Discussion

This experiment is carried out in order to observe the refrigeration cycle as well as
understanding the principle of operation of the refrigeration unit to determine the coefficient of
its performances (COP). While running the process, all the parameters are recorded as illustrated
in the table above for five test. The first test parameter is recorded after 20 min while for the
other 4 test parameter will be recorded for every 10 min. This experiment requires five different
sets of experimental process by altering the condenser water flowrates from 50gm/s to 10gm/s
and constant evaporator water flowrate at 25gm/s for every test.

Based from the experimental results, highest absolute pressure for condenser which is at
50 gm/s and then 40gm/s, 30gm/s, 20gm/s and lastly 10gm/s while absolute pressure of
evaporator remain constant for test 1 and test 2 which 66.33kN/m2 than increase to 67.33 kN/m2
for test 3 than remain constant till test 5. This is because, process of evaporation and
condensation occurred during the cycle. This mean, as observed the water temperature inlet and
outlet of evaporator and condenser an increase or decrease in water temperature throughout the
cycle. Water temperature in and out will be act as medium showing heat transfer had occurred.

In the evaporator, refrigerant in a form of saturated liquid will undergoes evaporation to

change phase to saturated vapor. This mean, the refrigerant in saturated liquid need to achived
the boiling point for the changes in saturated vapor phase while at constant pressure and
temperature. This refer to process at t8 to t5, at which heat was absorb from the water temperature
indicate the water temperature inlet enter at 290C for test 1 decrease to 260C as go through and
leave the evaporator. Whereas, in the condenser changes of phase from superheated vapor to
superheated liquid for the refrigerant had occurred by releasing of heat. This is because heat from
the refrigerant will be release to the water for refrigerant to achieve sublimation point at constant
temperature and pressure. This mean, a condensation process occurred between refrigerant and
water at t7 to t8. This referred to water temperature inlet enter at 28 0C for test 1 increase to 290C
as go through and leave the condenser.
 Based from the theory, rate of heat transfer to water can be calculated by using Q =
msCpT. This mean, involvement of water temperature inlet and outlet for condenser and
evaporator is required for determination of releasing or absorbing of heat. Based from the result,
rate of heat transfer from to water for evaporator show a negative decreasing value from test 1 to
test 2 than constant value till test 5. This is because, water flowrate used are constant but duration
is different for test 1 which 20 min than the other 4 test which constant for 10 min. Theoretically,
negative value of heat transfer indicate releasing of heat but the value of experiment calculation
of heat transfer referring amount of heat loss in water which transfer to refrigerant. Condenser
show a positive increasing value from test 1 to test 4 than decreasing value at test 5 This is
because, different water flowrate are used for condenser but theoretical heat transfer should be
increase as it go through smaller flowrate. Although, heat transfer for condenser at test 5
decrease but as observed the condenser temperature show an increase in value from test 1 to test
5. This mean an error had taken place during the experiment which effect the data obtained.
Positive value of heat transfer to water indicate absorption of heat which referred to the releasing
heat from the refrigerant to water. By comparing the rate of heat transfer to water between
condenser and evaporator showed a perpendicular relationship with the theory which is clausius
statement of second law stated that heat will not pass from a cold to hotter region without the aid
of external agency. This referred to the interaction heat transfer between refrigerant and water at
which water act as external agency. Thus, the effect of evaporating and condensing temperature
on the refrigeration rate and condenser heat output was analyze and study.

Q
Overall heat transfer between refrigerant and water represent u= . Area of
A( LMTD)

water coil surface is constant for condenser and evaporator which is 0.032m 2. LMTD given by,
 T T out
T T EvaT
ln ( Cond

T out T EvaT Cond ) . Evaporator and condenser operates at a constant temperature for each

test. The evaporator and condenser was assume only sensible heat transfer on water and
counterflow type arrangement by neglecting fouling and resistance offered by the tube wall.
Based from the result, both show negative value of overall heat transfer due to value of
calculation for LMTD and rate of heat transfer. Evaporator show a decreasing in value of overall
heat transfer from test 1 to test 5. This is because, evaporator temperature was 20 0C constant till
test 5. Overall heat transfer for condenser observed to be increasing till test 4 than decrease. This
is because an error had occurred during the experiment. By comparing with theory, the value for
overall heat transfer must be positive for both which the value parameter related with
temperature indicate with LMTD. This mean, efficiency of temperature for condenser,
evaporator, water inlet and outlet recorded and obtained were inaccurate. As referred to the result
the value LMTD obtained was opposite the theory. In order to get positive value of overall heat
transfer of condenser, LMTD for condenser must be positive due to the process of heat was
absorb by water which indicate temperature of water outlet increases. While for evaporator,
LMTD need to be negative value in order to obtain positive overall heat transfer due transfer of
heat from the water to refrigerant indicate the water outlet temperature to be decrease. These
proven an error had occurred which influence the calculation value reject the theory. Therefore,
although the result not obey the theory but the overall heat transfer coefficient between R141b
and water in the evaporator and condenser was determined.

By comparing all five of test, test 1 was identify highest coefficient of performance
(COP) value in contrast to other test. The value achieved is 8.75 at the condenser water flow rate
of 10gm/s. This happened as the condenser water flow rate is being changed and affect the rest of
the parameter values. With this decreasing condenser water flow rate, the value of the coefficient
of performance (COP) will also decrease. From the data, evaporator water flow rate flow at
constant value influence the temperature inlet higher than the outlet. This is due to the heat that
entered the evaporator vessel to undergo a cooling process. In the condenser water flow rate
value, the value of the inlet temperature is lower than the outlet temperature. This is because of
the heat is being rejected at constant pressure and the will water absorb the heat which has been
rejected.

Theoretically explain that refrigerant entering the evaporator at temperature of T8 from

the expansion valve where the temperature was constant due to expansion conducting the heat
causes by the pressure drops which ensure the refrigerant to reach vapor of liquid mixture region.
Experimentally referred to point of t 8 whereas constant in enthalpy of h 3 to h4 can be observed. In
the evaporator, refrigerant will undergoes evaporation process indicate changes of saturated
vapor from saturated liquid at constant pressure and temperature. Experimentally referred to the
point t8 to t5 whereas increase in enthalpy can be observed from h4 to h1 at constant evaporator
pressure for each test. In addition heat loss from the water to refrigerant can be observed by inlet
water temperature of evaporator greater than the outlet water temperature of evaporator. Next,
the refrigerant entered the compressor whereas pressure and temperature will increase undergoes
compression of heat till it reach critical temperature to change the refrigerant into liquid of vapor
mixture region. Experimentally referred to point of t5 to t7 whereas increase in enthalpy of h1 to
h2 can be observed. Lastly, refrigerant flow enter condenser undergoes condensation process
indicate changes of saturated vapor to saturated liquid at constant pressure and temperature.
Experimentally referred to the point t7 to t8 decrease in enthalpy can be observed from h 2 to h3 at
constant condenser pressure for each test. Moreover heat loss from the refrigerant to water can be
observed by outlet water temperature of condenser greater than the inlet water temperature of
condenser. Refrigerant flow from the condenser than will be recycle by entering expansion valve.
Therefore, by understanding the cycle of refrigerant COP can be determined.

There are factor and error influence the efficiency and accuracy of the experiment.
Firstly, the action of pressing the stop watch and regulating with the flowrate should be done
simultaneously in order to get the exact value for each parameter. However, during the
experiment flowrate being adjusted first before pressing stop watch, so the experiment was
proceed and parameters are recorded. Secondly, adjustment of evaporator and condenser water
flowmeter where the flowrate is being regulated instead of leaving it constant. The flowmeter
need to be set is 20g/s but the evaporator flowmeter maybe accidentally regulate higher than the
initial. This referred to parallax error during the flowrate was set. This mean, effect on the data
obtained not obey theory is high due calculation and analysis which involve experimental data.
Next, while taking the temperature measuring which indicate error in result recording of the
temperature. This is because, 8 types of temperature channel include in 1 switch. Every reading
of temperature need to observe wisely till constant after selecting a channel. This refer to the
temperature channel for 20gm/s and 10gm/s which difficult to be constant and error will show on
the reading sometimes. Lastly, the efficiency of machine observed to be low although standard
operation procedure was followed completely. This mean, maintenance need to done for increase
accuracy and efficiency of experiment.