't easily update) or by using an Indexed
View[92] (proper name not just any view works[93] ). Information about what partitioning methods are sup-
ported natively.
Note (4): Can be implemented by using an indexed
view.[94] Note (1): PostgreSQL 8.1 provides partitioning support
through check constraints. Range, List and Hash meth-
Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash ods can be emulated with PL/pgSQL or other procedural
index[95] entries as needed. languages.[126]
Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based In- Note (2): RDM Embedded 10.1 requires the applica-
dexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to tion programs to select the correct partition (using range,
be used in the sql for the index to be used. hash or composite techniques) when adding data, but the
Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to database union functionality allows all partitions to be
reverse the order of a eld. read as a single database.[127]
Note (8): PostgreSQL will likely support on-disk bitmap
indexes in a future version. Version 8.2 supports a related
technique known as in-memory bitmap scans. 11 Access control
Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
Information about access control functionalities (work in
Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with progress).
Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition
or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option. Note (1): Network trac could be transmitted in a secure
way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise
if option is default, included option or an extra modules
to buy.
7 Database capabilities Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for
password, respect complexity like presence of numbers
Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 super- or special characters.
sedes similar construct called CONNECT BY. Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free
access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access
through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through
8 Data types oine access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
Note (4): Does database process run as
root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is
9 Other objects default conguration?
Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special
Information about what other objects are supported na- operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions),
tively. security ocer (audit), administrator (add user/create
Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like Note (6): Common Criteria certied product list.[136]
PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in
the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user
procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup
types. However, its denition varies between dierent operator and security administrator.
database vendors. Note (8): User can dene a dedicated backup user but
[137]
Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users nothing particular in default install.
code functions and procedures in Java. Note (9): Authentication methods.[138]
 3

Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and trator can create a user called PROJECT and then cre-
other congurable authentication. By default uses OS au- ate a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without
thentication. schema objects, but an object is always associated with an
Note (11): Authentication methods. [139] owner (though that owner may not have privileges to con-
nect to the database). With the Oracle 'shared-everything'
Note (12): With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster. RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by
Note (13): User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of
but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is
with auditing.[140] copied for use by dierent server. In the Oracle view, the
'database' is a set of les which contains the data while
the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through
which a database is accessed.
12 Databases vs schemas (termi-
Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance,
nology) like MySQL. It supports the CREATE SCHEMA syn-
tax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit
The SQL specication makes clear what an SQL creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a
schema is; however, dierent databases implement it single owner. Informix supports a database mode called
incorrectly. To compound this confusion the function- ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the
ality can, when incorrectly implemented, overlap with same name but owned by dierent users.
that of the parent-database. An SQL schema is simply The end result is confusion between the database factions.
a namespace within a database, things within this names-
The Postgres and Oracle communities maintain that one
pace are addressed using the member operator dot ".. database is all that is needed for one project, per the def-
This seems to be a universal amongst all of the imple-
inition of database. MySQL and Informix proponents
mentations. maintain that schemas have no legitimate purpose when
A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualied the functionality can be achieved with databases. Post-
query is exemplied as such: SELECT * FROM gres adheres to the SQL specication, in a more intuitive
database.schema.table fashion (bottom-up), while MySQLs pragmatic counter-
Now, the issue, both a schema and a database can be used argument allows their users to get the job done while cre-
to isolate one table, foo from another like named table ating conceptual confusion.
foo. The following is pseudo code:

SELECT * FROM db1.foo vs. SELECT * FROM

13 See also
db2.foo (no explicit schema between db and table)
Relational database management system (includes
SELECT * FROM [db1.]default.foo vs. SELECT * market share data)
FROM [db1.]alternate.foo (no explicit db prex)
List of relational database management systems
The problem that arises is that former MySQL users Comparison of object-relational database manage-
will create multiple databases for one project. In this ment systems
context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to
Postgres-schemas, insomuch as Postgres lacks o-the- Comparison of database tools
shelf cross-database functionality that MySQL has. Con-
versely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specica- Object Database - some of which have relational
tion implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.
left room for future cross-database functionality.
MySQL aliases schema with database behind the
scenes, such that CREATE SCHEMA and CREATE
14 References
DATABASE are analogs. It can therefore be said that
MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, [1] 4D
skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided sim- [2] Apache Derby: Downloads. Retrieved 2015-02-01.
ilar functionality into their implementation of a database.
In summary, Postgres fully supports schemas but lacks [3] NHN Corp.
some functionality MySQL has with databases, while
MySQL does not even attempt to support true schemas. [4] Stevens, O. (OctDec 2009). The History of Data-
com/DB. Annals of the History of Computing (IEEE) 31
Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synony- (4): 8791. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.108. ISSN 1058-
mous with creating a schema. Thus a database adminis- 6180. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
4 14 REFERENCES

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[30] Saphana.com
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[59] Archives, Pure (13), Red Noize
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 5

[66] Create Spatial Index, Grammar, H2 Database
[67] Forest of Trees Index, Informix Infocenter, IBM
[68] Full Text Search Functions (PDF), Documentation, RU:
Linter
[95] InnoDB adaptive Hash, Reference manual, Develop-
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[96] How does Drizzle handle parallel things"?
[97] Article, Library, Developer Works, IBM

[69] Virtual Columns - MariaDB Knowledge Base [98] New Features in HyperSQL 2.2

[70] Feature request #13979: InnoDB engine doesn't support
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[99] H2 > Advanced > Recursive Queries
[100] H2 Roadmap
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[73] Does Microsoft Access have Full Text Search?, Questions,
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[75] Spatial Indexing Overview, Library, Tech Net, Mi-
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[102] Only very limited functions available before SQL Server
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[103] SQL Server Parallel Query Processing, Library,
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[104] Feature request #16244: SQL-99 Derived table WITH
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[105] Feature request #1542: Parallel query, Bugs, MySQL,
Oracle
[106] Parallel Query, Wiki, Ora FAQ

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MySQL, Oracle
[108] SQLite Query Language: WITH clause
[78] MySQL v5.6.4 Release Notes, Release Notes, MySQL,
[109] Data Types, General Reference, HDB, Altibase
Oracle
[110] Data Types, System Administrators Guide (5.0), Clus-
[79] Does Oracle support full text search?, Questions, Stack
trix
Overow
[111] Data Types, CUBRID SQL Guide, Reference Manual,
[80] Location Features for Database 11g, Spatial & Locator,
CUBRID
Tech Network, Oracle
[112] Built-in Column Types, Documents, Drizzle
[81] Full Text Search, Documentation (8.4), PostgreSQL com-
munity [113] General: HSQLDB data types, Guide, Documents (2.0),
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[82] 4, Manual, PostGIS, Refractions
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[116] SQL Server Data Types, Library, MSDN, Microsoft
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[87] SpatiaLite (2.3.1), IT: Gaia GIS crosoft

[88] Full-Text Search, Online Publications, Teradata [118] Datatypes, SQL Reference, OpenLink Software

[89] geospatial [119] Data Types, SQL Reference, Server documents (11.2),
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[90] UDF, Ad Hoc Data
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[91] Create DB, Library, MSDN, Microsoft Product documentation, Pervasive

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 6 15 EXTERNAL LINKS

[124] Dening Table Columns, SQL Reference (8.3), Raima

[125] Datatypes (3), SQLite

[126] Release, Documents, Developer (8.1), PostgreSQL

community

[127] 5.11 Database Unions, Users Guide (10.1), Raima

[128] Support, Downloads, Sybase

[129] Release, Engine, Development (2.0), Firebird SQL

[130] Files, Firebird SQL

[131] cracklib_password_check. mariadb.com. Retrieved 9

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[132] simple_password_check. mariadb.com. Retrieved 9

December 2014.

[133] Downloads, Development, MySQL, Oracle

[134] Security, Support, PostgreSQL community

[135] Download, SQLite

[136] DB, Products, Common Criteria Portal

[137] Backup MySQL, How to, Gentoo wiki

[138] Authentication methods, Documents (8.1), PostgreSQL

community

[139] Common Criteria (CC, ISO15408), Microsoft

[140] Adding audit trails to a Polyhedra IMDB database, White

Paper, Enea AB

15 External links
Comparison of dierent SQL implementations
against SQL standards. Includes Oracle, DB2,
Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL.
(08/Jun/2007)

Features, strengths and weaknesses comparison be-

tween Oracle and MSSQL (independent).

The SQL92 standard

 7

16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Comparison of relational database management systems Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20relational%
20database%20management%20systems?oldid=651754974 Contributors: The Anome, William Avery, Ryguasu, Leandrod, Edward,
Cyde, Greenman, Bogdangiusca, Kayvee, Stephenw32768, Timwi, Mariuz, Jamesday, RickBeton, Craig Stuntz, Fredrik, Lowellian,
TRauMa, Nickdc, Curps, Niteowlneils, Beta m, Wmahan, Neilc, Pgan002, Abu badali, Beland, Wiml, Maarten Hermans, Troels Arvin,
Olivier Debre, Waveform, Asqueella, RandalSchwartz, Imroy, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Tarjei Knapstad, S.K., Pwsegal,
Sietse Snel, Corrado, TommyG, Rhaas, Shenme, Minghong, ClementSeveillac, PCJockey, Tlaresch, Jeltz, Improv, Cjcollier, Chriskl, Pen-
toMcGreno, HarrisonFisk, Brookie, Gmaxwell, Woohookitty, Karnesky, Mindmatrix, Kenfar, DanBishop, Niqueco, Robert K S, DrThomp-
son, Ruud Koot, Tabletop, KingsleyIdehen, MacTed, DeirdreGerhardt, Dionyziz, Waldir, Turnstep, Marudubshinki, Reisio, Rjwilmsi,
Lowmeus, Philipolson, Darthsco, Gudeldar, HappyCamper, W3bbo, SLi, Leandrpf, Zero0w, Naraht, Kmorozov, Cazito, Intgr, Grey-
Cat, Taichi, Moocha, Plumcreek, Bgwhite, Peterl, Yzchang, LiX, Geordee, Keldar, Victorwss, Larsinio, Mikeblas, Snarius, NaibStilgar,
Xpclient, Eli lilly, Analoguedragon, Petri Krohn, Dveeden, Chachka, Donhalcon, JLaTondre, Manifoldtop, Sqlboy, Jberkus, Deepdraft,
DocendoDiscimus, SmackBot, HHempelmann, Reedy, Georgeryp, Basil.bourque, Brick Thrower, JJay, Moralis, Chris the speller, Jerome
Charles Potts, BBCWatcher, Chendy, Frap, Chlewbot, Jmnbatista, Radagast83, Duckbill, Ne0Freedom, TechPurism, ThomasMueller,
Mwtoews, Tharakan, A5b, Vincenzo.romano, Lguzenda, Turanyuksel, Misery, Beetstra, Dark ixion, Hu12, Davidsheiman, MrBoo, Ax-
elstudios, Maheshgadgil, MeekMark, Lightblade, Juha001, Snarpel, Adono, CovenantD, Gogo Dodo, Kognitio, Xprotocol, Aeriform,
Marklark, Slaweks, Gcz, Jawsper, Rsocol, Alphachimpbot, Lfstevens, NapoliRoma, Carp3, LosD, Zollhausring, Kaelscher, DrSee-
has, Noonand, Seashorewiki, Kozmando, Connor Behan, Stuboy, Lmxspice, Wild Pansy, Ukuechle, KiwiBiggles, Wielewaal, Yukuku, Je-
vansen, M Th vat, Will henderson, Jim.Callahan,Orlando, DancingMan, WOSlinker, Isaac Sanolnacov, EvanCarroll, Soeren1611, Rimio,
Clieu, Guerrabraga, Thunderbritches, AndrewCowie, Dfetter, Findling67, Fivelittlemonkeys, PieterDeBruijn, Anas2048, Thunderbird2,
Kempeth, Pnv82, SieBot, LarsHolmberg, WereSpielChequers, Indexheavy, Whimsley, Jojalozzo, Bjkeefe, Agavenwurm, Gkanel, Fratrep,
Jpupier, Florian Sening, Jmachat, ClueBot, Jethro555, TallMagic, Goeldner, Bigown, Dougdp, Angoca, DragonBot, Zsoltika, LHCgrp,
Narendra Sisodiya, Fixesxes, TobiasPersson, Noxia, Muro Bot, Tschbeck, PhilHorder, Clanie, Ean5533, TimTay, XLinkBot, Jbicik,
Lucas Malor, Judyburk, Maple10, Kytti khat, Udittmer, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Proofreader77, Slyzius, Superduperpup, Ngpd, Jon207,
Ofbarea, SixSkys, SDSWIKI, Sqlinfo, Patheticcockroach, CCFS, Yobot, Pvjohnson, Gongshow, Gintsp, Lzcubs1, BlackCatN, Cool-
boy1234, Jin.Takahashi, 90, Nmfon, Citation bot, Nhantdn, Quebec99, Xqbot, Drilnoth, Mtasic, Kent Heiner, Sehbueno, GrouchoBot,
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Hoelzro, Fonsie, Brierand, Alexandre.Morgaut, WildBot, Cubridorg, Az29, Akagel, Plesatejvlk, Waw2010, Tranemonet, Unicard-ic, Mo
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Naviworx, CRAIZ3D, Hrgwea, OKIsItJustMe, Nodulation, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gbgsimulationjon, Tedmcneal, Hz.tiang, Hasegeli, Dan-
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