Anatomy of the Nervous System

Dr. Yasser Seddeg

 The Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain (in the skull)
Spinal Cord (in the spine)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System
Cranial nerves (12 pair)
spinal nerves (31 pair)
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve
Major Divisions of the
Central and Peripheral
Nervous Systems

Central Nervous System

A)Brain
1)Forebrain:
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain:
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
B)Spinal cord
Cervical segments
Thoracic segments
Lumbar segments
Sacral segments
Coccygeal segments
Peripheral Nervous System
1)Cranial nerves :12
2)Spinal nerves :31 pairs
 (Cerebral Hemisphere)

Midbrain
LT Hemisphere Coronal Section

Cortex

White matter(Core)
Lateral Ventricle
fCSF

Basal Nuclei
 The Cerebral Hemispheres
two hemispheres which sit atop and
surround the diencephalon and much of
the brain stem.
major parts
cortex - gray matter
Cerebral white matter
Basal nuclei
(basal ganglia)
Lateral ventricles
The Cerebral Hemispheres

Figure 13.8
 The Cerebral Cortex

Home of our conscious mind

Enables us to:
Be aware of ourselves and our sensations
Initiate and control voluntary movements
Communicate, remember, and understand
Lateral Sulcus
 The Cortex

Sulci grooves on the surface of the

cerebral hemispheres
Gyri twisted ridges between sulci
Prominent gyri and sulci are similar in all
people
 The Cortex
Deeper sulci divide cerebrum into lobes
Lobes are named for the skull bones
overlying them
Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal
lobes
Bordered by two gyri
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
 The Cortex

Parieto-occipital sulcus
Separates the occipital from the parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus
Separates temporal lobe from parietal and
frontal lobes
Insula deep within the lateral sulcus
 The Lobes
The Frontal Lobe-extends from the central sulcus to the
anterior limit of the brain
Contains Primary Motor Cortex
The Parietal Lobe-between occipital lobe & the central
sulcus
Contains the primary somatosensory cortex
The Occipital Lobe-posterior end of cortex
- Contains primary visual cortex
The Temporal Lobe-lateral portion of each hemisphere,
near the temples
Contains targets for hearing & speech
 The Diencephalon

Forms the center core of the forebrain

Surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
Composed of three paired structures:
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Border the third ventricle
Primarily composed of gray matter
sagittal section through the human brain
 The Brain Stem
Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla
oblongata
Several general functions
Produces automatic behaviors necessary for
survival
Passageway for all fiber tracts running between
the cerebrum and spinal cord
Heavily involved with the innervation of the face
and head
10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to it
 CRANIAL II II OPTIC
NERVES
III OCULOMOTOR
III
I OLFACTORY IV TROCHLEAR
IV

V TRIGEMINAL
V VI ABDUCENS
I VI VII VII FACIAL
VIII VIII VESTIBULO-
COCHLEAR
IX
IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
XII X X VAGUS
XI XI ACCESSORY
XII HYPOGLOSSAL
 CRANIAL NERVES
1) olfactory (S) Smelling
2)optic (S) Vision
3)occulomotor(M)+4)trochlear(M)+ 6)abducent(M)=eye movement
5)trigaminal= ophthalmic) eye + maxillary (S) maxilla +
mandipular (S+M) mastication
7) facial (m) muscles of facial expretion
8)vestibulocochlear=vestibular(S) equilibrium+cochlear(S) hearin
9) glossopharangeal (S+M) tungoe&pharynx
10)Vagus (M+S) parasympathetic
11) accessory (M) muscles of the neck
12) hypoglossal (M) tungoe
 VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN

The ventricles of the brain

are hollow chambers
filled with cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)
There are 4 ventricles in
the brain; 2 Lateral
ventricles, third ventricle
& fourth ventricle.

Figure 4.12 A sagittal section through the human brain

 The Spinal Cord

Runs through the vertebral canal

Extends from the foramen magnum to the
level of the vertebra L1 or L2
Protected by bone, meninges, and CS
 The Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves :31 pairs
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
 The Spinal Cord
Conus medullaris the inferior end of the
spinal cord
Filum terminale long filament of
connective tissue
Attaches to the coccyx inferiorly
Cervical and lumbar enlargements
Where nerves for upper and lower limbs arise
Cauda equina collection of nerve roots
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Figure 13.30b
 Diagram of a cross section through the spinal cord
The dorsal root on each side conveys sensory information to the spinal cord; the
ventral root conveys motor commands to the muscles.